SEC. 6. ESCAPEMENT SHAFTS.-Practically all of the mining States require that all mines, whether they be worked by shaft or slope, shall have two separate openings. In most of these States it is spe

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indicate the boundary line of the most advanced face of the workings at such date; and in case more than one seam of coal is opened or worked, a separate map or plan as aforesaid, must, if desired by the inspector, be made of the working in each seam. The map, or plan, or a true copy thereof, with the record of all surveys of said boundary lines and underground workings, must be delivered to the state inspector of mines, and the original or a true copy of the same must be retained for reference and inspection at the office of the coal mine. The maps and plans so delivered to the inspector of mines are the property of the State, and must be transferred to his successor in office. Maps of mines filed with the inspector must be open to the examination of the public in the presence of the inspector, but in no case must any copy of the same be made without the consent of the owner, operator, or his agent.

SEC. 3351. After the maps and plans herein provided are completed, thereafter in July of each year, the owner or operator of every coal mine must cause surveys to be made of all alterations and extensions of the workings made during the year preceding, and must have the records and results of the survey duly entered upon the maps of the inspector, and upon that kept at the mine. The said extensions must be placed upon the inspector's map, and the map returned to the inspector within thirty days from the completion of the survey. When any coal mine is worked out, and is about to be abandoned the owner or operator must have the maps or plans thereof extended to include all the excavations made, showing the most advanced workings of every part of the mine and the relation of such boundaries to marked boundaries on the surface.

SEC. 3352. Whenever the owner or operator of any coal mine neglects or refuses to furnish the inspector the map or plan of such coal mine, or the extensions thereto, as provided for in this chapter, the inspector is authorized to make, or cause to be made, an accurate map or plan of such coal mine, at the expense of the owner, and the cost may be recovered from the owner or operator, in the same manner as other debts, in the name of the State.

1Ala., Acts 1896-7, No. 486, secs. 14, 15; Ark., Dig., secs. 5047, 5047a; Cal., Stats. and Codes, p. 633, Act Mar. 13, 1870; Colo., An. St., sec. 3182; Ill., L. 1899, Act Apr. 18 (p. 303), sec.3; Ind., An. St., secs. 7429, 7430, as amended by L. 1897, ch. 145; Kan., Gen. St., ch. 149, secs. 8, 9, 11, 14, 36; L. 1899, ch. 165; Iowa, Acts 1884, ch. 21, secs. 8, 9; Ky., St. 1894, sec. 2730; Mich., L. 1899, No. 57, sec. 2; Mo., R. S., sec. 7063; Mon., Pol. Code, secs. 3353, 3354; L. 1897, p. 66; N. Mex., Comp. L., sec. 1577; N. Y., L. 1897, ch, 415, sec. 121; N. C., L. 1897, ch. 251, sec. 4; Ohio, R. S., sec. 297; Pa., Digest, Coal Mines, secs. 230-236; Tenn., L. 1881, ch. 170, sec. 3; U. S., Acts 1890-1, ch. 564, secs. 5, 8; Utah, L. 1896, ch. 113, secs. 6, 9; Wash., Stats. and Codes, secs. 2221, 2222, 2234; L. 1897, ch. 45, sec. 3; W. Va., Code 1891, p. 991, sec. 6; Wyo., Acts 1890-1, ch. 80, secs. 2, 3. 2 For Pennsylvania and Illinois laws in full, see pp. 274, 295. The Iowa law is typical (Acts 1884, ch. 21):

SEC. 8 (as amended by chapter 56, Acts of 1888). It shall be unlawful for the owner or agent of any coal mine worked by a shaft, to employ or permit any person to work therein unless there are to every seam of coal worked in such mine, at least two separate outlets, separated by natural strata of not less than one hundred feet in breadth, by which shafts or outlets distinct means of ingress and egress are always available to the persons employed in the mine, but in no case shall a furnace shaft be used as an escape shaft; and if the mine is a slope or drift opening, the escape shall be separated from the other openings by not less than fifty feet of natural strata; and shall be provided with safe and available traveling ways, and the traveling ways to the escapes in all coal mines shall be kept free from water and falls of roof; and all escape shafts shall be fitted with safe and convenient stairs at an angle of not more than sixty degrees descent, and with landings at easy and convenient distances, so as to furnish easy escape from such mine, and all air shafts used as escapes where fans are employed for ventilation, shall be provided with suitable appliances for hoisting the underground workmen; said appliances to be always kept at the mine ready for immediate use; and in no case shall any combustible material be allowed between any escape shaft and hoisting shaft, except such as is absolutely necessary for operation of the mine; Provided, That where a furnace shaft is large enough to admit of being divided into an escape shaft and a furnace shaft, there may be a partition placed in said shaft, properly constructed so as to exclude the heated air and smoke from the side of the shaft used as an escape shaft, such partition to be built of incombustible material for a distance of not less than fifteen feet up from the

cifically declared that these openings must reach every vein or stratum of the mine which is being worked, and the same requirement is apparently implied in every case. The opening specially intended for exit in case of damage to the main shaft is frequently called the escapement shaft.

Montana declares that these two openings shall be separated by such a distance of natural strata as shall be necessary to insure safety. The openings must be at least 50 feet apart in Wyoming, 100 feet apart in Arkansas, Colorado, Indiana, Kentucky, North Carolina, Ohio, and Washington; 100 feet apart in the case of shaft mines and 50 feet apart in the case of slope or drift mines in Iowa, Kansas, and West Virginia; 150 feet apart in California (in coal mines), New Mexico, New York (if the inspector deems necessary), Pennsylvania (and 30 feet if worked by drift), Tennessee, the Territories (under United States law), and Utah; 300 feet apart in Missouri, and not less than 300 feet nor more than 400 feet apart in Michigan. Iowa and Kansas provide, however, that the distance of the escapement shaft from the main shaft shall not be less than 300 feet without the consent of the inspector, and that no building shall be put nearer the escape shaft than 100 feet except the house necessary to cover the fan. In Illinois the distance shall not be less than 300 feet except by consent of the inspector, and surface buildings must not be allowed in such a way as to jeopardize free exit. California has a separate law applying to quartz-mining claims, which provides that where a shaft or incline reaches a depth of more than 300 feet from the surface a second shaft or tunnel must be made to connect with the main shaft at a depth of not less than 100 feet from the surface. Any person failing to provide such means of egress is liable for damages in case of accident from failure to provide it. Montana has also a separate law, applying only to quartz mines, which requires a second shaft wherever the depth of the main shaft or incline is more than 100 feet from the surface. This exit must be provided with proper ladders, signboards, etc.

Definition of escapement shafts. In several of these States provision is made for a certain length of time within which mine operators may comply with the law, or exceptions are made where escapement shafts have already been constructed which do not strictly comply with the requirements. Colorado and Kentucky apply the law only where more than 15,000 cubic yards have been excavated in any shaft, slope, or drift. In some other States the number of persons who may work

bottom thereof; And provided, That where two or more mines are connected underground, each owner may make joint provisions with the other owner for the use of the other's hoisting shaft or slope as an escape, and in that event the owners thereof shall be deemed to have complied with the requirements of this section. And provided further, That in any case where the escape shaft is now situated less than one hundred feet from the hoisting shaft there may be provided a properly constructed underground traveling way from the top of the escape shaft, so as to furnish the proper protection from fire, for a distance of one hundred feet from the hoisting shaft; and in that event the owner or agent of any such mine shall be deemed to have complied with the requirements of this section; And provided further, That this act shall not apply to mines operated by slopes or drift openings where not more than five persons are employed therein; And provided further, That any escapement shaft that is hereafter sunk and equipped before said escapement shaft shall be located or the excavation for it begun the district inspector of mines shall be duly notified to appear and determine what shall be a suitable distance for the same. The distance from main shaft shall not be less than three hundred feet without the consent of the inspector and no building shall be put nearer the escape shaft than one hundred feet, except the house necessary to cover the fan.

in the mine pending construction of escapements is limited. In Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Montana, North Carolina, Ohio, and Tennessee it is specifically provided that the two openings need not necessarily be in the same mine, but that arrangements for escapement through other contiguous mines are permissible under proper conditions.

The laws of Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, the United States, and Utah specifically declare that ventilating shafts shall not be considered as escapement shafts. Iowa, Kansas, and Pennsylvania permit ventilating shafts to be used for escapements in case they are sufficiently large to be divided into two parts. In that case there shall be a partition in the shaft properly constructed to exclude heated air and smoke from the side used as an escape shaft. Wyoming and Washington declare that when furnace ventilation is used, before the second opening has been made available, the furnace shall not be placed within 40 feet from the foot of the shaft. Washington provides further that when coal is hoisted by steam power from a shaft or slope and there is not other means of egress for the miners, there must be a steam pump or other power to furnish water, and hose must be provided, to put out fire in the shaft. Colorado permits air shafts to be used as escapement shafts if they have proper ladder ways.

In Colorado, Kentucky, Ohio, and Pennsylvania the laws specifically permit the owner of a mine who is unable to provide the necessary escapement shafts upon his own land to appropriate by condemnation proceedings land necessary for this purpose.

Equipment of escapement shafts.-Illinois requires escapement shafts to be carefully inspected weekly. Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Washington, North Carolina and West Virginia have enacted that the escapement shaft must be equipped with suitable appliances for for exit, either stairways or hoisting apparatus. In Indiana and Iowa the stairways must not be steeper than 60 degrees, and must be provided with guard rails, or else proper hoisting apparatus, always ready for the use of miners, must be provided. Illinois permits only stairways, which must be substantial and at an angle not over 45 degrees; while Kansas declares that the stairways shall not be over 45 degrees in angle, and adds that where air shafts are used as escapes they must be provided with suitable hoisting appliances, and that no combustible material shall be allowed between an escape shaft and a hoisting shaft except such as is absolutely necessary. In Pennsylvania and Wyoming stairways may be used where the escapement shaft is not over 75 feet in vertical depth, and in that case shall not exceed an angle of 60 degrees, and shall have landings not less than 18 inches wide and 4 feet long. If the second opening is a slope for a traveling way and has a greater angle than 20 degrees, it must be provided with stairways. If the escapement shaft is more than 75 feet deep, it must be provided with hoisting machinery, unless the mine is worked by two shafts. In Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Wyoming all water coming from the surface or out of the strata in the shaft shall be conducted by rings or otherwise prevented from falling down the shaft.

Traveling ways.-In Missouri and West Virginia the laws declare that the traveling roads or ways reaching to the escapement shaft must be of sufficient size to make them available for speedy exit in case of accident, and must be kept clean. Illinois, Kansas, and Montana declare that these traveling ways must be at least five feet in

eight, and that they must be free from obstructions and from standing water. In Indiana the traveling roads must be the full height of the vein worked and four feet wide, and must be kept free from water. Pennsylvania (sec. 232) requires that, unless the mine inspector shall deem it impracticable, all mines shall have at least two general passageways, one leading from the main shaft or entrance and the other from the escapement shaft, both to be kept well drained and in a safe condition. No part of the workings of a mine shall be driven more than 300 feet in advance of such passageways except entries, air ways, or other narrow work. Provision is also made for connecting the workings with such passageways by means of overcasts where necessary.

SEC. 7. SHAFTS AND HOISTING.-Equipment of shafts, traveling ways, etc.-In Colorado (coal mines), Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Utah it is required that the top of every shaft shall be fenced in or furnished with a safety gate, and in most of these States it is further added that each fence or drift leading into the shaft shall be properly fenced and protected. The Kansas act provides that the fence around the top of each shaft and landing shall not be less than three feet high and that the gates on the side used for loading and unloading cages shall be at all times closed except when in actual use. Utah declares that a person who shall sink a shaft on public domain, in prospect for

1 Ala., Acts of 1896-7, No. 486, secs. 22, 24; Ark., Dig., secs. 5050, 5052; Cal., Act Mar. 27, 1874, sec. 6; Acts 1893, ch. 74; Colo., An. St., secs. 3183, 3185, 3198, (coal mines); L. 1899, ch. 119 (metalliferous mines), sec. 20; Ill., L. 1899, Act Apr. 18 (pp. 303, 305), secs. 2, 4, 23, 28; Ind., An. St., secs. 7437-7439, 7446, 7449, 7468, 7470, 7471, 7481; Iowa, Acts 1884, ch. 21, secs. 11, 12; Kan., G. S. 1897, ch. 149, secs. 12, 13, 27; Ky., Stats. 1894, sec. 2731; Mich., L. 1887, No. 213, sec. 3; L. 1899, No. 57, secs. 3, 4; Mo., R. S., secs. 7064b, 7066–7068; Mon., Pol. Code, part 3, secs. 3361, 3362, 3650–3653; Pen. Code, part 1, sec. 705; Nev., G. S., ch. 1, sec. 296; N. M., Comp. L. 1884, sec. 1580; N. Y., L. 1897, ch. 415, sec. 123; N. C., L. 1897, ch. 251, sec. 5; Ohio, R. S., secs. 298-300; Pa., Dig., Coal Mines, secs. 237-240, 315, 328-332, 339-345, 359-364, 370, 372; S. Dak., L. 1897, ch. 92, sec. 1; Tenn., L. 1881, ch. 170, secs. 10, 11, 13; Utah, Comp. L. 1888, sec. 2240; L. 1896, ch. 113, secs. 12, 13; U. S., Acts 1890-1, ch. 564, secs. 10, 11, 13; Wash., Codes and Stats., secs. 2225, 2226, 2269; W. Va., Code 1891, p. 991, sec. 8; Wyo., Acts 1890-1, ch. 81, sec. 7.

For laws of Illinois and Pennsylvania in full, see pp. 275 ff; 296, 306. The following laws are typical:

Colorado (An. St.):

SEC. 3183. In all cases where the human voice can not be distinctly heard, the owner or agent shall provide and maintain a metal tube from top to the bottom of the slope or shaft, or a telephone connection suitably adopted to the free passage of sound, through which conversation may be held between persons at the bottom and at the top of the shaft or slope; also the ordinary means of signaling to and from the top and bottom of the shaft or slope; and in the top of every shaft shall keep an approved safety gate and an approved safety catch, and sufficient cover overhead on every carriage used for lowering and hoisting persons; and the said owner or agent shall see that sufficient flanges or horns are attached to the sides of the drum of every machine that is used for lowering and hoisting persons in and out of the mine, and also, that adequate brakes are attached thereto; the main link, attached to the swivel of the wire rope, shall be made of the best quality of iron, and shall be tested by weights satisfactory to the inspector of mines of the State; and bridle chains shall be attached to the main link from the cross pieces of the carriage; and no single link chain shall be used for lowering or raising persons into or out of said mine; and not more than five persons for each ton capacity of the hoisting machinery used at any coal mine, shall be lowered or hoisted by the machine at any one time.

Missouri (R. S.):

SEC. 7066. The owner, agent or operator of every mine operated by shaft shall provide suitable means of signaling between the bottom and the top thereof, and shall also provide safe means of hoisting and lowering persons in a cage covered

any mineral, ventilating a mine, or otherwise, shall inclose it with s substantial fence at least four and one-half feet high (sec. 2240).

Several States-Colorado (coal mines), Illinois (sec. 2), Indiana, Kansas, Montana, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Utah, and Wyoming-provide that at the bottom of every shaft there shall be a traveling way cut into the rock, so as to permit men to pass from one side of the shaft to the other without going over or under the cage.

Indiana (sec. 7468) declares that where two veins are mined from one shaft there must be two reflecting lamps, one on each side of the shaft, not more than ten feet from the shaft in the upper vein. Illinois requires proper lights at landings.

Colorado has a number of special provisions as to shafts in metalliferous mines. Thus, where there is only one exit, and that covered with a building, fire protection must be provided. Shafts more than 50 feet in depth, equipped with hoisting machinery, must be_partitioned, and one compartment must be set aside for a ladderway. Proper landings are required. Suitable ladders must also be provided in upraises and winzes. Shafts equipped with buildings and machinery and having only the working shaft for exit must hereafter be divided into two compartments, one for a ladderway. This ladderway shall be securely bulkheaded at a point 25 feet below the collar of the shaft, and from below this bulkhead a drift shall be run to the surface. Employees sinking shafts or inclines must be provided with a chain ladder, or other ladder, to insure safe means of exit. Shaft collars shall be covered to prevent objects falling down the shaft; where a cage is used a bonnet must be placed over the shaft. When wooden doors are used at the entrance of the shaft, it must be housed in and the doors must stand at an angle of not less than 45 degrees, and must be not less than four inches thick. Each station or level must, when practicable, have a passageway around the working. Proper guard rails are required at each level. When a shaft is sunk on a vein or body of

with boiler iron, so as to keep safe, as far as possible, persons descending into and ascending out of said shaft; and such cage shall be furnished with guides to conduct it on slides through such shaft, with a sufficient brake on every drum to prevent accident in case of the giving out or breaking of machinery; and such cage shall be furnished with spring catches, intended and provided, as far as possible, to prevent the consequences of cable breaking or the loosening or disconnecting of the machinery; and no props or rails shall be lowered in a cage while men are descending into or ascending out of said mine: Provided, That the provisions of this section in relation to covering cages with boiler iron shall not apply to coal mines less than one hundred feet in depth, where the coal is raised by horse power. No male person under the age of twelve years, or female of any age, shall be permitted to enter any mine to work therein; nor shall any boy under the age of fourteen years, unless he can read and write, be allowed to work in any mine. Any party or person neglecting or refusing to perform the duties required to be performed by the provisions of this article shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and punished by a fine in the discretion of the court trying the same, subject, however, to the limitations as provided by section 7069 of this article.

SEC. 7067. No owner, agent or operator of any mine operated by shaft or slope shall place in charge of any engine whereby men are lowered into or hoisted out of the mines, any but an experienced, competent and sober person not under eighteen years of age; and no person shall be permitted to ride upon a loaded cage or wagon used for hoisting purposes in any shaft or slope, and in no case shall more than twelve persons ride on any cage or car at one time, nor shall any coal be hoisted out of any mine while persons are descending into such mine; and the number of persons to ascend out of or descend into any mine on one cage shall be determined by the inspector; the maximum number so fixed shall not be less than four nor more than twelve, nor shall be lowered or hoisted more rapidly than five hundred feet to the minute.