kami or any other Japanese writer would probably never have said the above. But as it was, the occasion was taken advantage of to reveal Japan in an attitude of innocent repentance and sacrifice, and also to create an impression that the Japanese spokesmen in America are frank and outspoken in criticizing their own government. It is a curious fact that no Japanese publicist raised a single point of criticism of his government for making the "Twenty-one Demands" upon China in 1915,-the demands which were far more serious than the "Chengchiatun demands " in impairing the political independence and territorial integrity of China. On the contrary, writers like Mr. Kawakami misrepresented the facts of the "Twenty-one Demands," and attempted to convince the American public that Japan was making the demands with an "unselfish motive to aid China.""

Besides the Japanese, there are a few Westerners in the service of the Japanese Government to help in their publicity propaganda. "Paid agents lectured English audiences upon the beauties and glories of Nippon." Honorary Consuls are appointed not so much to make

99 15

"See K. K. Kawakami, 'What Can Japan Do For China?" Independent, 82: 280-281, May 17, 1915. A complete record of Japan's Twenty-one Demands made upon China in 1915, and the various steps taken in connection with them are given in Millard, "Our Eastern Question," chapters on "Japan's Aggressions in China."

"McKenzie, "The Tragedy of Korea," p. 105.

trade reports or look after Japanese commercial interests, but mainly to coöperate with the larger national system and play the local part in the publicity game." Thus nothing is left undone; what is overlooked by the national worker is taken up by his local associates. "When it comes to publicity," said an American journalist, "the Japanese catch us in every direction."

3. MANIPULATION OF FOREIGN VISITORS IN JAPAN

The remarkable success of the Japanese propaganda in controlling the public opinion of America has been due largely to the coöperation of public men on this side of the ocean. All the praise we hear of Nippon from the lecture platforms and in periodical literature would have come to naught if it were not endorsed by public men in this country who visit Japan and bring back favourable reports. The Japanese have shown consummate skill in manipulating the distinguished foreigners who visit Japan.

The Japan Society in America maintains a Travel Bureau, issues letters of introduction and publishes descriptive travel pamphlets which supplement the official traveller's guide published by the Japanese Government. The minute a globe-trotter lands in Japan he has little

16 There are Japanese Honorary Consuls in New Orleans, St. Louis, Denver, Mobile. Galveston, Philadelphia, and Boston. They are all Americans.

chance to see or find out anything for himself, especially if he is a distinguished personage. He is met at the pier by a polished guide conversant with Western manners and language; he is directed to a hotel; is shown about with great kindness and courtesy. He is impressed by the politeness and hospitality of the people and is charmed by the beautiful scenes and unique festivals of the land. The country seems to him a land of poets, artists and lovers, where the lotus blooms and life is a happy dream of ease and devotion to the service of art. His sense of admiration and wonder increases when he is shown the accomplishments of modern Japanthe army, navy, commerce, industry. Here is a land where the military virtues are fostered without losing sight of the beautiful; where there is industry without sordid materialism; wealth without the idle rich. The Japanese are the most well balanced of all races, the visitors write home. "They have become practical, but they still love the cherry tree and write poems to it; they are developing great business activities, but they continue to paint with almost unrivalled delicacy and precision; they support a strong army and navy, but both are kept in high efficiency for defensive purposes."

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"It was delightful," said an American gentle

17 See articles by Hamilton W. Mabie, “Japan To-day and To-morrow," in the Outlook, vols. 103, 104, 1913.

man after his visit to Japan. "I never enjoyed myself so much. Every time I wanted to go anywhere there was an automobile at my disposal and a Japanese official to show me about and explain things to me. I was constantly attended and made comfortable; and I was given unexampled opportunities for seeing Japan, and guided to all the points of interest, and had the real Japanese spirit explained to me by cultivated Japanese officials and scholars. My view of Japan has entirely changed. I now realize how great is the work they are doing, how patriotic they are, how wonderful as a people!"

Their methods when a distinguished American gets to Japan are interesting and efficacious," wrote Samuel G. Blythe, after his return from Japan in 1915. "Their hospitality is unbounded; their courtesy is unexampled; their attentions are flattering; their polite recognition and deference are alluring to the susceptible. The Japanese capture a distinguished American without half trying. They have become experts at the game." "

The distinguished foreigner is kept constantly on the move; is dined, wined, and entertained; is invited to give addresses; is taken here and there; is made much of; in certain cases, deemed most important by the Japanese, he is presented to the Emperor or given a decoration. It is 18 Saturday Evening Post, May 22, 1915.

said that when Vice-President Fairbanks was in Korea, the Japanese authorities tried their utmost to keep him busy with the official functions of the government so as to prevent him from having private conversations with resident Americans.20 In 1909, when Lord Kitchener went through Korea, an English resident, who was an old friend of Kitchener, tried to invite the distinguished visitor to his home for dinner, but the Japanese officials refused the privilege on the ground that the details of his visit and entertainment had already been arranged.

When Judge Elbert H. Gary went to Japan in 1916, he was met on board the ship by the Japanese reception committee. His special train was to arrive at Tokyo at twilight, so that the procession could pass through a mammoth electric arch with the sign, "Welcome, Judge and Mrs. Gary." The Chairman of the United States Corporation was interviewed by distinguished Japanese statesmen and financiers; was invited to give addresses; was entertained at luncheons, banquets, and receptions given in his honour; and was shown about the country with characteristic Japanese deference and hospitality. An American journalist who knows the Japanese method of capturing distinguished foreigners spoke of the Judge at that time as being one of the biggest fishes that got caught "See The Continent, June 27, 1912, p. 897.