The Confederation and the Constitution, 1783-1789

Great Barrington, Massachu- | Johnson, W. S., in Federal con-

setts, Shays's rebellion, 161.
Greene, Nathanael, and army
discontent, 62.

HAMILTON, ALEXANDER, and
army discontent, 60; effort
for impost, 83; on need of
coercive power, 170; Annap-
olis convention report, 182;
in Federal convention, 188,
236; plan, 218, 219; on state
sovereignty, 228; on small-
state party, 229; The Federal-
ist, 307, 308; in ratification
convention, 310, 311.
Hampshire resolves, 159.
Hancock, John, and Consti-

tution, 292, 294.
Henry, Patrick, and naviga-
tion of Mississippi, 99; Anti-
Federalist, 278, 299; in rati-
fication convention, 300-305.
Holland, war with England, 9;
loans, 81; American treaty
(1782), 90.

INDEPENDENCE, recognition by
England, 13, 17.
Indians, Spanish influence, 93;
English influence, 101; and
Southwest settlers, 130.

JAY, JOHN, peace commissioner,
7; in Spain, 7; character, 8;
suspicions of France, 13-24;
breaks instructions, 16, 17;
negotiations, 24-29; credit
for treaty, 31; foreign secre-
tary, 52; apprehensive (1786)
87; negotiations with Gar-
doqui, 94-101; on violation
of treaty, 105; The Federalist,
307, 308.
Jefferson, Thomas, peace com-
missioner, 7; on government,
41, 175; and Tripolitan am-
bassador, 107; western or-
dinance, 114-117.

vention, 189; compromise 225.
Judiciary, state, bound by
constitutions, 152, 153, 247-
250; federal, in Virginia plan,
193; to apply Constitution,
250-252.

KENTUCKY, beginnings, 131,
132; discontent, 136. See
also Southwest, West.
King, Rufus, and territorial
slavery, 117; and Northwest
Ordinance, 125; hostile to a
convention, 173; in Federal
convention, 189; on state
sovereignty, 221-223; on
small-state demands, 233,
238; fears West, 256; Fed-
eralist, 291.

Knox, Henry, on army patriot-
ism, 63; on agitations (1786),
142, 156; on character of
Federalists, 287, 290.

LAND. See Public land.
Lansing, John, in Federal con-

vention, 188; of small-state
party, 209; on bicameral legis-
lature, 224; leaves the con-
vention, 236; Anti - Federal-
ist, 308.

Laurens, Henry, peace commis-
sioner, 7; captured, 7.
Law of the land, Constitution
as, 215, 246-252.
Lawyers, agitation against, 157
-159, 289, 290.

Lee, R. H., fears Congress, 54;
on coercive power, 175; Anti-
Federalist, 277, 299.
Legislation, constitutional con-
trol of, 152, 246–251.
Lincoln, Benjamin, secretary
of war, 52; on agitations
(1786), 157; and Shays's re-
bellion, 163.
Livingston, Robert R., foreign
secretary, 52; Federalist, 308.

Loyalists, and treaty of peace, | Mason, George, on direct legis-

12, 25-28; principles, 36;
character, 37; importance of
expatriation, 38; treatment
after peace, 105.

MCKEAN, THOMAS, Federalist,
283.

Madison, James, mental equip-
ment, 144; fight against

and

lation, 196; on popular elec-
tion, 199, 204; on coercion of
states, 224; on grand com-
mittee, 234; on influence of
West, 257; on navigation
laws, 262; on slavery, 263;
refuses to sign, 273; Anti-
Federalist, 280, 299, 303; on
slave-trade, 304..
Massachusetts, cedes western
claim, 111; no paper money,
143; social discontent, 154-
159; Hampshire resolves, 159;
Shays's rebellion, 160-166;
proposes a convention, 173;
discussion of Constitution,
287-291; ratification
vention, 291-295.
Minorca ceded to Spain, 32.
Mississippi, Spain and free
navigation, 15. 16, 29, 91-99;
interest of West, 100.
Money, circulation of specie, 76;
variety, 138; counterfeiting
and mutilation, 139; decimal
ratio, 139; plan of coinage,
140. See also Paper money.
Monroe, James, views of West,
118; Anti-Federalist, 299.

paper money, 145;
tobacco tender, 145; effort
to improve Confederation,
171; on national authority,
178; and Annapolis conven-
tion, 180-182; preparation
for Federal convention, 185;
indictment of Confederation,
186; in convention, 187;
notes of debates, 192; on
representation, 197; favors
enumerated powers, 202; au-
thor of Virginia plan, 202;
on veto of state laws, 206;
on national government, 224;
on state sovereignty, 228;
on standing army, 228; on
coercion of states, 244; on
slave-trade, 263; in ratifica-
tion convention, 300, 301;
on character of Federal gov-Morocco_treaty, 106.
ernment, 301; The Federalist,
307, 308; on provisional rati-
fication, 310.
Mails in 1783, 45.
Marbois, letter of, 14, 19.
Marietta founded, 126.
Marshall, John, Federalist, 300.
Martin, Luther, in Federal con-
vention, 190; of small-state
party, 209, 227, 240; on
grand committee, 234; on
constitution as law, 246; on
slave trade, 263; refuses to
sign, 273; Anti-Federalist, 295.
Maryland, and western claims,
109, 110; Potomac commis-
sion, 179; ratification con-
vention, 295.

con-

Morris, Gouverneur, and army

discontent 61; in Federal
convention, 187; gives form
to Constitution, 187; sug-
gests resolutions, 195; on
representation, 237; fears
West, 256; on taxation and
representation, 258.
Morris, Robert, superintendent
of finances, 51; on financial
condition, 55, 58; maligned,
57; on economic condition
(1783), 69; in Federal con-
vention, 187.

NASHVILLE settled, 132.
Navigation acts, American
profit, 73; attempted con-

purchases land, 120, 126;
settlement, 126.

Oswald, Richard, informal ne-
gotiations, 6, 11; character,
12; commission, 12, 17.

PAINE, TOM, political theory,

40.

Paper money, depreciation, 55;
post - Revolutionary agita-
tion, 140-143; states which
resisted, 143; contest in Vir-
ginia, 144-146; in New Hamp-
shire, 146-148; Rhode Isl-
and's experiences, 148-153;
in Massachusetts, 154, 158;
bibliography, 331.

federate, 84-86; objection to | OHIO Company, formed, 119;
federal power, 262. See also
Commerce.
New England, Revolution and
trade, 71, 73; privateering,
72; and Spanish negotiations,
98. See also states by name.
New Hampshire, no paper
money, 144, 146-148; dis-
tress, 146; Exeter mob, 147;
ratification convention, 296.
New Jersey, reception of Con-
stitution, 278; ratification
convention, 286.
New Jersey plan, 212-215; de-
bated, 215-218; rejected, 219.
New York, blocks confederate
impost, 83; cedes western
claim, 110, 111; proposes a
convention, 170; opposition
to Constitution, 280, 305; rati-
fication convention, 308-311.
Newburg address, first, 60;
second, 63-65; Washington
foils, 65-67.
Newport, decay, 149-151.
North, Lord, resigns, 4.
North and South, 260, 265.

See also states by name.
North Carolina, and state of
Franklin, 133-135; rejects
Constitution, 312.
Northampton, Massachusetts,
court attacked, 160.
Northwest Territory, Congress
controls, 112; first plan, 113;
slavery, 113, 116-118, 122;
proposed ordinance (1783),
114; Jefferson's ordinance,
114-117; Ohio company, 119;
Ordinance of 1787, 120-122;
South and Ordinance, 123;
authorship of Ordinance, 124
-126; land purchases, 126;
first settlement, 126; land
system, 127; bibliography,
330. See also West.
Nullification not intended by
framers, 315.

Parsons, Eli, in Shays's re-
bellion, 163, 164.

Parsons, S. H., in Ohio com-
pany, 119.
Parsons, Theophilus, Federal-
ist, 291.

Paterson, William, in Federal
convention, 189; on repre-
sentation, 209; New Jersey
plan, 212-216; on grand
committee, 234.

Peace of 1783, control of ne-
gotiations in England, 6;
English commissioners, 6, 12,
25; American commissioners,
6-9, 26; congressional in-
structions, 10, 16, 17; in-
formal propositions, II; pre-
cedent recognition of inde-
pendence, 13, 17; attitude of
France, 13-24; negotiations,
24-28; preliminary treaty,
28, 29; Vergennes on, 29-31;
reception, 30; credit for, 31;
French Spanish English
treaties, 32; definitive treaty,
33; Spanish objections, 91,
92; disregard of treaty, 102,
104-106; bibliography, 324-
326.
Pennsylvania, mutiny of troops,

68; discussion of Constitu-
ton, 281-283; ratification con-
vention, 283-286; rejoicing,
286.

Pickering, Timothy, and west-
ern settlement, 113; and
territorial slavery, 117.
Pinckney, Charles, in Federal
convention, 190; plan, 194;
on popular election, 204; on
veto of state laws, 205; on
slave-trade, 262; on national
government, 296.
Pinckney, C. C., in Federal con-

vention, 190; on New Jersey
plan, 217; moves grand com-
mittee, 234; on slave-trade,
263.

Pioneers, character of western,

130, 136. See also West.
Population, West (1785), 95.
Portugal, American trade, 76,

action of Congress, 277; re-
ception of draft, 278, 280,
287; elements of opposition,
278-280, 287-291, 306; Wash-
ington's influence, 280, 293,
299; Pennsylvania conven-
tion, 281, 283-286; geog-
raphy of opposition, 281,
289, 299, 305; pamphlets,
281, 282, 287; fear of con-
solidated government, 283,
288, 301-303; demand for
bill of rights, 283, 288;
federal liberty, 284; Dela-
ware convention, 286; New
Jersey convention, 286;
Georgia convention, 286; Con-
necticut convention, 287; op-
position in Massachusetts,
281-291; character of Fed-
eralists, 290, 291; Massachu-
setts convention, 291-295;
amendments recommended,
294, 295, 304, 311; Mary-
land convention, 295; South
Carolina convention, 296;
New Hampshire convention,
296; opposition in Virginia,
298; Virginia convention,
299-305; power of taxation,
303; treaty-making power,
303; exclusive jurisdiction,
303; slavery clauses, 304;
opposition in New York, 305;
federal imposts, 306; The Fed-
eralist, 307, 308; New York
convention, 308-311; system
of representation, 309; pro-
visional ratification, 310; agi-
tation for second convention,
311; North Carolina rejects,
312; Rhode Island ignores,
312; bibliography, 318–324,
334-336.

Rayneval, and Jay, 14; visit to
England, 16, 19.
Religion, freedom of, in Ordi-
nance of 1787, 121; provision
for, by Ohio Company, 127.

not intended by

framers of Constitution, 314.
Sectional antagonism, in Fed-
eral convention, 260, 265;
and ratification, 279, 299.
Self-government, pioneer, 132,
134-137.

Representation, proportional, | Secession
debate in convention, 197-
199, 207-211, 227-239; com-
promise, 235, 238, 239; real
difficulty as to Senate, 232;
principle of proportionment,
254-258; slave, 255, 257-
260; and taxation, 258.
Requisitions, failure, 69, 80;
attempt to change basis,

Revenue, inadequate confed-

erate, 69, 80, 82; attempt to
improve, 53-55, 79, 82, 83.
See also Finances.
Revolution, European situa-
tion (1782), 9-11; post-war
problems, 35; as civil war,
35; parties, 36-38; social
effect, 38, 142, 166; and
constituent convention, 42;
effect on trade, 71-75; priva-
teering, 72. See also Peace
of 1783.

Rhode Island, and confederate
impost, 53; distress, 149; en-
forcement of paper tender,
149-153; Weeden case, 151-
153; and Constitution, 190,
312.

Roads in 1783, 45.
Robertson, James, at Watauga,
131.

Rockingham, Lord, ministry,
4-6.

Rush, Benjamin, opposes bill
of rights, 283.

Rutledge, John, in Federal con-
vention, 190; on grand com-
mittee, 235; on slave-trade,
263.

ST. CLAIR, ARTHUR, governor

of Northwest Territory, 126.
Scioto Company land pur-
chase, 126.

Sevier, John, at Watauga, 131.
Shattuck, Job, in Shays's re-

bellion, 160, 162.
Shays's rebellion, causes of, 154-
160; attacks on courts, 160–
162; and Governor Bowdoin,
161; leader of, 161, 164; and
legislature, 161; retreat from
Worcester, 162; conflict at
Springfield, 163; pursuit and
rout, 163; collapse of, 164; no
punishments, 164; and Con-
gress, 165; effect of, 166; bibli-
ography, 332.

Shelburne, Lord, and Fox, 5,
6; premier, 6; and terms of
peace, 11, 27.

Shepard, William, and Shays's
rebellion,_163.

Sherman, Roger, in Federal
convention, 189; on popular
election, 199; of small-state
party, 209, 211; compromise,
226; on veto of state laws,
246.

Ship-building, decrease of, 75.
Slave-trade, constitutional de-
bate and provision, 262;
opposition in ratification con-
ventions, 304.

Slavery, exclusion from North-
west Territory, 113, 116-118,
122; representation, 255, 257-
260.

Smilie, John, Anti-Federalist,
283.
Smith, Melancthon, Anti-Fed-

eralist, 277, 308; ratifies, 311.
Social conditions, effect of
Revolution, 38, 142, 166;
agitations (1786), 140-143,
148, 154-157; influence on

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