Many Spaniards who were friendly to the Reformation lived in foreign lands, from fear of the Inquisition; but they promoted the Reformation at home by writings, which in great numbers were secretly introduced and widely diffused. Especially important was the effect of the Spanish translations of the New Testament by Franz Enzinas (Antwerp, 1543),1 and Juan Perez (Venice, 1556).15

But just these secret associations, when discovered, gave to the Inquisition the opportunity of seeing clearly how widely the Reformation was diffused in Spain;16 and it at once adopted the coelibatum vel conjugibus, inprimis vero obedientiae votum, monachorum credo aemulatione, qua auditores sibi adstringebant. Hanc ajebant esse ipsam propriae voluntatis abnegationem, eisdemque prorsus ornabant titulis, quibus obedientiam sui ornat Deus. Ut vero in perpetuis tenebris liberius liceret in impostura progredi, a bonorum auctorum lectione, maxime autem Erasmi, a quo nihil scilicet praeterquam superbe sapere edocendi essent, veluti a peste deterrebant suos, ablegantes eos ad Henricum Herpium, Bonaventurae opuscula, Abecedarium, Montis Sionis ascensum, et id genus alios, ex quibus humilitatem, inprimis vero coryphaeis obedire didicissent.-Altera factio concionatorum erat quorundam, qui ut sincerius tractabant sacras literas, ita etiam verum justitiae ac sanctitatis fontem ex eisdem aperiebant hominibus, quorum et industria factum est, ut ea urbs, hoc inprimis nomine omnium totius Hispaniae felicissima, totos duodecim annos, quod ad verae justitiae argumentum attinet, purum Christi evangelium audiverit, neque sine fructu.-Erant istius primarii assertores, doctores Constantinus, Aegidius, Varquius (Vargas).

14 Gerdesii Hist. Reform., iii. 165. M'Crie, p. 202.

15 M'Crie, p. 208. Perez also published a translation of the Psalms, a Catechismo, and a Sumario de Doctrina Christiano (Antonii Bibl., i. 757); also several works of Joh. Valdez (M'Crie, p. 154).

16 The abbot Gundisalvus de Illescas says of this, in his Historia Pontifical y Catolica (Salmanticae, 1574), according to the translation in Moshemii Dissertt. ad. hist. eccl. pertin., i. 672: Olim quicumque captivi ex carceribus Inquisitionis producebantur, ut infelicibus flammis comburerentur,-erant plebeji :—at proximis annis carceres, theatra et rogos tribunalis nostri plenos vidimus hominibus illustribus nobilissima stirpe satis, viris item tam pietate, quam eruditione, nisi signa prorsus fallunt externa, longe supra reliquos positis. Causam hujus et multorum aliorum malorum, quibus afflicti sumus, in Regibus nostris catholicis unice quaesiveris. Namque hi, quum eximio essent amore ac studio erga Germaniam, Angliam, aliasque provincias, quae Romanae Ecclesiae legibus et imperio sese subduxerunt, viros quosdam eruditos et eloquentia insigni praeditos in has terras miserunt, sperantes fore, ut horum sermonibus homines in errores delapsi ad veritatis reducerentur obsequium. Sed praeclarum hoc consilium malo quodam facto interversum est, plusque nobis calamitatis attulit, quam fructus et utilitatis. Theologi nimirum illi, qui ad alios illuminandos amandati erant, ipsimet lumine capti ad nos redierunt, deceptique ab haereticis exemplum eorum in patriam reversi sunt imitati; nescio utrum id opinionis errore contigerit, an vero arrogantiae vitio ceciderint, idque his hominibus defectionem suaserit, quod sese pro eruditis haberi cernerent, et apud exteros populos majorem etiam eruditionis copiam acquisivisse videri vellent. And in another place: Quemadmodum hi captivi prae multis aliis dignitate et praestantia eminebant, ita numerus eorum, tantus erat, ut totam certus sim Hispaniam ab illis corruptam et erroribus imbutam fuisse futuram, si binos aut tres menses medicinam distulissent Inquisitores, qua malum hoc curatum fuit. So it is said in Ludov. a Paramo de Origine et Progressu Officii sanctae Inquisitionis, Matriti, 1598, fol., p. 300: Nullus est, qui dubi

18

most decisive measures.1 17 In 1557 and 1558 a large number of the suspected were imprisoned; only a few could save themselves by flight. The General Inquisitor, Fernando Valdez, appointed Vice-General Inquisitors for Seville and Valladolid; new papal and royal decrees were published for the support of the Inquisition." In two large auto-da-fés in Valladolid (May 21 and Oct. 8, 1559), 19 and in two in Seville (Sept. 24, 1559, and Dec. 22, 1560),20 the secret Protestants of those places were exterminated; in 1570, after victims had fallen a sacrifice in all parts of the kingdom,21 and many evangelical Spaniards had saved themselves by flight,22 Protestantism may be said to have been destroyed in Spain. But even the truest sons of the Church were dragged before the Inquisition on the charge of Lutheranism, whenever they avowed their

tet, quin magnum incendium in Hispaniarum regnis aetate nostra excitatum fuisset, nisi hujus sacrosancti Tribunalis vigilantissimi Patres illud summa diligentia adhibita penitus restinxissent. Quid Hispania futurum erat, si illico antidotum appositum non fuisset?-adeo se diffundere coeperat hoc incendium, ut in periculosissimam inter se conjurationem Hispaniarum regnis brevissimo tempore ruinam allaturam conspirarent, caet. 17 Llorente, ii. 214.

18 Already, Feb. 25, 1557, Philip II. had revived an ordinance that had fallen into disuse, according to which a fourth part of the confiscated property of heretics should fall to the accuser (Llorente, ii. 217). Sept. 7, 1558, he decreed the penalty of death and the confiscation of goods upon all who should buy, sell, keep, or read books forbidden by the Inquisition, and commanded the printing of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum (Llorente, i. 470). Pope Paul IV., at the suggestion of the King, issued a brief, Jan. 4, 1559, to the Grand Inquisitor, Ferdinand Valdez, according to which all who should teach the Lutheran doctrines, even though not relapsi, and in case they only gave doubtful signs of repentance, should be executed (Llorente, ii. 215). By a bull, Jan. 5, 1559, he abolished all concessions about forbidden books; commanded the general inquisitor to persecute them; demanded that father confessors should impose the prohibition upon all who came to confession, under penalty of excommunication, and that they should reveal to the Inquisition whatever they knew about the diffusion of them (ibid., p. 216). By a bull, Jan. 7, 1559, he granted to the Inquisition, to defray the costs, a canonry in every Spanish foundation, and an immediate appropriation of 100,000 ducats from the church revenues (ibid., p. 217). On the same day he empowered the Grand Inquisitor, for two years, to examine even bishops of all grades as to the Lutheran heresy, in case of need to imprison them, and then to send them to Rome to receive sentence (Llorente, iii. 228).

19 Llorente, ii. 214. In the first Aug. Cazalla was also burned.

20 Llorente, ii. 255. Egidius had died in 1556; Constantine Ponce de la Fuente died in prison (on his process, Montanus, p. 287 ss.; Llorente, ii. 275 ss.): so that only the bones and effigies of these two could be burned; Llorente, ii. 144, 278.

21 See Martyrum Elogia, in Reg. Gonsalvii Montani Inquisit. Hisp. artes aliquot detectae, p. 173 ss.; reprinted in Gerdesii Scrinium antiquar., iv. 581. The Martyrologium, composed by Mich. Geddes, in his Miscellaneous Tracts, translated by Mosheim, in his Dissertt. ad hist. eccl. pertin., i. 663, is unimportant. The full narrative is in Llorente, ii.

22 On their diffusion, see M'Crie, p. 356. Spanish Reformed Churches were formed in Antwerp, Geneva, and London.

belief in the Augustinian doctrine of justification, now rejected at the Council of Trent. Bartholomew da Carranza, Archbishop of Toledo, one of the fathers of Trent, was forced to spend the remnant of his life in prison (1558–1576);23 eight other bishops and twenty-five doctors of theology were subjected to trial for the same cause, and the most of them were condemned to recant.24 In order to ward off the new irruption of heresies the strictest censorship of books was decreed,25 and learned investigations in the universities were put under such limitations that all spiritual life must needs expire.26

§ 21.

IN FRANCE.

Histoire Ecclesiastique des Eglises Reformées au Royaume de France (par Theod. de Bèze), voll. iii. à Anvers., 1580. 8. to 1563. Commentarii de Statu religionis et Reipublicae in Regno Franciae (by Jo. Serranus or De Serres, Ref. preacher † 1598, in Geneva), Partes V. 1570-80. 8. 1557-76. Franc. Belcarii Peguilionis (Beaucaire de Peguillon, Bishop of Metz † 1593) Historia Gallica (1461-67). Lugd., 1625 fol. Jac. Aug. Thuani (de Thou, President of Parliament in Paris † 1617) Historiarum sui Temporis, libb. 138 (to 1607), first complete edition, Orleans (Geneva), 1620 ff. 5 Bde. fol.*)

Histoire de l'édit de Nantes (par Elie Benoist), à Delft, 1693-95., 3 Tomes in 5 Bden in 4. A short history of the Reformation precedes. Histoire de la Réforme, de la Ligue, et du Règne de Henri IV., par M. Capefigue, 8 Tomes. Paris, 1834-35. 8. A. L. Herrmann's Frankreichs Religions- u. Bürgerkriege im sechszehnten Jahrh. Leipz., 1828. 8. F. v. Raumer's Gesch. Europas seit dem Ende des 15ten Jahrh., ii. 161 ff. Dr. G. Weber's Geschichtl. Darstellung des Calvinismus im Verhältniss zum Staat in Genf u. Frankreich. Heidelberg, 1836. 8., s. 33 ff.

23 Active as he had been just before in the restoration of Catholicism in England under Mary (comp. Nic. Antonii Bibl. Hisp. nova, i. 189; his trial at length in Llorente, iii. 183-315). Carranza had the same tendency with the Evangelical Catholics in Italy -Antonius Flaminius, Pole, Morone, etc. (see § 19, Notes 5, 31); and his earlier connection with them was one of the points of accusation (Llorente, iii. 246). With them, he judged more mildly about the decided adherents of the Reformation; several of them had been his pupils, and he was still in friendly relations with them; this, too, was objected to him (Llorente, iii. 222). Especially in his Catechism was Lutheran heresy detected; yet, on the other hand, the Council of Trent, which in vain took part with the archbishop, declared it to be orthodox (ibid., p. 268). Only by the most urgent threats could Pius V. obtain his release (ibid., p. 285). Carranza came to Rome in 1567, and was here kept with much milder restrictions. Pius V. wished to acquit him, but was prevented by Philip II. (ibid., p. 296); and Gregory XIII. at last condemned the archbishop to forswear sixteen Lutheran positions (in 1576, ibid., p. 306), about which he was suspected, and the most of which referred to the doctrine of justification. A few weeks afterward Carranza died in Rome.

24 Llorente, iii. 61.

25 M'Crie, p. 389.

26 M'Crie, p. 394.

[W. Haag, La France Protestante; 10 Tom. 8vo. Bulletin de la Société pour l'histoire du Protestantisme Français; published since 1850, and full of documents illustrating the early history of the Huguenots. De Felice, Histoire de Protestants de France; 2d ed., 1851; English translation by Lobdell, 1851. Browning's Huguenots, 8vo, 1845, Phil. ed. Smedley, Hist. of Ref. Religion in France; 3 vols. in Harper's Theol. Library. Philip Le Noir, Hist. eccles. de Bretagne (to the Edict of Nantes), edited by B. Vaurigaud; Nantes, 1851. C. Schmidt, Gérard Roussel (preacher to the Queen of Navarre), 8vo, 1845; la Vie et les Travaux de Jean Sturm, 8vo, 1855. F. W. Ebeling, Sieben Bücher Franz. Geschichte. Bd. i., 1855. Vicomte Th. de Bussière, Histoire de l'etablissement du Protestantisme à Strasb. et en Alsace, 8vo, 1856. A. Barrel, Hist. de l'église Ref. de Nîmes, 1533-1802; 2d ed. 1856. Puaux, Hist de la Réforme Franç, 2 Tom. Paris, 1857-59. A. Lièvre, Hist. d. Protestants de Poitou. Tom. i., 1857. Ch. Brion, Liste chronologique de l'histoire protest. en France, jusqu'à la Révocation de l'édit de Nantes, 2 vols. 12mo, 1855. N. G. Soldan, Gesch. d. Protest. in Frankreich, 2 vols. 8vo. Leipz., 1855. Von Polenz, Gesch. d. Franz. Protestantismus, 1858. Anquez, Histoire des Assembleés Polit. des Réformées de Fr. 1573 to 1622, 8vo. Paris, 1859. E. Castel, Les Huguenots et la Constitution de l'église Ref. de France, en 1559. Publié à l'occasion du jubilé de 1859, 12mo. Paris, 1859. H. de Triqueti, Les premiers Jours du Protest. en France (to 1559). 2d ed. 12mo. Paris, 1859. Henri Lutteroth, La Reform. en France pendant sa première Période, 8vo. Paris, 1859.-Comp. also, Victor de Chalembert, Histoire de la Ligue, Henri III. et IV. 2 vols. 8vo, 1854. Aug. Theiner, Hist. de l'abjuration de Henri IV. 2 vols. 8vo, 1852. Recueil de Lettres missives de Henri IV., par Beyer de Xeiray (in the Coll. des Docum. ined., vol. vi. 1853). M. Capefigue, Trois Siècles de l'hist. de France; 1548-1848. 2 vols. 8vo, 1852. L. Ranke, Civil Wars in France; transl. New York, 1854. Comp. the general histories of Anguetil, Henri Martin (4th ed.), Abbé Guettée, Michelet, M. A. Gabourd, D'Aubigné, and Schmidt in Heeren's Europ. Staaten.]

UNDER FRANCIS I. AND HENRY II., TO 1559.

John Huss, in Constance, had already found that no reform in doctrine could be expected from the anti-papal party in the French Church. The Sorbonne in 1521 formally condemned the doctrine of Luther.' As it still had many friends, and had gained in Meaux, since 1521, a strong lodgment, under the protection of Bishop Guillaume Briçonnet,2 the Parliament at once lent its arm to the clergy for a bloody persecution.3 Francis I. was a friend of the Eras

1 Determinatio Theologiae Facultatis Parisiensis super doctrina Lutherana hactenus per eam revisa, dd. 15 Apr., 1521, in d'Argentré collectio judiciorum de novis erroribus, T. ii., p. ii. ss., u. in Gerdesii hist. Reform., T. iv. Monument., p. 10. The Propositiones it rejected were all taken from Lutheri lib. de captiv. Babylonica; see in d'Argentré, i., ii. 367. Melancthon at once published an Apologia adversus furiosum Parisiensium Theologastrorum decretum Viteb., 1521. 4. (recusa in Lutheri opp. Jen. ii. 451); cf. Seckendorf Comm. de Lutheranismo, i. 185.

2 Bèze, i. 5: Alors estoit Evesque de Meaux un bon personnage natif de Paris, nommé Guillaume Briçonnet, lequel nonobstant les Censures de Sorbonne, fut esmeu de tel zele, qu'il n'espargna rien qui fust en son pouvoir pour advancer la Doctrine de verité en son Diocese, conjoignant les oeuvres de Charité avec la Doctrine de verité: et non seulement preschant luy mesme (ce qui estoit lors fort nouveau) mais aussi appellant à soy beaucoup de gens de bien et de sçavoir, tant Docteurs qu'autres, comme Jaques Fabri, Guillaume Farel (estant lors à Paris, regent au college du Cardinal le Moine), Martial et Girad Ruffi, etc.

The censures of the Sorbonne, see in d'Argentré, i. ii., in Indice, p. iv., u. ii. i. 1 ss.

4

mian culture, and in this sense elevated above many ecclesiastical prejudices, and inclined to a reformation; but the severe earnestness of the French Lutherans, and their enthusiasm sometimes degenerating into fanaticism," repelled him, and appeared to him equally dangerous, in a political point of view, with the religious divisions which he feared would ensue among his subjects. Besides this, in his constant conflicts with the Emperor he wished to maintain friendly relations with the Pope. At his court there were several persons, particularly his sister Margaret, Queen of Navarre, inclined to the Reformation; but a powerful party, at the head of which were the Queen-mother and the Cardinal and Chancellor Anton du Prat, was opposed to it. And thus the persecution of the Lutherans went forward, even after the King had made an alliance with the German Protestant princes. He declared to them, to pacify them, that he let only fanatics be persecuted; assured them of his desire for a reformation of the Church;

6

Jacobus Faber Stapulensis, Doctor of the Sorbonne, was censured, 1521, because he thought that he found Magdalenes in the New Testament; d'Argentré, ii. i., p. 7. He then wrote in Meaux his Exposition sur les Evangiles, which was condemned by the Sorbonne in 1523; ibid., p. 11. He found security in Nerac in Navarre, and died 1537. The first martyr was Jean le Clerc, of Meaux, executed 1524 in Metz (Bèze, i. 6). A special sensation was aroused, when Louis de Berquin, a royal councilor, and a zealous adherent of the Reformation, whose writings and translations had been previously (1523) condemned by the Sorbonne (d'Argentré, ii. i., p. 11), was hung and then burned, in Paris, in 1529 (H. Pantaleonis Martyrum historia, Basileae, 1563, fol. p. 68. Vater's kirchenhist. Archiv, 1824, ii. 2). The decrees of the Councils of Sens (held in Paris by the Chancellor Anton du Prat, Archbishop of Sens) and Bourges (held by Archbishop Franz of Tournon) against the Lutherans, 1528, see in Harduini Acta Concill., ix. 1919 ss.

* Burigny's Leben des Erasmus mit Zusätzen v. Henke, i. 234. Capefigue, i. 192. On Francis, see Raumer's Gesch. Europas, ii. 172.

5 Capefigue, i. 196. On some calumnious writings of the year 1534, see Strobel Von Melanchthon's Ruf nach Frankreich. Nürnberg, 1794, s. 6, ff. There, p. 14, one of them is reprinted, viz., Articles veritables sur les horribles, grands et importables abus de la Messe papale, and in Gerdesii Hist. Reform. iv., Monum. p. 60. Luther's Preface to the Smalcald Articles: "Es ist hie zu Wittenberg gewest ein Doctor (Gervasius Waim, 1531; see Schelhorn's Ergötzlichkeiten, i. 290) gesand, der für uns öffentlich sagt, dass sein König gewiss u. über gewiss wäre, dass bey uns keine Kirche, keine Oberkeit, kein Ehestand sey, sondern gienge alles unter einander wie das Viehe, u. thät jedermann, was er wolt."

• See Vater's kirchenhist. Archiv, 1824, iii. 1. Das Leben Calvin's v. Henry, i. 17 ff. 71532. See § 5, Note 42.

Francis had several of the Reformed executed in a barbarous way in Paris, January, 1535, at the same time that he, with his children, was taking part in a brilliant procession (Bèze, i. 20. Strobel Von Melanchthon's Ruf nach Frankreich, s. 29). They were not wholly guiltless; Sturmii Ep. ad Melancthth., d. 4. Mart., 1535 (Bretschneider, ii. 855): Per mensem Octobrem-libellos uno tempore de ordinibus ecclesiasticis, de Missa, de Eucharistia per universam fere Galliam nocte in omnibus angulis affixerunt, immanibus et tragicis exclamationibus, ante Regis etiam conclave agglutinarunt, quo certiora