at Green Academy. When eighteen years of age he began his business life in one of a chain of stores conducted by his father, and after a time he was made buyer for them all. From 1863 to 1864 he carried on a dry goods store at Cambridge, Ohio, in which he was entirely successful. He then removed to St. Louis, where for two years he made his home and superintended the management of a farm which he had purchased, about sixty miles from the city. After the death of Mrs. Squier's father, about 1867, he visited Kansas City and purchased a number of pieces of business and residence property, which are now in possession of his estate. In the meantime he sold the farm near St. Louis, and at the same time bought a section of land at Hamilton, Missouri, where his family resided for two years. Having exchanged the latter property for a stock of hardware in Chicago, Illinois, he removed to that city, where his family lived for two years, when he disposed of his stock. In October, 1871, he removed to Kansas City, Missouri. Ten years later he purchased the present family homestead, a tract of 100 acres, then about three miles southeast of the city, and now included within it. The price was $100 an acre, and the estate can now realize from a few of its acres a larger sum than the original cost of the entire tract. During the period of high values a portion of the estate was sold, some of which will revert to the estate. In 1871, the year of his permanent location in Kansas City, he entered the employ of George Fowler, founder of the Fowler Packing House, for whom he bought cattle, at the same time making purchases and sales upon his own account. He maintained an interest in the cattle business thereafter throughout his life. In 1882 he aided in organizing the Citizens' National Bank, and for the first two years he was vice president, and then president until 1890, when he resigned. In the latter year he organized the Inter-State National Bank, of which he was president until 1897, when he retired from that position to give attention to his private interests, but continued to act as a director and a member of its board of discount until his death. This institution was established at the Stock Yards, and from the first was the financial clearing house for practically the entire live stock and packing interests of Kansas City. He was also a director in the Kansas City

Cattle & Loan Company, and owner of the Abilene State Bank, at Abilene, Kansas. In all business concerns in which he engaged his judgment was well nigh infallible, and his investments in cattle, farm lands and financial institutions were almost invariably remunerative. He was loyally devoted to the interests of Kansas City, which was largely benefited not only through his business operations, but through his personal expenditures and example. His Troost Avenue home, the Squier residence as it is known, has long been an object of interest and admiration, for the comfortable old-fashioned appearance of the buildings, and the beauty of the grounds, containing fish ponds, a deer park, flowers and shrubbery. Mr. Squier held a commission in the One Hundred and Seventy-second Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry during a portion of the Civil War. In politics politics he was a Republican. He took much interest in Masonry, and had attained the commandery degrees, being a charter member of Oriental Commandery. He was married, December 16, 1861, to Miss Mary E. Stranathan, daughter of Samuel and Jane (Reynolds) Stranathan; her father was a landowner, banker and money-loaner, and left a large estate; he was a resident of Guernsey County, Ohio, where Mrs. Squier was born and educated. Of this marriage was born a son, Albert G., who died at the age of eleven years, and a daughter, Cora S. Squier. The last named was educated in the schools of Kansas City, and completed her studies at Mrs. Richards' private school, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The death of Mr. Squier occurred August 27, 1900. The event was unexpected, although he had been in failing health for some time. The same methodical care which he observed in his business career was manifested in the provisions of his will. He left a large estate, which he divided between his widow and daughter in equal shares, with the exception of about $68,000 in bequests. The high esteem in which Mr. Squier was held in the community was manifested in the great assemblage of representative men who were present at the closing scene of a well spent life. These included the most prominent of those identified with the banking, cattle and packing interests, and manufacturing, and connected with the Masonic fraternity. Among all these his name

was regarded as the synonym for the strictest integrity, and the most consummate business ability. In his personal life he was genial and companionable, and a man of wide information. In all, he combined those qualities which are so peculiarly valuable in one who is looked to as a leader in the various weighty enterprises which bring a comparatively insignificant town to the position of a city of the first importance.

Stage Lines.-Previous to the advent of railroads, travelers in and residents of Missouri were dependent on stages or hacks for transportation to distant places in the interior. Either daily or tri-weekly lines of four-horse coaches were used, just as the travel would seem to demand. Where there was no great amount of traveling two-horse hacks were used. The four-horse stage traveled day and night, the two-horse line sometimes at night, but more often only during the day. Men would contract with the government to carry the mail for a period of time, every day or every other day, as the route required, and would use such vehicles as the traffic demanded. The four-horse stage routes were taken up by men of means. Sometimes they would contract for all the main lines in a State or would include several States. Presly Roberts, of Independence, Missouri, was an extensive stage contractor between 1860 and 1870. I think the Messrs. Arnot, of St. Louis, also had stage contracts. Ben Holladay, an extensive contractor on the overland route across the continent, was a Missourian.

The stage contractors had stationary and traveling agents to look after their business. They had also numerous relays of horses. The drivers were sometimes rather rough men. I will mention a few of the main stage routes in Missouri. A four-horse daily stage line ran from St. Louis to St. Charles. Also from St. Charles via Warrenton and Danville to Fulton. One from St. Louis to Union and to Jefferson City. From Jefferson City via Versailles, Warsaw and Bolivar to Springfield. From Jefferson City via California and Georgetown to Independence. Two-horse hacks were operated on the Salt River road from St. Charles via Troy and Bowling Green to Palmyra; from Columbia to Jefferson City; from Fulton to Columbia; from Columbia to Fayette and Glasgow.

While the railroads were being completed four-horse coaches took mail and passengers ahead; as from Dresden westwardly, then Warrensburg west, and in the southwest from Rolla to Springfield.

The overland stage line began at Springfield and extended across the continent west. When the railroads were completed twohorse hacks would make regular trips between stations and important towns.

In 1851 I sat on a bucket in front of the driver of a two-horse hack, and in that way rode to Fulton from Columbia, the ride occupying much of a night.

In 1857 I took passage on a four-horse stage at Jefferson City for Springfield. All of the inside seats were taken, so I rode eighty miles on the top of the stage, reaching Warsaw by breakfast time the next morning. From there to Springfield I had an inside seat. Time from Jefferson City to Springfield, 160 miles, by stage, about forty hours.

In 1864 I took stage at Dresden, at the end of the railroad, and traveling all night reached Holden the next morning. (See also "Roads and Trails.")

G. C. BROADHEAD.

Stanard, Edwin Obed, ex-Lieutenant Governor of Missouri and ex-Congressman, as well as a distinguished manufacturer and man of affairs, was born in Newport, New Hampshire, January 5, 1832. He began his business life in Alton, Illinois, as a bookkeeper, and two years later he opened a commission house in St. Louis. With untiring energy and perseverance, he soon built up a profitable business, which in 1861 justified the establishment of branch houses in other cities. In 1868, relinquishing the commission business, he embarked largely in milling, in which he is still engaged on an extensive scale. For more than three decades Mr. Stanard has been a conspicuous figure on the floor of the Merchants' Exchange, and for a large portion of this time he has occupied official positions in that body. In 1866 he was elected its president. He has also been one of the vice presidents of the National Board of Trade. During the year 1893 he was president of the directory of the St. Louis Exposition, and was a leader in the Autumnal Festivities Association. He is a director in the St. Louis Trust Company

and also in the Boatmen's Bank. For fourteen years he was president of the Citizens' Fire Insurance Company.

Mr. Stanard, although known to his friends and acquaintances as a stalwart Republican, had up to 1868 taken no active public part in politics, so that his nomination as a candidate for Lieutenant Governor in that year, on the McClurg ticket, was in the nature of a surprise. After serving in this position, to which he was elected, he was elected to Congress in 1870, largely, of course, through his forceful personal character. He took his seat at a time most opportune for Western interests. The question of cheap transportation to the seaboard, involving the loading of vessels at New Orleans that might successfully pass the delta obstructions in the lower Mississippi, was of vital importance, and to this subject Governor Stanard devoted immense energy, and Congress consented to try the experiment of keeping a deep channel between New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico by jetties. From boyhood Governor Stanard has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He was selected by the Missouri Conference a delegate to delegate to the Ecumenical Council at London in 1881, a trust he discharged most satisfactorily. In 1865 Mr. Stanard married Miss Esther Kaufman, of Iowa. Their children are William K. Stanard, who is a prominent member of the Merchants' Exchange; a younger son and two daughters.

Stanberry. A city of the fourth class, in Gentry County. It is an important division point of the Omaha & St. Louis branch of the Wabash Railroad, and repair shops and offices are located there. It has five churches, a private normal school, a graded public school, three banks, two good hotels, a flouring mill, brick factory, four weekly papers, the "Herald," the "Advent," the "Sabbath Advocate" and the "Sabbath School Missionary." There are about seventy miscellaneous stores, lumber and coal yards and shops. The city has electric lights, long distance and local telephone system, and is a progressive place. The population in 1900 was 2,634.

Standard Time. The present system of standard time was adopted for the United States and Canada on the 13th of November,

1883, and grew out of the extension of railroads east and west, and the necessity of a governing time for running trains. In France trains are run by Paris time, and the difference between the extreme eastern and western points is only forty minutes. In England, Greenwich gives the governing time, and the greatest difference, that between the local time of Yarmouth and Land's End, is thirtytwo minutes. But on the continent of North America, Canada and the United States. stretch east and west seventy degrees, and as every fifteen degrees of longitude makes a difference of one hour in time, the difference in local time between points on the Atlantic and Pacific Coast is four to five hours. To avoid the confusion of running trains by local time along such a great stretch of longitude, it was decided to adopt the present system of five meridians for Canada and the United States-the Intercolonial, running through the Gulf of St. Lawrence, sixty degrees west from Greenwich; the Eastern, running between New York and Philadelphia, seventyfive degrees west from Greenwich; the Central, running between St. Louis and Belleville, Illinois, ninety degrees west from Greenwich; and the Pacific, running a little east of Sacramento, California, 120 degrees west from Greenwich. These meridians are fifteen degrees or one hour apart. Each governs a belt seven and one-half degrees on each side, and, as nearly as practicable, all places in this belt use the time of the meridian passing through it. Thus, Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Baltimore and Washington use the Eastern meridian time, and all places as far east as Cincinnati and as far west as Topeka, Kansas, and Lincoln, Nebraska, use the Central meridian time.

Stanhope, Leonard Erastus, M. D., D. D. S., Ph. G., was born in Macon County, Missouri, December 31, 1860, the son of George Washington and Lucy (Derning) Stanhope, both natives of England, who married there and brought two children with them to America. They came to this country in 1850, where the head of the family engaged in the manufacture of wagons and carriages, having thoroughly learned that trade in England. In 1854 he removed with his family to Macon County, Missouri, where the subject of this sketch, the seventh son born in the family, was reared. The latter's