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CHAPTER XXXI.
AT THE COCO-MARICOPA AND PIMO VILLAGES.
Journey to the river Salinas-Its rich bottom-lands-Large stream--Pimo
Indians-Ruined buildings-Mounds-Broken pottery-Traces of irri-
gating canals-Ancient population probably large-Return towards
the Pimo villages-Are taken for Apaches-Arrival at camp-Arrival
of Lieutenant Whipple-Survey of the Gila completed-Trade re-
opened with the Coco-Maricopas-Presents-Tribe of Cawenas-Re-
move to the Pimo villages-Cola Azul and the Pimos-Traffic with
them-Conference-Giving presents-Arrival of Mexican traders—
Return of Lieutenant Paige with the escort-Leave the villages.
PAGE
239
CHAPTER XXXII
INDIANS OF THE GILA, AND THE CASAS GRANDES.
History of the Coco-Maricopas and Pimos-Origin of their semi-civilization
-Difference of languages-Their number-Physical peculiarities-
Deserving the attention of Christians and philanthropists-Early ac-
counts of these Indians-First described by Father Kino in 1697-
Sedelmayer's visit to them in 1744-Father Font's in 1775-Visit to the
Casas Grandes of the Gila-Description of these ruins-Evidences of a
former large population-Irrigating canals-Broken pottery-Father
Font's description of these buildings-Singular error in relation to their
dimensions-Kino and Mangi's visit to them in 1694-Notion of the
Aztec origin of these buildings not well founded-Excessive heat.
261
CHAPTER XXXIII.
CASAS GRANDES TO SANTA CRUZ.
Leave the Gila-Terrific storm on the desert-Encounter a party of Ameri-
cans at midnight-Stopped by the darkness-Unpleasant situation—
Pack mules and cattle missing-Picacho mountain-Vegetation of the
desert-Second night's march-Arrival at Tucson-General Blanco-
Arrival of Mexican troops-Campaign against the Apaches-Meet Mr.
Coons with 14,000 sheep-His disasters-Visit from General Blanco
and his officers-Repairs on wagons-Tucson and its valley-Meteorite
San Xavier del Bac-Beautiful church-Spanish and Anglo-Saxon colo-
nization-Incessant rains-Presidio of Tubac-Meet Inez Gonzales the
captive girl-Her sad fate-Uncertainty of irrigated lands-California
emigrants-Calabasa-Picturesque valley-Tumacacori-San Lazaro
-More emigrants-Reach Santa Cruz..
285
CHAPTER XXXIV.
SANTA CRUZ TO THE PRESIDIO OF JANOS.
Shoeing mules and repairing wagons at Santa Cruz-Standing guard-Sad
fate of Inez Gonzales-Sickness of the town-Boldness of the Apaches
and their constant inroads-Wretched state of the people-Leave Santa
Cruz-Country assumes a new aspect-Rio San Pedro-Enter the
mountains-Agua Prieta-Prepare for a fight-False alarm-Meet
Colonel Garcia with Mexican troops-Enter Guadalupe Pass-Wagon
upset-Description of the country-A better route suggested-Take
the Janos road-More emigrants and their encounter with a bear-Two
human bodies found-Open country-Reach Janos.
314
CHAPTER XXXV.
JANOS TO CORRELITOS, AND VISIT TO CASAS GRANDES.
Janos, an old military post-Its decline-Aid a party of American emi-
grants-A Thomsonian doctor-Difficulty in fording the Casas Grandes
river-Arrival at Correlitos-Smelting works-Unhealthiness of the
people-Barranca Colorado-Visit to the town of Casas Grandes-Ex-
tensive ruins-Resemblance to those on the Gila-Fertile valley-The
river and its tributaries-Modern town-Return to Correlitos.
. 339
CHAPTER XXXVI.
CORRELITOS TO EL PASO.
Leave Correlitos-Visit the silver mines of Messrs. Flotte and Zuloaga-
Attempt of a peon to escape-Rio Santa Maria-Recent fight of Ameri-
cans with the Apaches here-Broad open plains-Continued rain-The
Salado The Medanos or Sand Hills-Painful night's march-Samala-
yuca-Arrival at El Paso del Norte.
366
SIXTH DIVISION.
EL PASO TO THE GULF OF MEXICO.
CHAPTER XXXVII.
INCIDENTS AT EL PASO DEL NORTE
Preparations for completing the Survey of the southern boundary of New
Mexico Withdrawal of the military from El Paso-Importance of El
Paso as a military post-Its business-Encroachments of the Apaches
-Depredations of the Comanches-Suggestions for a better protection
of the frontier-Colonel Langberg-Visit to Fort Fillmore-The Me-
silla valley-Visit to the Organ mountains-Silver mines-Grand
scenery-Return-Bracito and its battle-field-Preparations for leaving
El Paso-Mail party attacked by the Comanches-Decide to go by way
of Chihuahua-Laxity of the Mexican custom house-Departure of
Lieutenant Whipple and party for the Gila-Organization of parties.
381
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
EL PASO TO CHIHUAHUA.
Departure from El Paso-Accident at the start-Farewell to friends-San
Eleazario-Fording the Rio Grande-Wagon upset-Guadalupe-As-
cend the table-land-Grassy plains, and open country-Ojo de Lucero
-Laguna de los Patos-Country overflowed-Wagon mired-More
accidents-Carrizal—Ojo Caliente-Rio Carmen-Encounter with the
Apaches-A man killed-Animals lost-Ojo de Callejo-Mexican sol-
diers-Precautions to avoid a surprise-Laguna de Encinillas-El
Penol-El Sauz-Rio Sacramento-Battlefield-Notice of the battle
-Arrival at Chihuahua.
401
CHAPTER XXXIX.
CHIHUAHUA AND ITS VICINITY.
Repairs on wagons-Mr. Flotte and his persecutions-The road infected by
Comanche Indians-Guard hired-General Trias-Governor Cordero
-A dinner and ball-Ladies of Chihuahua-Dinner to General Trias
-Obtain important documents relating to the boundary-Description
of Chihuahua-Causes of its decline-Its mines-The expulsion of the
Spaniards-Labors of the Jesuits-Aqueduct-The Cathedral-Mine of
Santa Eulalia-Casa de Moneda-Commerce-How carried on-Agri-
cultural products-Alfalfa and its value-Heaps of scoria-Grazing
lands-The plateau-Immense herds of cattle-Height of the table
land-Climate-Diminutive dogs.
424
CHAPTER XL.
CHIHUAHUA TO THE RIO FLORIDO.
Departure from Chihuahua-Additional escort-Mr. Flotte with his family
join us-Bachimba-Santa Cruz-Grist mill-Smelting works-Saucil-
lo-Attack of the Comanches-La Cruz-Las Garzas-Ford the Con-
chas-Santa Rosalia-Its defences erected against the Americans dur-
ing the war-Ramada-Rio Florido-Guajuquilla-Fertile valley-
Monument to our Lady of Guadalupe-Search for meteorites-Hacien-
da-Blanca-Wagon upset in an acequia-Hacienda de Concepcion--
Curious mass of meteoric iron-Account of meteorites in the vicinity-
Hacienda del Rio Florido.
442
CHAPTER XLL
RIO FLORIDO TO PARRAS.
A mule kidnapped-La Noria-Cerro Gordo-Enter the State of Durango
-Another escort-Miserable condition of the Mexican soldiers--Recent
battle here with the Comanches-La Zarca-Vast herds of cattle and
horses-Scarcity of wood-Droves of horses-San Pedro del Gallo-
Rio Nasas-Fertile valley-Culture of cotton-Corn-fields without irri-
gation-La Noria de Pedrecina-Silver mines-Cuencame-Another
escort of civilians-La Noria Curena-Rio Buenaval-Pozo Calvo-
Depredations of the Comanches-Alamo de Parras-Viesca mines—
La Pena-Break down-Cold weather-El Pozo-Recent incursion of
Indians-Reach Parras..
465
CHAPTER XLII.
PARRAS TO SALTILLO.
Parras-Its vineyards-Numerous springs-Orchards-Plantations of the
Agave Extent of its cultivation-Pulque-Hacienda Arriba-Its ex-
tensive wine vaults and granaries-Visit to the churches-The Alame.
da-Departure from Parras-The Hacienda Abajo-Don Manuel de
Ibarra and General Wool-Cienega Grande-Ceguin—Vequeria—
Gigantic Yuccas-Hacienda de Patos-Don Jacobo Sanchez-His large
estates-Claims for indemnification on the United States-Village of
Peons-Encantada-Arrival of a courier with despatches from Wash-
ington-Buena Vista-The Barrancas-Ramble over the battlefield—
Relics found-Reach Saltillo-No work on a feast day-Fine church-
Cotton factories-Dr. Hewison-Economical use of water. .
482
CHAPTER XLIII
SALTILLO TO RINGGOLD BARRACKS.
Leave Saltillo-Accident at the start-Enter the Rinconada Pass-A night
in the defile-Los Muertos-Ampudia's redoubt-Magnificent scenery
-Hacienda of the Rinconada-Sierra Mitra-Santa Catarina-Suburbs
of Monterey-Loma de Independencia-Arrival at Monterey-Pronun-
ciamentos-Visit the Bishop's palace-Beautiful valley-The citadel-
Prosperity of the city-Its climate-Elevation-Departure-Marin―
Ramos-Carrizitos-Dense chapporal-Miss the road-Cerralvo-Pun-
tiagudo-Bad road-Mier-Trade for serapes-Texan Mier expedition
-Character of the Rio Grande above Mier-Ascent of a steamboat to
Loredo-Ancient oyster beds-Rio San Juan-Mexican brigade—Ca-
margo-Cross the Rio Grande-Arrival at Ringgold barracks.
499
CHAPTER XLIV.
RINGGOLD BARRACKS TO CORPUS CHRISTL
Rio Grande surveying parties-State of the Survey-Despatches from
Washington-Proviso affixed by Congress to the appropriation for