overtime employment on each day on which it is intended. that there should be such employment, and, in reckoning the sixty days for the purposes of paragraph (b), every day on which any woman had been employed overtime shall be taken into account.

(3) Subject as aforesaid, the provisions of the principal Act as to hours of employment shall apply to laundries.

Domestic Factories and Workshops.-Under Section III the period of employment for a young person, except on Saturday, is to begin at 6 A.M. and end at 9 P.M., and on Saturday is to begin at 6 A.M. and end at 4 P.M.

There is to be allowed to every young person for meals and absence from work during the period of employment not less, except on Saturday, than 4 hours, and on Saturday 2 hours.

Certificates of fitness for employment for young persons under 16 years of age in a domestic factory are optional, as if it were a workshop (see p. 140).

The following provisions given above do not apply: (a) The provisions as to meal hours being simultaneous, and as to prohibition of employment during meal-times. (b) The provisions as to affixing notices and abstracts. (c) The provisions as to holidays.

Employment under the Coal Mines Act, 1911. (a) Below Ground.-Under Section 91 no boy under the age of 14 years and no girl or woman of any age is to be employed in or allowed to be for the purpose of employment in any mine below ground. A boy over the age of 14 years comes under the Coal Mines Regulation Act, 1908 (the Miners' Eight Hours Act), for which see p. 39.

(b) Above Ground.-Boys and girls are by definition those under the age of 16 years. Under Section 92, with respect to boys, girls, and women employed above ground in connexion with any mine, the following provisions apply: (1) No boy or girl under the age of 13 years is to be so employed.

(2) No boy or girl of or above the age of 13 years and no woman is to be so employed for more than 54 hours in any one week or more than 10 hours in any one day.

(3) No boy, girl, or woman is to be so employed between 9 P.M. and 5 A.M. on the following morning, nor on Sunday, nor after 2 P.M. on Saturday.

(4) There must be allowed an interval of not less than 12 hours between the termination of employment on one day and the commencement of the next employment.

(5) A week is to be deemed to begin at midnight on Saturday night and to end at midnight on the succeeding Saturday night.

(6) No boy, girl, or woman is to be employed continuously for more than 5 hours without an interval of at least half an hour for a meal, nor for more than 8 hours on any one day without an interval or intervals for meals amounting altogether to not less than 1 hours.

(7) No boy, girl, or woman is to be employed in moving railway waggons or in lifting, carrying, or moving anything so heavy as to be likely to cause injury to the boy, girl, or

woman.

Under Section 93 there is an obligation on the manager of a mine to exhibit notices fixing the hours of employment, and under Section 94 there is an obligation on the owner, agent, or manager to keep a register of boys, girls, and women so employed.

Employment under the Metalliferous Mines Regulation Act, 1872. (a) Below Ground. - Under Section 3, as amended by the Mines (Prohibition of Child Labour Underground) Act, 1900, no boy under the age of 13 years and no girl or woman of any age is to be employed in or allowed to be for the purpose of employment in any mine to which the Act applies below ground.

Under Section 4, as similarly amended, a male young person of the age of 13 and under the age of 16 years is not to be employed in or allowed to be, for the purpose of employment, in any mine to which the Act applies below ground for more than 54 hours in any one week, or more than 10 hours in any one day, or otherwise than in accordance with the regulations following, that is to say:

(1) There must be an interval of not less than 8 hours between the termination of employment on Friday and the

commencement of employment on the following Saturday, and in other cases of not less than 12 hours between each period of employment; but in the case of young male persons whose employment is at such distance from their ordinary place of residence that they do not return there during the intervals of labour, and who are not employed during more than 40 hours in any week, an interval of not less than 8 hours shall be allowed between each period of employment.

(2) The period of each employment is to be deemed to begin at the time of leaving the surface, and to end at the time of returning to the surface.

(3) A week is to be deemed to begin at midnight on Saturday night and to end at midnight on the succeeding Saturday night.

(b) Above Ground. As regards employment above ground, no hours of employment are specified in the Act of 1872, and this apparently makes such employment come within the Factory and Workshop Act, 1901, as employment in a non-textile factory or workshop. (See the definition of Pit-banks given in Appendix IV.)

Under Section 6 there is an obligation on the owner or agent of every mine to keep a register of male young persons employed underground, and of all women, young persons, and children employed above ground, and to produce it to any inspector under the Act. It is substantially on the lines of Section 94 of the Coal Mines Act, 1911.

Employment of Young Persons in connexion with Engines.-Under Section 7 of the Act of 1872, where there is a shaft, inclined plane, or level in any mine to which the Act applies, whether for the purpose of an entrance to such mine or of a communication from one part to another part of such mine, and persons are taken up, down, or along such shaft, plane, or level by means of any engine, windlass, or gin, driven or worked by steam or any mechanical power, or by an animal or by manual labour, a person shall not be allowed to have charge of such engine, windlass, or gin, or of any part of the machinery, ropes, chains, or tackle 'connected therewith unless he is a male of at least 18 years of age. When the

engine, windlass, or gin is worked by an animal the person under whose direction the driver of the animal acts shall, for the purposes of this section, be deemed to be the person in charge of the engine, windlass, or gin, but such driver shall not be under 12 years of age.

Provisions as to Shop-assistants. (a) Half-Holiday.Under Section I of the Shops Act, 1912, on at least one weekday in each week a shop-assistant is not to be employed about the business of a shop after 1.30 P.M.; but he may be employed after that hour merely for the purpose of serving a customer whom he was serving at that time, or where the time of the closing of the shop is also 1.30 P.M., he may be employed merely for the purpose of serving customers who were in the shop at that time.

This provision does not apply to the week preceding a bank holiday if the shop-assistant is not employed on the bank holiday, and if on one week-day in the following week, in addition to the bank holiday, the employment of the shopassistant ceases not later than 1.30 P.M.

The occupier of a shop is to fix and to specify in a notice in the prescribed form (which must be affixed in the shop in such manner and at such time as may be prescribed) the day of the week on which his shop-assistants are not employed after 1.30 P.M., and may fix different days for different shopassistants.

Under Section II there is a special exception for shops in holiday resorts during certain months of the year (see Appendix VI. (i)).

(b) Intervals for Meals.-By the combined operation of Section I and the 1st Schedule, intervals for meals must be allowed to each shop-assistant in conformity with the following rules (1) No person is to be employed for more than 6 hours without an interval of at least 20 minutes being allowed for a meal during the course thereof. (2) Without prejudice to the foregoing rule, (a) where the hours of employment include the hours from 11.30 A.M. to 2.30 P.M. an interval of not less than three-quarters of an hour must be allowed between those hours for dinner; and (b) where the hours of employment include the hours from 4 P.M. to 7 P.M.

an interval of not less than half an hour must be allowed between those hours for tea; and the interval for dinner must be increased to 1 hour in cases where the meal is not taken in the shop, or in a building of which the shop forms part or to which the shop is attached.

There are certain exceptions. This provision does not apply to a shop if the only persons employed as shopassistants are members of the family of the occupier of the shop, maintained by him, and dwelling in his house.

Again, in place of the dinner interval between 11.30 and 2.30, the same interval may be allowed, either ending not earlier than 11.30 or beginning not later than 2.30, to an assistant employed in the sale of refreshments, or in the sale by retail of intoxicating liquors, and to assistants employed in any shop on the market-day in any town in which a market is held not oftener than once a week, or on a day on which an annual fair is held.

Further, by the Shops Act, 1913, the occupier of premises for the sale of refreshments is given the option, as regards shop-assistants employed wholly or mainly in connexion with the sale of intoxicating liquors or refreshments, of coming under alternative provisions contained in Section I of the Act, which will be found in Appendix VI. (i).

Hours of Employment of Young Persons in Shops.Under Section 2 of the Act no person under the age of 18 years (referred to in the Act as a young person') is to be employed in or about a shop for a longer period than 74 hours, including meal times, in any one week.

No young person is, to the knowledge of the occupier of the shop, to be employed in or about a shop (a) having been previously on the same day employed in any factory or workshop, as defined by the Factory and Workshop Act, 1901, for the number of hours permitted by that Act; or (b) for a longer period than will, together with the time during which he has been previously employed on the same day in a factory or workshop, complete such number of hours as aforesaid.

In every shop in which a young person is employed the occupier of the shop must keep exhibited in a conspicuous