History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the Accession of Louis Napoleon in 1852

Front Cover
Blackwood, 1854 - Europe

From inside the book

Contents

Effects of the change upon the colonial empire of England
9
Still greater results of the Freetrade policy of England
10
Simultaneous and rapid contraction of the paper currency of Great Britain
11
Vast extension of the United States of America
12
Vast increase of Russia during the same period
13
Continued increase of Russia from the Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
14
necessity
15
Their great frequency and extent
16
Causes of the fall of Louis Philippe
17
Calamitous effects of the Revolution of 1848 in Europe
18
Extreme violence of the Revolution in Germany
19
Successful stand against the revolutionary spirit in England and France
20
Restoration of military power in Austria
21
Restoration of military despotism in France by Louis Napoleon
22
Great increase of external dangers from the effects of the Revolution of 1848
23
Disastrous effects of this Revolution on the cause of freedom 24
26
Extraordinary change in the national mind in this respect
27
Dangers springing from the Freetrade system
28
Dangers arising from the change in our foreign policy
30
And importance of its being inapplicable to agriculture
31
Gold mines of California and Australia
32
Proof of this from statistical considerations
43
Ease with which the press may be perverted to the purposes of des
52
His character as a statesman and writer
53
Its effects in America
59
Votes for public monuments
61
Great effect of the social passions of Europe in propelling its inhabitants
65
Expedition to Algiers
68
Page
69
Necessity of republican institutions to colonial settlements
71
Preparations of the Algerines
74
close
84
92
91
The petitions for its repeal not unanimous 19 Necessity for its continuance 20 Abolition of the tax
104
Reflections on this subject 22 Vital considerations on the question which were overlooked at this time
106
Remission of the war Malt Tax
108
Reduced estimates formed by Government
109
Establishments ultimately voted 33 Debates on agricultural distress
115
and a loan from the Bank
121
4649 Argument of the Opposition against the continuance of the Bank Restriction Act 125127
122
Reflections on this subject
130
Extraordinary insensibility to right conclusions which then prevailed
131
General errors on the subject which then prevailed 56 Consolidation of the English and Irish Exchequers
133
Motion respecting the Holy Alliance by Mr Brougham 59 Bill for the detention of Napoleon
135
Arrival of the fleet off Algiers
152
The Algerines submit and peace is concluded
158
The Kings proclamation from Cambray
174
Composition of the Chamber of Peers 228
175
authority
177
Royal ordinance changing the modes and rules of election
178
Disunion between the King and the Duke dAngoulême and Count dArtois as to the prefects
179
The freedom of the press is restored in all but the journals
181
Reasons which rendered the punishment of the leading Napoleonists necessary
182
Lists of persons to be accused prepared by Fouché and sanctioned by a royal ordinance
183
Ordinances regarding the Chamber of Peers
184
The peerage is declared hereditary
185
Arrival of the Allied Sovereigns in Paris
186
Army of the Loire
188
Disbanding of the army of the Loire
189
Reorganisation of the army into departmental legions
190
Breaking up of the Museum ib 28 Desperate state of the finances
191
Violence of the Royalists and difficulties of Louis
192
Settlements of the allied troops in France and their exactions
193
Reaction in the south
194
Departure of Marshal Brune for Paris
196
He is murdered at Avignon
197
Farther massacres in the south
198
Atrocities at Nimes and the surrounding country
199
Persecution of the Protestants by the Roman Catholics
200
Temper of France during the elections
202
Their ultraRoyalist character ib 39 Dismissal of Fouché from the Ministry
203
Fall of Fouché and his death
205
Fall of Talleyrand and his Ministry
206
Ministry of the Duke de Richelieu
207
Life of the Duke de Richelieu
208
His character
209
Biography of M Decazes
210
Difficulties of the negotiations with the allied powers
211
Exorbitant demands of Austria and the lesser powers
213
Treaty of Paris
214
Convention of 20th November between the allied powers for the exclusion of Napoleon and his family from the throne of France
216
The Holy Alliance and causes which led to it
217
Treaties regarding the Ionian Isles a Russian subsidy and Napoleon Buonaparte
220
Reflections on these treaties
221
Violent temper and disposition of the Chamber of Deputies
223
Composition and parties in the Chambers
224
The extreme Royalists and their leaders
225
The provincial deputies ib 58 The Opposition and its leaders
227
Opening of the Chamber and speech of the King
229
Manner in which the speech was received by the Chamber
231
Difficulties at taking the Oath of Fidelity
232
Answer of the Chamber of Deputies ib 64 Law against seditious cries
233
Discussion on it in the Chambers
235
Vehement discussion on the law against seditious cries
236
Law establishing courtsmartial for political offences
237
Proposal for rendering the inferior judges removable during a year
238
Discussion on the acts in the Peers
239
Answer of M de Fontanes and M de Brissac ib 72 Argument against the law on seditious cries
240
Speech of Chateaubriand on the subject
241
Reflections on the deaths of Ney and Labedoyère ib 75 External influences exerted against the Government
242
Considerations which weighed with the Court
243
Measures of the Government to give the accused persons the means of escape
244
Treachery of Colonel Labedoyère
245
His trial and condemnation
246
His death
247
Trial of Marshal Ney His treacherous conduct
249
His departure from Paris and arrest at Bossonis
250
His trial before the Chamber of Peers
251
His defence and condemnation ib 86 Appeal to the capitulation of Paris
253
He is found guilty and sentenced to death
255
His death determined on by the King ib 89 His execution
256
Reflections on this event
257
And on the Duke of Wellingtons share in the transaction
258
Trial of Lavalette
261
He escapes from prison by the aid of his wife and in her dress
262
Sir Robert Wilson Mr Hutchinson and Mr Bruce enable him to escape from France
263
Mode in which they effect his escape and their trial ib 97 Adventures of Murat after the battle of Waterloo
265
He embarks and lands in Corsica
266
His arrival at Ajaccio and descent on Naples
268
The King lands
269
Where he fails
270
And is arrested
271
He is condemned by a courtmartial
272
His death
273
Reflections on this event
274
Death of MoutonDuvernet and General Chartrand
275
A general amnesty
276
Which is coldly received by the Chamber
278
Modifications with which it is passed into a law
279
Proposals for a new law of elections
280
Vaublancs argument in favour of the ministerial project on the elections 281282
281
Project of the Royalists
283
The project of the Royalists is carried in the Deputies and rejected in the Peers
284
Ministerial plan on the subject
285
Proposition of the Chamber regarding the clergy
287
118119 Argument in favour of an endowment of the Church 288289
288
Answer of the Ministers and their counter project
290
Argument of M Bonald against the law of divorce
291
Changes in the administration
293
Conspiracy of the Liberal party
294
Outbreak headed by Didier at Grenoble
295
Exaggerations of General Donnadieu and needless severities
296
Conspiracy in Paris
297
Conspiracy at Lyons
298
129130 Speech of M Decazes in favour of a coup détat 299300
299
Adoption of these principles by the King and preparations for carrying them into execution
302
Ordinance of September 5 1816
303
Consternation of the ultraRoyalists and dismissal of Chateaubriand
304
Great effects of this ordinance
306
The whole Chambers were elected by royal ordinance
308
Reflections on the reaction of 1815 ib 137 Which was forced by the nation on the Government
309
The greatest iniquities of the period were committed by juries
310
Expedience of abolishing entirely the punishment of death in purely political offences
312
CHAPTER IV
314
Exemplifications of this vicissitude in the history of France and England after the Revolution
315
Consoling features even in the ruin of the Old World
316
Fundamental cause which has led to disaster in France
317
What has done so in England ib 6 The mercantile aristocracy pursue measures for their peculiar interests
318
Reflections on this subject Error at that period in the English law
335
His character as an orator and political philosopher
341
Marriage of the Princess Charlotte of Wales
342
VOL I
353
Treaty with Spain for the abolition of the slave trade
359
His character
365
Commencement of the debates on the currency question
372
Decision of Parliament on the subject
391
Their elevated moral character
430
The defects of his later writings ib 11 Lord Byron
431
His merits and defects
432
His dramas and Don Juan
433
Moore as a lyric poet
434
His Oriental turn and satirical verses
435
his vast and noble genius
437
His lyrical poems
438
Rogers Pleasures of Memory
439
Southey his peculiar character
440
His merits as a historian and moralist
441
his character as a writer and great fame
442
Parallel between him and Goethe ib 23 Coleridgehis poetic character and Shelley
443
Mrs Hemans
445
Crabbe ib 26 Joanna Baillie
447
Tennyson ib 28 Character of the prose compositions of the period
448
Dugald Stewart
449
His want of original thought
450
Dr Brown
451
Paley ib 33 Sir William Hamilton
453
Malthus what led to his doctrines ib 35 Great influence and rapid spread of his doctrines
455
His errors and subsequent demonstration of them
456
His character as a political philosopher
457
Ricardo MCulloch Senior and Mill
458
Davy Brunel Telford Rennie Stephenson
459
Herschel Playfair DIsraeli Alison
460
Buckland Sedgewick Sir Charles Lyell and Sir David Brewster
461
Rise of the learned reviews and lengthened essays
463
Rise of the Edinburgh Review Quarterly Review and Blackwoods Maga zine
464
Jeffrey
465
Brougham
467
Sir James Mackintosh
468
Sydney Smith
469
Macaulay
470
Lockhart
471
Wilson
472
Change in the style of history Hallam
474
previous prejudices of the historians of the Reformation
475
His merits and defects as a historian
476
his impartial character
478
His merits and defects
479
Napier
480
Lord Mahon
481
Miss Strickland
483
Miss Martineau
484
Lord Campbell
485
Mitford
486
Grote
487
Thirlwall
488
Arnold
489
Mill
490
The new school of novelists
491
Miss Edgeworth
492
Mr James
493
Sir Edward B Lytton
494
His merits as a poet and dramatic writer
495
Disraeli
496
Dickens
497
Thackeray
498
Miss Austen and Miss Sinclair
500
Mr Warren
501
Carlyle
502
Dr Croly
503
Hazlitt
504
Bentham ib 83 Sir John Sinclair
505
Chalmers
506
Monckton Milnes and Aytoun
507
E L Warburton and the author of Eothen ib 87 The Fine ArtsArchitecture
508
Revival of Gothic Architecture
509
Sir Thomas Lawrence
510
Turner
511
Copley Fielding Williams Thomson
512
Grant Pickersgill Swinton Eastlake and Thorburn
513
Landseer
515
Wilkie
516
Martin ib 96 Danby
517
Chantrey ib 98 Flaxman
518
Gibson
519
Marochetti ib 101 Mrs Siddons
520
John Kemble
521
Miss F Kemble
522
Miss ONeil
523
Kean ib 106 Miss Helen Faucit
524
Decline of the drama in England and its causes
525
its causes
526
Its great effect on society
527
Increasing liberalism of the higher ranks
528
Influence in society of the great Whig houses
529
causes of the difference
530
And advantage of the Whigs in this respect
531
Rise and influence of the newspaper press
532
It was nearly all on the popular side
533
Ephemeral decorations of such literature
534
Reflections arising from this ib 118 What remedy is there for these evils?
535
CHAPTER VI
537
Democratic basis on which the elective franchise was founded
538
The elections of 1815 and measures taken to secure them
539
Efforts of the Royalists and Liberals
540
Internal government after the coup détat of 5th September
541
Great distress in France in the winter of 181617
543
Opening of the Chambers
544
Centre and Left
545
Law of elections of 5th February 1817
546
1213 Argument of the Ministers in support of the measure
547
1416 Answer by the Royalists 548550
548
It is passed
551
Reflections on this law ib 19 Laws on personal freedom and the liberty of the press
552
Projects of laws regarding the liberty of the press and personal freedom
553
2122 Argument against the law on the liberty of the press by the Opposi tion
554
2324 Answer of the Ministerialists
555
Extreme scarcity and measures of Government in consequence
556
More liberal system in the army
557
Concordat with Rome
558
Extreme difficulty regarding the finances
559
Efforts of the Emperor Alexander and the Duke of Wellington to obviate these difficulties
560
occupation
562
The Budget of 1817
564
Law regarding bequests to the Church
565
3637 Answer of the Ministerialists
568
Result of the debate
569
Modification of the Ministry
570
Biography and character of Count Molé ib 41 Gouvion de St Cyr
571
The elections of 1817
572
State of public opinion
574
The Orléanists
575
the law of recruiting
576
The law of recruiting proposed by Government
577
4850 Argument in support of the project by Ministers 578580
578
5153 Argument on the other side by the Royalists 580582
580
The bill is passed into a law
582
Law regarding the liberty of the press
583
Expiry of the laws against personal freedom and the Prévôtal Courts
584
Failure of the law for establishing the new concordat
585
The Budget
586
Conclusion of an arrangement regarding the indemnities
587
Death and character of Lord Ellenborough
589
Ambassadors there and instructions of Louis to the Duke de Richelieu
590
Brilliant concourse of strangers at AixlaChapelle
591
Conversation of Alexander with Richelieu ib 64 Conclusion of the treaty of AixlaChapelle
592
Secret treaty with the Allies
593
Answer of Louis XVIII
594
Secret military Protocol
595
Secret Royalist Memoir presented to the Allied Sovereigns at Aixla Chapelle
597
Evacuation of the French territory by the Allies
598
Noble conduct of the Duke of Wellington on this occasion
599
Attempted assassination of the Duke of Wellington
601
Visit of Alexander to Louis XVIII at Paris
602
Elections of 1818
603
Financial crisis
605
Difficulties of the Duke de Richelieu
606
Divisions in the Cabinet and breakup of the Ministry
607
Formation of the new Ministry
610
Measures of the new Ministers
611
General promotion of the Liberals in the civil service
612
Movement against the Electoral Law in the Peers
613
Answer on the part of the Ministerialists
614
The proposition is carried and vast sensation throughout France
615
Measures of the Cabinet and the Liberals in the Chamber of Deputies ib 8891 Argument in support of M Barthélémys proposal 616618
616
9294 Argument of the Ministers on the other side 619620
619
Adoption of M Barthélémys proposition and defeat of Ministers on the fixing of the financial year
621
Measures of the Government
622
136
623
Great and lasting results of the changes already made in France ib 99 Repeated coups détat in France since the Restoration
624
The coups détat were all on the popular side
625
Causes of this peculiarity
626

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