Canada, and her original territory, and also her international relations, as one of the nation-communities of Greater Britain, with her adjoining neighbour of the United States.

The lessons which that Diplomacy furnishes, in the varied international incidents and lines of policy of former years, if thoroughly studied and appreciated, will be found instructive to the fair-minded Statesmen and people of the communities concerned; and should enable them to realize the far-reaching responsibilities of future Diplomatic negotiations, involving as they do the equitable adjustment of the many pending crucial and disquieting questions affecting the healthful and neighbourly international responsibilities and rights of each nation.

The extracts from the Despatches and Letters noted "MS." are from the originals in the volume of "Oswald Correspondence in the Public Record Office in London, which-except in a few instances have never been published in any State Papers or Histories.

The accompanying Map shows the territories of the United States and of Canada, prior to the Treaty of Independence.*

This little work is sent forth to assist in the study of the past international relations of the United States and Canada, and as a contribution of some materials for a Chapter of Canadian History.

CONTENTS.

PRELIMINARY NEGOTIATIONS FOR THE TREATY OF INDEPENDENCE, 1782..9-18

Opening Negotiations for Peace-American Diplomatic Qualities-

"Downfall of a once Respectable Empire"-Fall of Lord North's

Ministry--Dr. Franklin and Lord Shelburne correspond-Lord

Shelburne becomes Secretary of State-Sends Mr. Richard Oswald,

"a pacifical man," to negotiate with Dr. Franklin--American com-

ments on Oswald's unfitness-Not a match for Franklin, Jay and

Adams- Separate policies of American Diplomats-Franklin pro-

poses cession of Canada and Nova Scotia to the United States-Dr.

Franklin's "Canada Paper "-Oswald submits it to Lord Shelburne

-But it is not communicated to the King and Cabinet-Lord Shel-

burne's notes on it-Oswald favours the cession of Canada-Cabinet

Minute appointing Oswald to negotiate-Oswald's unfavourable

opinion of the conquest of Canada-His disclosure of Ministerial

confidences to Franklin.

MR. RICHARD OSWALD'S APPOINTMENT AS PLENIPOTENTIARY

18-24

Lord Shelburne becomes Premier-Oswald's Commission as Plenipo-

tentiary drafted by Jay-Canada's territorial extent in 1782-

Britain's autocratic "parental government" of her Colonies-Her

disregard of the precedents of home revolutions - Value of Canada

to the Empire-Franklin's sketch of Canada's brilliant future (1764)

-Opinion of Congress that Canadian Mississippi-Ohio lands were

better than theirs-Oswald again advises cession of Canada-Benja-

min Vaughan, a maladroit negotiator, joins Oswald.

POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN ALLIES OF THE UNITED STATES

24-31

France and Spain hostile to the claims of the United States to the

Canadian Mississippi-Ohio territory, and Fisheries-British naval

successes over France and Spain-Congress instructs its Commis-

sioners to follow French advice-And modifies its original ultima-

tum to (1) Independence and (2) Validity of French Treaties -

Canadian Fisheries not in modified ultimatum-Depressing military

and financial outlook in the United States - Diplomatic and

Military influences favourable to Britain-Absence of British

advisory control over Oswald-Jay sends Vaughan to Lord Shel-

burne to champion American interests-Canada's original bounda-

ries under the Quebec Act, 1774.

PROCEEDINGS ON THE DRAFT TREATY OF INDEPENDENCE

31-44

Jay drafts the Treaty--Agreed to by Oswald, who again pleads for

the cession of Canada- Back Lands of Canada"-Divided opin-

ions of the Cabinet --Contents of the Draft Treaty - Lord Shelburne

and the French Minister on the Loyalists' claims-Their claims

disregarded by Oswald and Vaughan-Severity of the United

States to Loyalists-Goldwin Smith's statement-Impending British

national disaster-Britain loses thirteen Colonies, and gratuitously
cedes 415,000 square miles of Canadian territory for nine additional
States. The King's plaintive letter-Henry Strachey sent to avert
the British disaster-American criticisms on him-Oswald's and
Vaughan's concessions against him-He gains slight changes -
British Commissioners unaware of modified ultimatum of the United
States-Discussions over the Fishery clauses - Misrepresentation of
the then policy of Congress-Jay's admission-Sarcastic letter of
French Minister to Franklin-Strachey's private letters on American
diplomacy-Its characteristics-Reader's judgment thereon.

TREATY OF 1782 A HUMILIATION TO CANADA

44-47

Loss of Territory and Fisheries, and uncertain boundaries-Lord

Townsend's opinion-American view-"Bargain struck on the

American basis "- Later "good bargains" of Canadian territory

-Recent disregard of Canadian rights in Alaska-Further Amer-

ican congratulations - England "endowed the Republic with

gigantic boundaries" - "British sacrifice unparalleled in Diplomacy."

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND GREAT

BRITAIN SINCE THE REVOLUTION

..47-53

Diplomatic correspondence show embittered relations-No considera-
tion for Britain's cruciate difficulties owing to Napoleon's Berlin
decrees-Inconsistent diplomatic policy of the United States-
Mississippi uncertain boundary-Treaty of 1803 settling it rejected
by the Senate-Treaty of 1806 extending neutral coast immunity
unratified-Origin of the War of 1812-British eastern and western
conquests in the United States-Not even a United States sentry in
Canada at the close of the War-Britain, although aware of the
Mississippi and Maine boundary disputes, restores all its conquests
to the United States by the Treaty of Ghent, 1814–Her reward, a
vexatious controversy and an armed invasion-Fishery and other
rights abrogated by the War.

SUBSEQUENT TREATIES BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND GREAT BRITAIN. 53-61

Treaty of 1818 concedes certain fishing privileges to the United States

-Renunciation by the United States of certain fisheries-Irritating

charges against Canada respecting the same-Efforts to settle-

United States Tariff policy the real difficulty ✗ Reciprocity Treaty

of 1854-United States abrogates it in 1866-Washington Treaty of

1871--One-sided condition against Canada-United States abrogates

its Fishery clauses in 1885-Fenian claims against United States

rejected, 1871-Curt reply to Canada by the Colonial Secretary-

Legislation of Congress injuriously affects Canada's Treaty rights-

Canadian vessels stopped at water-ways-Free passage of United

States vessels through Canadian Canals - Brown-Thornton Treaty

of 1874, rejected by the Senate-Its contents-Chamberlain-Tupper

Treaty of 1888, also rejected-Its contents.

✓ BRITISH DIPLOMATIC POLICY GENEROUS TO THE UNITED STATES ........61-63

Treaty of 1818 ceded Canadian territory at Mississippi and Lake of

the Woods to the United States Ashburton Treaty of 1842 ceded

further Canadian territory-Treaty of 1846 ceded Oregon territory

-Loss of St. Juan Island owing to the restricted terms of reference.

BOUNDARY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA DRAWN ON MAPS

IN 1782

......63-69,

Oswald's Map-Strachey's Map-"King's Map"-American Plenipo-
tentiaries transmit marked Maps-Adams's and Jay's Evidence
proving boundary lines-All maps with boundary lines in State
Department of the United States disappeared in 1828-Franklin's
marked Map sent to Jefferson in 1790, produced to Senate on Ash-
burton Treaty, has also disappeared-Sparks's discovery of Frank-
lin's "Red Line Map" and letter in Paris Archives in 1842-Both
sustained British claim of boundary-Original Franklin Map of
1782, in French Archives, has also disappeared, and another substi-
tuted (note)-Lord Ashburton unacquainted with certain Maps-
Webster's suppression of the Franklin Red Line Map.

SOME CAUSES OF INTERNATIONAL FRICTION BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND

THE UNITED STATES
.......69-7

Civil Service of the United States subject to political changes-
Trained qualities of British Civil Service-How Canada's relations
with the United States have suffered Spurious maps and reports of
surveys in 1839-40-Falsified translations of Russian documents in
1893-Faithless United States official not punished-Contradictory
affidavits in the Behring Sea Arbitration-Threats to Indians giving
evidence to British agent.

CANADA'S "BAPTISMS OF BLOOD" BY RAIDERS FROM THE UNITED STATES.. 72

Invasions of Canadian Territory in 1775-76, 1812-14, and 1837-38-

Fenian Raids 1866, 1870, 1871-United States Government aware

of proposed Fenian invasions of Canada-Never interfered until fili-

busters had crossed the boundary, and slain Canadians-Few ring-

leaders arrested and speedily released, and their arms restored.

DISCRIMINATION AGAINST CANADA'S TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES....73-78-

United States Policy of 1806, of 1818, of 1820, of 1887-McKinley

and Dingley Tariffs-Unsuccessful effort against British and Cana-

dian Carrying Trade-Retaliatory policy of 1892 respecting the St.

Mary Canal-No similar retaliatory laws in British or Canadian

legislation-Effect on Canada.

ACCOUNTABILITY OF THE UNITED STATES TO OTHER NATIONS

..78-83-

Political acts tending to degrade another nation-Hostilities of a tact-

less diplomacy-United States school and history books teach hos-

tility to Britain-Politics there largely controlled by lobbies and

bosses--Canada's estimate of their spasmodic political impulses-

British indifference and chilling advice to Canada in 1873-Canada's

weapons for supremacy on the farm-battle-fields of nature-Her

responsibility as a nation-community of Greater Britain- Canadian

ideas of friendly relations with the United States-Mr. Secretary

Bayard's views-Britain's intervention in favour of the United
States in the Spanish-American War.

BRITISH AND CANADIAN EFFORTS TO ADJUST THE ALASKA BOUNDARY AND

OTHER DIFFERENCES WITH THE UNITED STATES

....83-89.

Canada's continued conciliatory advances-Opening of Diplomatic
Negotiations in 1898-Jeopardized by position taken by the United

States on the Alaska boundary dispute-Departure from the Venez-
uelan precedent-Involves cession of Canadian territory-Bayard's
sentiments forgotten-Russian Treaty of 1825 described Alaska coast
line-Measured from the Pacific Ocean-"Ocean," "Coast" and
"Shore" in International Law-Artificial shore-lines across bays
and rivers-Alaska boundary crosses Canadian rivers and inlets-
Lynn Canal the crux of the boundary dispute-Its measurement
(note)-United States' precedents of 1793, sustain Canada's claim to
the Lynn Canal-Arguments of the United States against Canada's
claim are conflicting.

CHARGE THAT CANADA HAS TACITLY ALLOWED THE CLAIMS OF THE UNITED
STATES RESPECTING THE ALASKA BOUNDARY

..89-100

Historical facts disprove the charge-United States obtained possession
of Alaska in October, 1867-Canada's urgent and yearly efforts since
March, 1872, before any settlements had been made within the dis-
puted area-Canada's action in 1876–United States in 1892, agreed
to a Treaty to deliminate the Alaska boundary line "in accordance
with the spirit and intent” of the Russian Treaties of 1825 and 1867
-Another Treaty in 1897, to settle the line from Mount St. Elias
-These Treaties are solemn acknowledgments by the United States
of their doubtful title to the territory about the disputed boundary
line-They refute the charge of Canada's tacit acquiescence-And
prove that no rights from settlement had been acquired or claimed
by the United States United States maps of boundary lines con-
demned by their State Department-British proposal to accept the
Venezuelan conditions a conciliatory departure from the prior
Treaties of 1892-7-Its non-acceptance justified the British and
Canadian withdrawal from further Negotiations-Further impedi-
ments to arbitration by the United States-Special qualities of
American diplomacy (note) -Conditions required by the United
States involved a forced surrender of Canadian territory, and an
abandonment of British subjects-Modus Vivendi of October, 1899,
excludes Canada from Lynn Canal (note) - American umpire declined
-Negotiations on other Treaty matters suspended -British and
Canadian anticipations disappointed-Sir J. A. Macdonald on
British indifference and United States unneighbourly policy to
Canada-Great Britain's modern Imperialism - British Island
Crown's relation to the British Colonial Crowns-Offer of Colonial
Representation in the Imperial Parliament by King George III. in
1778, (note).

APPENDICES

No. 1-Articles of the Treaty of 1825 between Great Britain and
Russia, describing the boundaries of Alaska.

No. 2-Provisional boundary line between Canada and Alaska,
October, 1899.

No. 3-Map of Lynn Canal, showing the respective boundary lines
claimed by Canada and the United States.

101-3