Indian Charity School." This school was so called from the name of the principal donor, who gave it a house and two acres of land. It was established for the purpose of educating and christianizing Indians through its Indian missionaries. Wheelock proposed to move this school to some location nearer the red men. In December, 1743, Wheelock took Samson Occom, a Mohegan Indian, into his family, where he remained for five years. Occom proved to be an excellent scholar, of rare ability, and soon became a "preacher of distinction." In 1762 Wheelock sent him to England and Scotland to preach and solicit fundsfor the school. He aroused great enthusiasm among the clergy and nobility, and his mission was a success. In 1766 the king gave £200 and the Earl of Dartmouth 50 guineas for this school. About £7,000 were collected in England and placed in the hands of a board of London trustees of which the Earl of Dartmouth was the head, and John Thornton, a rich merchant of London, one of the principal managers. Between £2,000 and £3,000 were collected in Scotland and called the Scotch fund, which was deposited with the "Scotch Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge," etc.. As manager of the school Dr. Wheelock always accounted for his disbursements to these trustees. Occom returned having raised about £12,000 in all. The legislatures of Connecticut, Massachusetts and New Hampshire also granted. aid. Wheelock had thus been instrumental in securing largecontributions for this purpose in England and Scotland, as well as America.

Plans were set on foot to remove the school to lands on the Mississippi given to the officers of the old French war; to remove it to Albany, New York; to establish it in Springfield, Massachusetts, and to locate it at Hinsdale and Canaan, New Hampshire. Wheelock spent over two years in fixing upon a new location and in preparation for its removal; but after repeated conferences with the governor of New Hampshire and several of its leading men, he removed the "Indian Charity School" to Hanover. For twelve years prior to this time, the clergy of eastern and middle New Hampshire had

in vain sought to obtain a charter for a college. As a consideration to locate the "Indian School" in New Hampshire, on December 13, 1769, the governor readily granted to Wheelock, an inhabitant of another colony, the charter of Dartmouth College. These London trustees, to gratify Wheelock, consented to the change of the location of the charity school to Hanover. The college was established there, chartered and named without their knowledge or consent.

How the college came to be named for Dartmouth may never be known. It did not originate with Wheelock, for his purpose was to name the institution Wentworth School, in honor of Governor Wentworth who, aside from the state, was the greatest benefactor of the college. It did not originate with Dartmouth or the London trustees. They not only knew nothing about it, but were bitterly opposed to the charter and establishment of the college when they found it out. In July, 1770, one of these trustees-referring to Dartmouth and Thornton-wrote to Doctor Wheelock, "they as well as the other trustees, see clearly that by the affair of the charter, the trust here is meant to be annihilated. It was certainly a very wrong step for you to take without consulting us. lock, in his reply of November 9, 1770, says: "The charter was never designed to convey the least power or control of any funds collected in Europe, nor does it convey any jurisdiction over the school to the trustees of the college. The charter granted them jurisdiction only over the college. If I resign my office as president of the college, I yet retain the same relation to the school and control of it as ever." On April 25, 1771, the Earl of Dartmouth wrote to Dr. Wheelock: "We cannot look upon the charter you have obtained and your intention of building a college for English youth but as going beyond the line by which both you and we are circumscribed."

Dr. Whee

The trustees of the college voted that they had no control over the school. The funds of the school were kept separate from those of the college, until it expired in 1846.

In 1768 there were but eight lawyers in New Hampshire, and apparently none of them were consulted in relation to the charter. Wheelock drew it up himself with such assist

ance as he procured outside the province. The governor made but a few changes in it. The charter, as drawn by Wheelock, termed him "the founder of the said [Indian Charity] School," granted a charter for an "academy,” and provided that Wheelock was "to be the president of the said academy." The charter actually granted was for a college. The school already existed; the college was prospective. They were to be located in the same town or district, but to be independent. The trustees for the two were not the same. To the school Wheelock gave liberally, but to the college nothing. The province and state gave nothing to the school, but it gave 42,000 acres of land to the college, in 1789. It afterwards established the medical school and made other con

siderable donations. Governor Benning Wentworth gave 500 acres of land, in Hanover, to the college, and Governor John Wentworth 400. Many others contributed, but there is not a particle of evidence as to who the first donor was. The school and the college, though to a great extent under the same control, were not merged; and the long preamble to the college charter is merely a history of the charity school and the circumstances which induced Dr. Wheelock to apply for a charter for the college.

managed essentially by the college till 1807, when the

But the two institutions were president and the trustees of the school was incorporated by the legislature of New Hampshire, and the trustees of the college were made the trustees of the school, but with a proviso that the funds of the school were to be kept distinct and applied according to the uses designated by the donors. The charter, in theory, was granted by George the Third, the same as all writs in the province were issued in his name; but in fact it was granted by John Wentworth, governor of the province.

He struck out of the charter the names of some of the trustees inserted in it by Dr. Wheelock, and even that of the Bishop of London, whose name had been agreed upon, and inserted his own name, that of the president of the council, the speaker of the house, and two other prominent men of the province, in their stead. While Wheelock and six other

Connecticut men constituted a majority of the first board of trustees, the clergy of New Hampshire were without a single representative.

The charter declared Dr. Wheelock the founder, made him the first president of the college, and authorized him, by his last will, to appoint his successor. A fundamental provision of the charter was that there should be no discrimination on account of religious faith or principles.

The population of the province at this time was about 60,000, and a majority of them were probably Orthodox of the Plymouth Rock school; but Episcopalians were quite abundant on the sea coast, and many of the prominent men of the province, including the governor who granted the charter, affiliated with that church. The Presbyterian churches were scattered along the valley of the Merrimack. Wheelock had great popularity, and in his later years, at least, was a Presbyterian.

When he established his Indian school and college in the wilderness at Hanover, his religious and personal friends from Connecticut swarmed after him up the valley above Hanover on both sides of the river. Fifty-two people from Connecticut settled Hanover, and eight hundred families from Connecticut gathered below him in a few towns on the New Hampshire side alone. In a word he founded on the extreme western border of New Hampshire, separated from the rest of that state by a vast wilderness, a Connecticut colony which had but a mystical legal connection with it. Parishes were at that time in the province quasi corporations, and are recognized by the existing constitution. The better to conserve his power, a district three miles square, called Dresden, was created by statute, to be under the immediate jurisdiction of Dartmouth College, and special jurisdiction over this little empire was given to President Wheelock as its magistrate. Aside from Wheelock, the college faculty were at the bottom of the secession of the sixteen river towns from New Hampshire, and the movement to establish a new confederacy with the college district as its capital. The church, school and college were under the personal government of the president

till his death in 1779, when they descended as an heir-loom to his son John Wheelock, who was called from the army, and became by force of his father's will his dynastic successor. He retained his office until he was removed by the trustees in 1815, after a service of thirty-six years.

He had the benefit of foreign travel; gathered contributions for the college in all countries; was rich, courtly and strong-willed; had given his services and oftentimes his money to the college, and had proposed to give more, and make it in effect his heir.

The quarrel in the board of trustees which resulted in the college causes, began some twelve years before his removal. Political differences had nothing to do with it, nor matters of faith; for the board were nearly all rank Federalists, and differed in form only as to church polity. Dr. Wheelock led one wing, and Dr. Shurtleff appeared to lead the other. Dr. Wheelock claimed that the Presbyterian, and Dr. Shurtleff that the Congregational form of church government should prevail.

The former was a government by the eldership, and the latter by major vote of the body of the church—a pure democracy. Many of those who are best informed believe that the subsequent troubles and the famous litigation arose in fact, as well as in form, from this apparent difference of opinion about church government.

The eight trustees who removed Dr. Wheelock were manifestly of the opposite opinion.

They say: "The trustees now solemnly declare, that they do not feel and never have felt any hostility toward the Presbyterian form of church government, or toward the church of which the president is a member, nor any wish to give the new church any advantage over the old, or in any way to interfere with their unhappy controversy. * * * * They do, however, believe that the seeming attachment of the president to this particular form of church government is mere pretense." We think this difference was only the name of the case, the John Doe and Richard Roe of the ejectment.

The board of trustees was, and for years had been, a strange