in respect to them.45 And so the conference was brought to an end, without success, on the 23d of May.46 The Emperor, in order to obtain quick help against the Turks, was compelled, in the final decree of the diet, July 29, 1541, to renew the Peace of Nuremberg, with an additional provision relieving the Protestants on the points complained of about the operation of the imperial courts. A declaration was also appended to satisfy them on oth

47

unus duntaxat peritus Theologus (Eck) adhibitus restitit: judices vero fuere laici contra omne jus in magnum praejudicium. The King of France, who, for political reasons, tried to thwart every attempt at union in Germany, also complained about the concessions of the legate in Ratisbon (Ranke Fürsten u. Völker, ii. 164). And so the legate now received an order to accept no formulas that were not indubitably Catholic (ibid., s. 167): and he now advised, nihil amplius de reliquis omnibus agendum, sed remittenda Summo Pontifici, et Apostolicae Sedi (Raynald., 1541, No. 14, 15).

45 The Elector of Saxony had from the first been very much discontented that they had made any other book than the Augsburg Confession the basis of negotiation; and he mistrusted the Elector of Brandenburg, the Landgrave, and Bucer. Then, too, he was displeased with the article on justification, as agreed upon, because it was obscure and ambiguous (Seckendorf, iii. 356). Luther strengthened him in this (de Wette, v. 353): "E. K. F. G. haben recht geurtheilt, dass die Notel der Vergleichung ein weitläuftig u. geflickt Ding ist." The Elector now sent Amsdorf to Ratisbon to watch Melancthon, and commanded the latter to yield nothing of Luther's doctrine, and to make all the results conditional upon the assent of the estates (Seckendorf, iii. 356, 360). However, these provisions were needless; for the union came to a dead stop on the subsequent articles about the Church, the Lord's Supper, etc. The Elector Joachim of Brandenburg, in conjunction with other Protestant estates, now sent an imposing embassy to Luther (Princes John and George of Anhalt, Matthias von Schulenburg, and Alex. Alesius) to engage him in the projected union (cf. Bretschneider, in Illgen's Zeitschr. f. Hist. Theologie, ii. i. 293; their representations in Walch, xvii. 846). Luther replied, 12th June (ibid., s. 848; de Wette, v. 366), that it was impossible to effect a union with the other party: "Denn ob es gleich Kais. Maj. aufs allerhöhest u. gnädigst ernst u. gut meinet, so ist doch jenem Theil nicht Ernst mit Gott u. nach der Wahrheit vertragen zu werden; wollen aber Kais. Maj. vielleicht also ein Nasen drehen. Denn wo es Ernst wäre, so würden sie die andern zehen Artikel nicht lassen unverglichen seyn, als die wohl wissen u. verstehen, dass sie alle zehen gewaltiglich u. in bona consequentia aus den vier verglichenen, sonderlich aus dem Artikel der Justification, verdampt sind. -Wo aber Kais. Maj. ausschriebe u. verschüffe, dass die vier Artikel durchaus rein u. klar gepredigt, u. für christlich gehalten sollten werden;" if these four articles were thus agreed upon and preached the others could remain for the present without a definite decision upon them; for by these four the poison would be extracted from the rest, and they would fall to pieces of themselves.

46 The Emperor proposed to the estates, July 12 (Walch, xvii. 913; Melanch. Epist., ed. Bretschneider, iv. 510), to adopt the four articles as agreed upon, and to defer the rest to the council; the Catholic princes refused (Bretschneider, iv. 526), the Protestants were ready to accept if the other party would bind itself thereto (1. c. p. 591); but at the same time they declared at length, in a document drawn up by Melancthon, July 23 (Walch, xvii. 863), that they accepted those articles only in the sense in which they were laid down in the Augsburg Confession and Apology.

47 In Walch, xvii. 962. The action of the colloquy was to be referred to a common Christian council, to be held in Germany, and soon summoned. The Protesting party were not to strive about and against the articles that had been compared. “Darzu haben wir neben Päbstlicher Heiligkeit Legaten allen geistlichen Prälaten aufgelegt u.

er matters where there was doubt.48 And thus, at this diet, the Reformation had manifestly made important progress toward a formal recognition.49

befohlen, unter ihnen u. den Ihren, so ihnen unterworfen seynd, eine christliche Ordnung u. Reformation vorzunehmen u. aufzurichten, die zu guter, gebührlicher u. heilsamer Administration der Kirchen förderlich und dienlich sey: auch über solcher Ordnung u. Reformation ernstlich u. strenglich zu halten, u. sich daran nichts irren noch verhindern lassen" (comp. the admonitory writing of the legate Contareni about the Reformation, to the prelates, in Raynald., 1541, No. 29), "und seynd der Zuversicht, solche Ordnung u. Reformation sollte zu endlicher christlicher Vergleichung der streitigen Religion eine Vorbereitung, u. derselben sonder Zweifel hoch dienstlich seyn.” The truce of Nuremberg was to be maintained till the end of a general council or a national congress," oder so der keines seinen Fortgang erreicht, auf nachstkünftigen Reichstag." "Und was betrifft die Acten und Processe, so bisher in Religion und andern geschehen, an unserm Cammergericht anhängig gemacht und ergangen seynd, derwegen bisher Streit gewesen, ob dieselben in dem Nürnbergischen Friedstand begriffen seyn sollen oder nicht: dieselben Acten u. Process wollen wir zu Erhaltung Friedens, Ruhe, u. Einigkeit im heil. Reich Deutscher Nation, u. aus unser Kaiserlichen Macht u. Vollkommenheit, so lang bis das gemeine oder Nationalconcilium, oder in dieser Sachen eine gemeine Reichsversammlung, wie obsteht, gehalten wird, suspendirt u. eingestellt haben."

48 In Walch, xvii. 999. For example, it was decreed that the clergy of the Augsburg Confession should not be deprived of their revenues any more than the Catholics; that, although the adherents of the Augsburg Confession were not to draw away the subjects of any Catholic state, yet, "if any one wished to adopt their religion, he should not be deprived of the liberty;" that the officers of the imperial court should be sworn to observe this decree and declaration; and that the Augsburg decree, so far as religion was concerned, should not be enforced; that persons presented for office in these courts should not be refused because they belonged to the Augsburg Confession, and that no one should be removed for this cause.

49 The preponderance of the Protestants in Germany was so decisive that the Elector of Mayence, at the diet, strongly dissuaded the Pope, through the legate, from having the council held in this country; see Raynald., 1541, No. 27: nequaquam convenire, ut Concilium generale celebretur in Germania ob diminutionem auctoritatis sedis Apostolicae, et totius ecclesiastici status. Ne etiam pro arbitrio Protestantium omnia fiant, et quia virus haereticum in ipsa Germania viget.-Item in Germania animosiores et obstinati magis in eorum perversitate erunt Protestantes.-Cogere etiam poterunt Catholicos astutiaque et artibus malis domare eosdem, vel etiam ipsum Caesarem pro eorum more.-Etiam in ipso Concilio, si in Germania fieret, tum per malas practicas,-tum etiam per publicas conciones, si licebit, alioquin in aliis privatis, a quo non cessabunt sub praetextu, verbum Domini non esse celandum,-studebunt virus suum spargere, et sectas ampliare.-Propterea considerandum est, quod, si Concilium fieret in Germania, et Caesar pro quorundam arbitrio ad hoc induceretur, cogeretur Sanctitas Pontificia forsan annuere quaedam, quae non essent concedenda, quinimo pro Caesaris jussu urgeri posset inique, ut haec sua Sanctitas melius perpendere poterit.-Nequaquam etiam conveniet, ut dimisso seu suspenso generali Concilio celebretur Nationale Germanicum, aut alia imperialis dieta, quia tunc vere dubitandum est de schismate, et Catholici quidam prolaberentur ad Protestantes, caeterique cogerentur deficere, aut supprimerentur. VOL. IV.-12

§ 8.

CONTINUATION, TO THE CLOSE OF THE SMALCALD WAR, 1547. While the Emperor Charles was weakened by a second unfortunate campaign against Algiers (October and November, 1541), and was right afterward entangled in a new conflict with France,1 King Ferdinand, who needed the aid of the Protestants in his unfortunate Turkish war,2 was compelled, at a diet in Spires, February, 1542, to concede a prolongation of the religious peace.3 Protestantism was constantly gaining new adherents, and its preponderance in Germany became more apparent. When the episcopal chair of Naumburg became vacant, Jan. 6, 1541, and Julius von Pflug was elected to it by the cathedral chapter in the greatest haste, without the customary reference to the Elector of Saxony, the Elector annulled the choice, and raised Nicholas von Amsdorf to the bishopric, Jan. 1542, but assumed for himself the secular government of the see. When Duke Henry of Brunswick was about to carry into execution the ban of the imperial court against Goslar, without regard to the imperial suspension of it," and even proceeded to make war upon the city of Brunswick, the Elector of Saxony and the Landgrave of Hesse came suddenly to the aid of the two allied cities, took possession of the duchy, July, 1542, and declared that they would only give it up to the sons

Schmidt's Gesch. der Deutschen, Buch viii. cap. 29, 31. Raumer's Gesch. Europas seit d. 15ten Jahrh. i. 497.

2 Schmidt, ubi supra.

On the proceedings of this diet, see Seckendorf, iii. 382; Schmidt, Buch viii. cap. 30; the final decree in Walch, xvii. 1004 (especially 1057).

Documents in Hortleder, Th. 1, Buch v. cap. 11: among these, at first, the proof that the Saxon princes were princes of the land and hereditary protectors of the three Saxon bishoprics; Spalatin's Annalen, s. 655; Seckendorf, i. 387. A contemporaneous report on the election introduction into the see of Nicholas v. Amsdorf, from the archives of the city of Naumburg, is in Förstemann's Neue Mittheilungen des thüringisch. sächsischen Vereins, Bd. 2, Heft 2 (Halle, 1835), s. 155.

The outlawry of Goslar was in the imperial declaration about the decree of the Diet of Ratisbon (§ 7, Note 48), in a special article appended.

The earlier documents and writings exchanged between the two parties, which soon assumed a very rude and passionate tone, see in Hortleder, Th. i. Buch iv. cap. 1–34. Among them belongs Luther's Writing against Hans Worst, 1541, in Walch, xvii. 1645 (this title was given because Henry, in a writing against the Elector, had said that Luther had called the Elector Hanswurst). On the campaign, documents in Hortleder, id., cap. 35 ff. Cf. Spalatin's Annalen, s. 631-54, 672–80; Rommel's Philipp d. Grossm., 161; ii. 447.

8

of the Duke; they also introduced the Reformation tnere," and renounced obedience to the imperial court when it took the part of the expelled Duke. At the same time the cities of Ratisbon' and Hildesheim,10 and the Palgrave Otto Henry of Neuburg," declared openly for the Reformation; in Cleves it was also favored by Duke William, and spread with rapid strides.12 Even its most violent opponents and persecutors, King Ferdinand13 and the Duke of Bavaria,11 had the mortification of being asked by their landed proprietors to concede freedom of conscience; and they were thus forced to recognize the fact that, in spite of their persecutions, the Reformation had struck its roots deep among their subjects. The adhesion of clerical princes also appeared about to become of decisive influence in favor of the Reformation. The Elector of Cologne, Hermann, 15 Count of Wied, was at first hostile to Protestantism; then, yielding in part, he endeavored to remove ecclesiastical abuses by a provincial council in Cologne,16 1536; but after the religious conferences of Worms and Ratisbon he became wholly decided for the Reformation, and invited Bucer, in 1542,

7

Especially through Bugenhagen; see Lentz's Gesch. d. Einführung des evangel. Bekenntnisses im Herzogth. Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1830, s. 109 ff.

The rejoinder, 4th Dec., 1542, in Hortleder, Th. i. Buch vii. cap. 21, in Walch, xvii. 67. Cf. Barthol. Sastrowen (then clerk with a procurator of the court) Leben, edited by Mohnike, i. 227.

Spalatin's Annalen, s. 683. Seckendorf, iii. 396. Gesch. d. Kirchenreform. in Regensburg. Regensb., 1792.

10 When the neighboring Brunswick had fallen into Protestant hands. Here, too, Bugenhagen was at the head of the clergy who introduced the Reform. The Church constitution, 1544, by Anton. Corvinus; Bugenhagen, however, had a share in it; Spalatin's Annalen, s. 681; Hamelmanni Opp. Geneal. Historica de Westphalia, p. 937; Seckendorf, iii. 397; Schlegel's Kirchen- u. Reformationsgesch. v. Nord-Deutschland u. den Hannov. Staaten, ii. 197.

11 By an edict of 22d June, 1542. Neuburg church order of 1543. Seckendorf, iii. 396. Struven's pfälzische Kirchenhistorie, s. 29.

12 William was reigning since 1539. Berg's Reformationsgeschichte der Länder Jülich, Cleve, Berg, Mark, Ravensberg, u. Lippe, edited by Tross. Hamm, 1826, s. 55 ff.

13 Petition of the estates of Lower Austria at the Diet of Prague, 13th Dec., 1541, Ferdinand's answer, and the reply of the estates; in Spalatin's Annalen, s. 689; Raupach's Evangel. Oesterreich, i. 35; Beilagen, s. 75. Cf. Raupach von den Schicksalen der Evangel. Luth. Religion in Steyermark, Kärnthen, u. Crain, in Winckler's Anecdota Hist. Ecclesiastica Novantiqua, 8tes u. 9tes Stück, s. 341.

14 Spalatin's Annalen, s. 683.

15 On him and his Reformation, see Seckendorf, iii. 435; Berg's Reformationsgesch. der Länder Jülich, Cleve, Berg, s. 64 ff.; Reck's Gesch. der gräfl. u. fürstl. Hauser Isenburg, Runkel, Wied. Weimar, 1825. 4., s. 154 ff.

16 Canones provincialis concilii Coloniensis sub Rev. in Christo patre Hermanno celebratum anno 1536. Colon., 1538, fol., drawn up by Gropper.

and Melancthon,17 in 1543, with other Protestant theologians, to aid him in introducing it. The Reforming Constitution issued by him18 met with great sympathy in the principality; but the cathedral chapter and the clergy of the city of Cologne pronounced against it with great violence,19 and made complaint to Pope and Emperor. Following Hermann's example, the Bishop of Münster, Francis, Count of Waldeck, also began to attach himself to the Reformation,20 1542. Less impression was made by another instance: after the death of the Catholic Bishop of Merseburg, whose diocese was already very devoted to the Reformation, the Protestant prince, August of Saxony, brother of Duke Maurice, was elected bishop, and Prince George of Anhalt was attached to him as clerical administrator of the diocese,1 1544.

The Catholic estates, sharply wounded by this progress of Protestantism, had long prevented the confirmation by the diet of the imperial declaration in the decree of Ratisbon; but this, too, was gained by the Protestants, after they had acceded to the declaration of war against France by the empire, in the imperial decree of the Diet of Spires, June, 1544.22

17 Zur Geschichte der Cöln. Reformation aus Melanchthon's Briefen, in Strobel's Neue Beyträge, v. 273.

18 Von Gottes Genaden unser, Hermanns Erzbischofs zu Cöln u. Churf. einfaltiges Bedenken, worauf eine christliche in dem Wort Gottes gegründte Reformation an Lehr, Brauch der heil. Sacramente, etc., bis auf eines freien-Concilii-Verbesserung, bey denen, so unserer Seelsorge befohlen, anzurichten seye." Bonn, 1543, fol. The book was written by Bucer, Melancthon and others being consulted. The section on the Lord's Supper says nothing of the essential presence of the body of Christ. It reads, "die Gemeinschaft des Leibs u. Blutes unsers Herrn Jesu Christi, bey welcher Gemeinschaft wir sein Gedächtnus halten sollen,-uff dass wir im Glauben an ihne gestarket, und gänzlicher in ihm bleiben u. leben, u. er in uns.-Und dieweil diese Übergebung u. Entpfahung des Leibs u. Blutes Christi unsers Herren ein himlisch Werk, u. Handel des Glaubens ist, sollen die Leut alle fleischliche Gedanken in dieser Geheimnuss ausschlagen, u. s. w." Luther was, on this account, much dissatisfied with this work; see his letter to Brück (de Wette, v. 708): "Es treibt lange viel Geschwätz vom Nutz, Frucht, u. Ehre des Sacraments, aber von der Substanz mummelt es, dass man nicht soll vernehmen, was er darvon halte in aller Masse.-Summa das Buch ist den Schwärmern nicht allein leidlich, sondern auch tröstlich, vielmehr für ihre Lehre, als für unsere. Darum hab ich sein satt, u. bin über die Massen unlustig darauf.-Und ist auch ohne das, wie der Bischof (Amsdorf) zeigt, alles und alles zu lang u. gross Gewäsche, dass ich das Klappermaul, den Bucer, hier wohl spüre." Amsdorf sent in a criticism on the book, which excited Luther still more; Strobel's Neue Beytr., v. 285.

19 The controversy, see in Strobel, ubi supra, s. 300 ff.

20 Spalatin's Annalen, s. 682. In the year 1543 he solicited admission into the Smalcald league, Seckendorf, iii. 418; and in 1544 he made earnest attempts to introduce the Reform, 1. c. p. 513.

21 Seckendorf, iii. 497.

22 The Protestants at the diet demanded a continuance of peace, and equal rights with