or are repeated within twenty-four months after the notice has been given, the occupier of the factory shall be liable, for the first offence to a fine not less than five pounds and not exceeding ten pounds, and for every subsequent offence to a fine not less than ten pounds and not exceeding twenty pounds.

Finally, Section 96 provides for the application of certain of these provisions to other humid factories. It enacts that the provisions of the Act with respect to cotton cloth factories shall apply to every textile factory in which atmospheric humidity is artificially produced by steaming or other mechanical appliances, and in which Regulations under Part IV. of the Act with respect to humidity are not for the time being in force, but subject to the following qualifications, namely:

(a) The Secretary of State may by Special Order modify the provisions of the 4th Schedule to the Act with respect to the maximum limits of humidity;

(b) The reading of the thermometer between 7 and 8 o'clock in the forenoon shall not be required; and

(c) Section 94, respecting Regulations for the protection of health in cotton cloth factories, shall not apply; and

(d) The Regulations in Section 92 distinguished as (b), (c), (d), and (e) which are required to be observed with reference to the employment of thermometers shall not apply to cotton-spinning mills.

Certain modifications made under clause (a) will be found in Appendix IX. (c).

BAKEHOUSES

Sanitary Regulations.-Under Section 97, (1) it shall not be lawful to let or suffer to be occupied or to occupy any room or place as a bakehouse unless the following Regulations are complied with:

(a) A water-closet, earth-closet, privy, or ashpit must not be within or communicate directly with the bakehouse.

(b) Every cistern for supplying water to the bakehouse must be separate and distinct from any cistern for supplying water to a water-closet.

(c) A drain or pipe for carrying off fæcal or sewage matter must not have an opening within the bakehouse.

(2) If any person lets or suffers to be occupied or occupies any room or place as a bakehouse in contravention of this section he shall be liable to a fine not exceeding forty shillings, and to a further fine not exceeding five shillings for every day during which any room or place is so occupied after a conviction under this section.

Penalty for Insanitary Bakehouses.-Under Section 98, (1) where a Court of Summary Jurisdiction1 is satisfied, on the prosecution of an inspector or a District Council,2 that any room or place used as a bakehouse is in such a state as to be on sanitary grounds unfit for use or occupation as a bakehouse, the occupier of the bakehouse shall be liable to a fine not exceeding, for the first offence, forty shillings, and for any subsequent offence five pounds.

(2) The Court of Summary Jurisdiction, in addition to or instead of inflicting a fine, may order means to be adopted by the occupier, within the time named in the order, for the purpose of removing the ground of complaint. The Court may, on application, enlarge the time so named, but if after the expiration of the time as originally named or enlarged by subsequent order the order is not complied with, the occupier shall be liable to a fine not exceeding one pound for every day that the non-compliance continues.

Limewashing, Painting, and Washing.-Under Section 99, (1) all the inside walls of the rooms of a bakehouse, and all the ceiling or tops of those rooms (whether those walls, ceilings, or tops are plastered or not), and all the passages and staircases of a bakehouse, must either be painted with oil or varnished or be limewashed, or be partly painted or varnished and partly limewashed; and

(a) Where the bakehouse is painted with oil or varnished, there must be three coats of paint or varnish, and the paint or varnish must be renewed once at least in every seven

1 A non-technical term for such a court is a Court of Magistrates, and where the terminology of the Act is not being followed, the latter term is used in this book.

a See note to p. 177.

years, and must be washed with hot water and soap once at least in every six months; and

(b) Where the bakehouse is limewashed, the limewashing must be renewed once at least in every six months.

(2) A bakehouse in which there is a contravention of this section shall be deemed not to be kept in conformity with the Act.

Provision as to Sleeping-places.-Under Section 100, (1) a place on the same level with a bakehouse, and forming part of the same building, may not be used as a sleepingplace, unless it is constructed as follows; that is to say:

(a) is effectually separated from the bakehouse by a partition extending from the floor to the ceiling; and

(b) has an external glazed window of at least nine superficial feet in area, of which at the least four and a half superficial feet are made to open for ventilation.

(2) If any person lets or occupies or continues to let or knowingly suffers to be occupied any place contrary to this section he shall be liable to a fine not exceeding, for the first offence, twenty shillings, and for any subsequent offence five pounds.

Prohibition of Underground Bakehouses.-Under Section IOI, (1) an underground bakehouse shall not be used as a bakehouse unless it was so used at the passing of the Act.

(2) Subject to the foregoing provision, after the first day of January, one thousand nine hundred and four, an underground bakehouse shall not be used unless certified by the District Council1 to be suitable for that purpose.

(3) For the purpose of this section an underground bakehouse shall mean a bakehouse, any baking-room of which is so situate that the surface of the floor is more than three feet below the surface of the footway of the adjoining street, or of the ground adjoining or nearest to the room. The expression "baking-room" means any room used for baking, or for any process incidental thereto.

(4) An underground bakehouse shall not be certified as suitable unless the District Council is satisfied that it is

1 See note to p. 177.

suitable as regards construction, light, ventilation, and in all other respects.

(5) This section shall have effect as if it were included among the provisions relating to bakehouses which are referred to in Section 26 of the Public Health (London) Act, 1891.

(6) If any place is used in contravention of this section it shall be deemed to be a workshop not kept in conformity with this Act.

(7) In the event of the refusal of a certificate by the District Council, the occupier of the bakehouse may, within twenty-one days from the refusal, by complaint apply to a Court of Summary Jurisdiction,1 and if it appears to the satisfaction of the Court that the bakehouse is suitable for use as regards construction, light, ventilation, and in all other respects, the Court shall thereupon grant a certificate of suitability of the bakehouse, which shall have effect as if granted by the District Council.

(8) Where any place has been let as a bakehouse, and the certificate required by this section cannot be obtained unless structural alterations are made, and the occupier alleges that the whole or part of the expenses of the alterations ought to be borne by the owner, he may by complaint apply to a Court of Summary Jurisdiction, and that Court may make such order concerning the expenses or their apportionment as appears to the Court to be just and equitable, under the circumstances of the case, regard being had to the terms of any contract between the parties, or in the alternative the Court may, at the request of the occupier, determine the lease.

Retail Bakehouses.-Under Section 102, as respects every retail bakehouse, the provisions of this part of this Act shall be enforced by the District Council of the district in which the retail bakehouse is situate, and not by an inspector; and for the purposes of this section the Medical Officer of Health of the District Council shall have and may exercise all the powers of entry, inspection, taking legal proceedings and otherwise of an inspector.

1 See note to p. 202.

In this section the expression "retail bakehouse " means any bakehouse or place, not being a factory, the bread, biscuits, or confectionery baked in which are sold, not wholesale, but by retail, in some shop or place occupied with the bakehouse.

LAUNDRIES

For the definition of a laundry under the Factory and Workshop Act, 1907, see p. 357, and for hours of employment, etc., see p. 160.

Special Regulations.-Under the Act of 1907, Section 3, in every laundry :

(a) If mechanical power is used, a fan or other efficient means shall be provided, maintained, and used for regulating the temperature in every ironing room, and for carrying away the steam in every wash-house.

(b) All stoves for heating irons must be sufficiently separated from any ironing room or ironing table, and gas irons emitting any noxious fumes must not be used; and

(c) The floors must be kept in good condition and drained in such manner as will allow the water to flow off freely.

A laundry in which there is a contravention of any of these provisions shall be deemed to be a factory or workshop not kept in conformity with the Act of 1901.

INSTITUTIONS

Under the Act of 1907, Section 5, (1) where in any premises forming part of an institution carried on for charitable or reformatory purposes, and not being premises subject to inspection by or under the authority of any Government Department, any manual labour is exercised in or incidentally to the making, altering, repairing, ornamenting, finishing, washing, cleaning, or adapting for sale of articles not intended for the use of the institution, the provisions of the Act of 1901 1 shall, subject to the provisions of the Act of 1907, apply to those premises, notwithstand

1 In the rest of this subdivision the Act of 1901 is spoken of as the principal Act.