History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the Accession of Louis Napoleon in 1852

Blackwood, 1854 - Europe

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Page xviii
... LOUIS XVIII . , TO THE ORDINANCES OF SEPTEMBER 7 , 1816 . 1. Extraordinary difficulties of the Government of France after the battle of Waterloo , 2. Difficulties arising from the changeable disposition of the French people , 3 ...

Page xxvii
... Louis XVIII . , 67. Secret Protocol , . 593 594 ib . 68. Secret military Protocol , 69. Military arrangements , Chapelle , . 595 596 · 73. Attempted assassination of the Duke of Wellington , 70. Secret Royalist Memoir presented to the ...

Page 4
... Louis XVIII . remained at 4 HISTORY OF EUROPE . Governments now aimed at peace, and the people clamoured for war, Universal disappointment of these hopes, and general distress,

Page 5
Archibald Alison. I. conduct warlike operations - Louis XVIII . remained at CHAP . peace ; and no monarch who does so will long remain on the French throne . Death , and extreme prudence of conduct , alone saved him from dethronement ...

Page 135
... Louis XVIII . The debates on this subject , which terminated in the bill being passed in both Houses without a division , are of little historical value ; for if the detaining Napoleon in captivity was illegal , it could not be ...

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Table of Contents

CHAPTER I	1

The second drama was one springing out of social passions	2

Causes which rendered it so violent	3

Governments now aimed at peace and the people clamoured for war	4

Causes in France which predisposed to the Revolution of 1830	5

Causes which made England share in the convulsion	6

Great effects of the Revolution in both countries	7

Political alliance between France and England which followed this change	8

Exemplifications of this vicissitude in the history of France and England after the Revolution	315

Consoling features even in the ruin of the Old World	316

Fundamental cause which has led to disaster in France	317

What has done so in England ib 6 The mercantile aristocracy pursue measures for their peculiar interests	318

Plan formed of a general insurrection	322

Restoration of confidence and improved prospects towards the close	328

Reflections on this subject Error at that period in the English law	335

His character as an orator and political philosopher	341

Effects of the change upon the colonial empire of England	9

Still greater results of the Freetrade policy of England	10

Simultaneous and rapid contraction of the paper currency of Great Britain	11

Vast extension of the United States of America	12

Vast increase of Russia during the same period	13

Continued increase of Russia from the Revolutions of 1830 and 1848	14

necessity	15

Their great frequency and extent	16

Causes of the fall of Louis Philippe	17

Calamitous effects of the Revolution of 1848 in Europe	18

Extreme violence of the Revolution in Germany	19

Successful stand against the revolutionary spirit in England and France	20

Restoration of military power in Austria	21

Restoration of military despotism in France by Louis Napoleon	22

Great increase of external dangers from the effects of the Revolution of 1848	23

Disastrous effects of this Revolution on the cause of freedom 24	26

Extraordinary change in the national mind in this respect	27

Dangers springing from the Freetrade system	28

Dangers arising from the change in our foreign policy	30

Tendency to undue influence of wealth in the later stages of society	31

Gold mines of California and Australia	32

Hopeless prospects of industry in Great Britain	37

Proof of this from statistical considerations	43

Reasons of this peculiarity in human nature	49

Great effect of the discovery of steam and electric communication	55

Great error in supposing national character depends on institutions	61

Page	69

Doubts as to the wisdom of representative institutions	72

92	91

The petitions for its repeal not unanimous 19 Necessity for its continuance 20 Abolition of the tax	104

Reflections on this subject 22 Vital considerations on the question which were overlooked at this time	106

Remission of the war Malt Tax	108

Reduced estimates formed by Government	109

Establishments ultimately voted 33 Debates on agricultural distress	115

and a loan from the Bank	121

4649 Argument of the Opposition against the continuance of the Bank Restriction Act 125127	122

Reflections on this subject	130

Extraordinary insensibility to right conclusions which then prevailed	131

General errors on the subject which then prevailed 56 Consolidation of the English and Irish Exchequers	133

Motion respecting the Holy Alliance by Mr Brougham 59 Bill for the detention of Napoleon	135

Votes for public monuments	136

Monuments to Sir T Picton and others	137

Grants to the officers and men employed in the war	138

New coinage	139

Reflections on the preceding parliamentary narrative	140

Efforts of the factious to stir up sedition ib 67 Spafield riots	142

Expedition to Algiers	143

Outrages which led to it	144

Description of Algiers	147

Lord Exmouths preparations for an attack	148

The manning and fitting out of the fleet	149

Departure of the fleet and voyage to Algiers	150

Preparations of the Algerines	151

Arrival of the fleet off Algiers	152

Commencement of the battle	153

Continuance of the action and positions taken by the ships	154

Destruction of the enemys ships and flotilla	155

The fleet moves out of the bay	156

Results of the battle and killed and wounded	157

The Algerines submit and peace is concluded	158

Honours bestowed on Lord Exmouth and the fleet	159

Reflections on this battle and the commencement of the ascendant of Christianity over Mahommedanism	161

Progressive ascendant of Christianity over Mahommedanism	162

CHAPTER III	163

Difficulties arising from the changeable disposition of the French people	164

Important effects this produced in 1815 and causes of the violence of opinion	165

Unbounded humiliation and sufferings of France at this time	166

Which occasions a universal reaction against Napoleon and his adhe rents	167

Difficulties which these feelings threw in the way of the new Govern ment	168

Difficulties of Louis XVIII in the choice of his Ministers	169

Talleyrand and Fouché are appointed to the Ministry	170

Formation of the Ministry and retirement of Chateaubriand	171

The Kings proclamation from Cambray	172

His entry into Paris	174

Violence of the Royalists and difficulties of Louis	175

Difficulty in regard to the convocation of the Chambers and debates on it	176

Ordinances regarding the Chamber of Peers	188

Settlements of the allied troops in France and their exactions	194

Persecution of the Protestants by the Roman Catholics	200

The Holy Alliance and causes which led to	217

Opening of the Chamber and speech of the King	229

Manner in which the speech was received by the Chamber	231

Difficulties at taking the Oath of Fidelity	232

Answer of the Chamber of Deputies ib 64 Law against seditious cries	233

Discussion on it in the Chambers	235

Vehement discussion on the law against seditious cries	236

Law establishing courtsmartial for political offences	237

Proposal for rendering the inferior judges removable during a year	238

Discussion on the acts in the Peers	239

Answer of M de Fontanes and M de Brissac ib 72 Argument against the law on seditious cries	240

Speech of Chateaubriand on the subject	241

Reflections on the deaths of Ney and Labedoyère ib 75 External influences exerted against the Government	242

Considerations which weighed with the Court	243

Measures of the Government to give the accused persons the means of 244 escape	244

The provincial deputies	245

His trial and condemnation	246

His death	247

Trial of Marshal Ney His treacherous conduct	249

His departure from Paris and arrest at Bossonis	250

His trial before the Chamber of Peers	251

His defence and condemnation ib 86 Appeal to the capitulation of Paris	253

He is found guilty and sentenced to death	255

His death determined on by the King ib 89 His execution	256

Reflections on this event	257

And on the Duke of Wellingtons share in the transaction	258

Trial of Lavalette	261

He escapes from prison by the aid of his wife and in her dress	262

Sir Robert Wilson Mr Hutchinson and Mr Bruce enable him to escape from France	263

Mode in which they effect his escape and their trial ib 97 Adventures of Murat after the battle of Waterloo	265

He embarks and lands in Corsica	266

His arrival at Ajaccio and descent on Naples	268

The King lands	269

Where he fails	270

And is arrested	271

He is condemned by a courtmartial	272

His death	273

Reflections on this event	274

Death of MoutonDuvernet and General Chartrand	275

A general amnesty	276

Which is coldly received by the Chamber	278

Modifications with which it is passed into a law	279

Proposals for a new law of elections	280

Vaublancs argument in favour of the ministerial project on the elections 281282	281

Project of the Royalists	283

The project of the Royalists is carried in the Deputies and rejected in the Peers	284

Ministerial plan on the subject	285

Proposition of the Chamber regarding the clergy	287

118119 Argument in favour of an endowment of the Church 288289	288

Answer of the Ministers and their counter project	290

Argument of M Bonald against the law of divorce	291

Changes in the administration	293

Conspiracy of the Liberal party	294

Outbreak headed by Didier at Grenoble	295

Exaggerations of General Donnadieu and needless severities	296

Conspiracy in Paris	297

Conspiracy at Lyons	298

129130 Speech of M Decazes in favour of a coup détat 299300	299

Adoption of these principles by the King and preparations for carrying them into execution	302

Ordinance of September 5 1816	303

Consternation of the ultraRoyalists and dismissal of Chateaubriand	304

Great effects of this ordinance	306

The whole Chambers were elected by royal ordinance	308

Reflections on the reaction of 1815 ib 137 Which was forced by the nation on the Government	309

The greatest iniquities of the period were committed by juries	310

Expedience of abolishing entirely the punishment of death in purely political offences	312

CHAPTER IV	314

Marriage of the Princess Charlotte of Wales	342

Steps of the Bank towards cash payments	347

VOL I	353

Treaty with Spain for the abolition of the slave trade	359

Death of Warren Hastings and Sir Philip Francis	365

Petition from Bristol against the too speedy resumption of cash payments	373

Decision of Parliament on the subject	391

135	401

Sir James Mackintoshs motion is carried	402

Great effect of the social passions of Europe in propelling its inhabitants	415

CHAPTER V	421

Rogers Pleasures of Memory	439

Mrs Hemans	445

Dr Brown	451

Ricardo MCulloch Senior and Mill	458

Rise of the Edinburgh Review Quarterly Review and Blackwoods Maga	464

Macaulay	470

previous prejudices of the historians of the Reformation	475

His merits and defects as a historian	476

his impartial character	478

His merits and defects	479

Napier	480

Lord Mahon	481

Miss Strickland	483

Miss Martineau	484

Lord Campbell	485

Mitford	486

Grote	487

Thirlwall	488

Arnold	489

Mill	490

The new school of novelists	491

Miss Edgeworth	492

Mr James	493

And of the discovery of the gold mines of California and Australia	494

His merits as a poet and dramatic writer	495

Disraeli	496

Dickens	497

Thackeray	498

Corresponding moving propensities in the maturity of civilisation	500

Mr Warren	501

Carlyle	502

Dr Croly	503

Hazlitt	504

Bentham ib 83 Sir John Sinclair	505

Chalmers	506

Monckton Milnes and Aytoun	507

E L Warburton and the author of Eothen ib 87 The Fine ArtsArchitecture	508

Revival of Gothic Architecture	509

Sir Thomas Lawrence	510

Turner	511

Copley Fielding Williams Thomson	512

Grant Pickersgill Swinton Eastlake and Thorburn	513

Landseer	515

Wilkie	516

Martin ib 96 Danby	517

Chantrey ib 98 Flaxman	518

Gibson	519

Marochetti ib 101 Mrs Siddons	520

John Kemble	521

Miss F Kemble	522

Miss ONeil	523

Kean ib 106 Miss Helen Faucit	524

Decline of the drama in England and its causes	525

its causes	526

Its great effect on society	527

Increasing liberalism of the higher ranks	528

Influence in society of the great Whig houses	529

causes of the difference	530

And advantage of the Whigs in this respect	531

Rise and influence of the newspaper press	532

It was nearly all on the popular side	533

Ephemeral decorations of such literature	534

Reflections arising from this ib 118 What remedy is there for these evils?	535

CHAPTER VI	537

Democratic basis on which the elective franchise was founded	538

The elections of 1815 and measures taken to secure them	539

Efforts of the Royalists and Liberals	540

Internal government after the coup détat of 5th September	541

Great distress in France in the winter of 181617	543

Opening of the Chambers	544

Centre and Left	545

Law of elections of 5th February 1817	546

1213 Argument of the Ministers in support of the measure	547

1416 Answer by the Royalists 548550	548

It is passed	551

Reflections on this law ib 19 Laws on personal freedom and the liberty of the press	552

Projects of laws regarding the liberty of the press and personal freedom	553

2122 Argument against the law on the liberty of the press by the Opposi tion	554

2324 Answer of the Ministerialists	555

Extreme scarcity and measures of Government in consequence	556

More liberal system in the army	557

Concordat with Rome	558

Extreme difficulty regarding the finances	559

Efforts of the Emperor Alexander and the Duke of Wellington to obviate these difficulties	560

occupation	562

The Budget of 1817	564

Law regarding bequests to the Church	565

3637 Answer of the Ministerialists	568

Result of the debate	569

Modification of the Ministry	570

Biography and character of Count Molé ib 41 Gouvion de St Cyr	571

The elections of 1817	572

State of public opinion	574

The Orléanists	575

the law of recruiting	576

The law of recruiting proposed by Government	577

4850 Argument in support of the project by Ministers 578580	578

5153 Argument on the other side by the Royalists 580582	580

The bill is passed into a law	582

Law regarding the liberty of the press	583

Expiry of the laws against personal freedom and the Prévôtal Courts	584

Failure of the law for establishing the new concordat	585

The Budget	586

Conclusion of an arrangement regarding the indemnities	587

AixlaChapelle and its concourse of illustrious foreigners	589

Ambassadors there and instructions of Louis to the Duke de Richelieu	590

Brilliant concourse of strangers at AixlaChapelle	591

Conversation of Alexander with Richelieu ib 64 Conclusion of the treaty of AixlaChapelle	592

Secret treaty with the Allies	593

Answer of Louis XVIII	594

Secret military Protocol	595

Secret Royalist Memoir presented to the Allied Sovereigns at Aixla Chapelle	597

Evacuation of the French territory by the Allies	598

Noble conduct of the Duke of Wellington on this occasion	599

Attempted assassination of the Duke of Wellington	601

Visit of Alexander to Louis XVIII at Paris	602

Elections of 1818	603

Financial crisis	605

Difficulties of the Duke de Richelieu	606

Divisions in the Cabinet and breakup of the Ministry	607

Formation of the new Ministry	610

Measures of the new Ministers	611

General promotion of the Liberals in the civil service	612

Movement against the Electoral Law in the Peers	613

Answer on the part of the Ministerialists	614

The proposition is carried and vast sensation throughout France	615

Measures of the Cabinet and the Liberals in the Chamber of Deputies ib 8891 Argument in support of M Barthélémys proposal 616618	616

9294 Argument of the Ministers on the other side 619620	619

Adoption of M Barthélémys proposition and defeat of Ministers on the fixing of the financial year	621

Measures of the Government	622

136	623

Great and lasting results of the changes already made in France ib 99 Repeated coups détat in France since the Restoration	624

The coups détat were all on the popular side	625

Causes of this peculiarity	626

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Common terms and phrases

admiration allied amount army bank Bank of England battle of Waterloo Britain British brought cash payments cause Chamber CHAP circulation civilisation colonies consequence continued coup d'état crime currency danger death debt difficulties distress Duke Duke of Wellington Edinburgh Review effect empire England English entire establishment Europe evils expenditure exports favour feelings foreign Fouché France French genius gold Government House human important increase influence interest Ireland jury King labour Lavalette less loans Lord Castlereagh Lord Exmouth Lord Sidmouth Louis Louis XVIII mankind manufacturing Marshal Ney measure ment military mind ministers monarch Moniteur Napoleon nation necessity never opinion ordinance Paris Parl Parliament party passions peace period persons political produce proposed punishment rendered Revolution royal Royalists Russia Scotland sion sovereigns success suffering talents Talleyrand taxes thought throne tion treaty vast whole

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Bibliographic information

Title	History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the Accession of Louis Napoleon in 1852 Volume 1 of History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in MDCCCXV to the Accession of Louis Napoleon in MDCCCLII, Archibald Alison
Author	Archibald Alison
Edition	6
Publisher	Blackwood, 1854
Original from	the New York Public Library
Digitized	7 Aug 2007

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