the Turkish Government from making the teaching of the Turkish language obligatory in the said schools.

In towns and districts where there is a considerable proportion of Turkish nationals belonging to non-Moslem minorities, these minorities shall be assured an equitable share in the enjoyment and application of the sums which may be provided out of public funds under the state, municipal or other budgets for educational, religious, or charitable purposes.

The sums in question shall be paid to the qualified representatives of the establishments and institutions concerned.

ARTICLE 42

The Turkish Government undertakes to take, as regards non-Moslem minorities, in so far as concerns their family law or personal status, measures permitting the settlement of these questions in accordance with the customs of those minorities.

These measures will be elaborated by special commissions composed of representatives of the Turkish Government and of representatives of each of the minorities concerned in equal number. In case of divergence, the Turkish Government and the Council of the League of Nations will appoint in agreement an umpire chosen from amongst European lawyers.

The Turkish Government undertakes to grant full protection to the churches, synagogues, cemeteries, and other religious establishments of the above-mentioned minorities. All facilities and authorization will be granted to the pious foundations, and to the religious and charitable institutions of the said minorities at present existing in Turkey, and the Turkish Government will not refuse, for the formation of new religious and charitable institutions, any of the necessary facilities which are guaranteed to other private institutions of that nature.

ARTICLE 43

Turkish nationals belonging to non-Moslem minorities shall not be compelled to perform any act which constitutes a violation of their faith or religious observances, and shall not be placed under any disability by reason of their refusal to attend courts of law or to perform any legal business on their weekly day of rest.

This provision, however, shall not exempt such Turkish nationals from such obligations as shall be imposed upon all other Turkish nationals for the preservation of public order.

ARTICLE 44

Turkey agrees that, in so far as the preceding articles of this section affect non-Moslem nationals of Turkey, these provisions constitute obligations of international concern and shall be placed under the guarantee of the League of Nations. They shall not be modified without the assent of the majority

of the Council of the League of Nations. The British Empire, France, Italy and Japan hereby agree not to withhold their assent to any modification in these articles which is in due form assented to by a majority of the Council of the League of Nations.

Turkey agrees that any Member of the Council of the League of Nations shall have the right to bring to the attention of the Council any infraction or danger of infraction of any of these obligations, and that the Council may thereupon take such action and give such directions as it may deem proper and effective in the circumstances.

Turkey further agrees that any difference of opinion as to questions of law or fact arising out of these articles between the Turkish Government and any one of the other signatory Powers or any other Power, a member of the Council of the League of Nations, shall be held to be a dispute of an international character under Article 14 of the Covenant of the League of Nations. The Turkish Government hereby consents that any such dispute shall, if the other party thereto demands, be referred to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The decision of the Permanent Court shall be final and shall have the same force and effect as an award under Article 13 of the Covenant.

ARTICLE 45

The rights conferred by the provisions of the present section on the nonMoslem minorities of Turkey will be similarly conferred by Greece on the Moslem minority in her territory.

PART II.-FINANCIAL CLAUSES

SECTION 1.-OTTOMAN PUBLIC DEBT

ARTICLE 46

The Ottoman Public Debt, as defined in the table annexed to the present section, shall be distributed under the conditions laid down in the present section between Turkey, the states in favor of which territory has been detached from the Ottoman Empire after the Balkan wars of 1912-13, the states to which the islands referred to in Articles 12 and 15 of the present treaty and the territory referred to in the last paragraph of the present article have been attributed, and the states newly created in territories in Asia which are detached from the Ottoman Empire under the present treaty. All the above states shall also participate, under the conditions laid down in the present section, in the annual charges for the service of the Ottoman Public Debt from the dates referred to in Article 53.

From the dates laid down in Article 53, Turkey shall not be held in any way whatsoever responsible for the shares of the debt for which other states are liable.

For the purpose of the distribution of the Ottoman Public Debt, that portion of the territory of Thrace which was under Turkish sovereignty on the 1st August, 1914, and lies outside the boundaries of Turkey as laid down by Article 2 of the present treaty, shall be deemed to be detached from the Ottoman Empire under the said treaty.

ARTICLE 47

The Council of the Ottoman Public Debt shall, within three months from the coming into force of the present treaty, determine, on the basis laid down by Articles 50 and 51, the amounts of the annuities for the loans referred to in Part A of the table annexed to the present section which are payable by each of the states concerned, and shall notify to them this amount.

These states shall be granted an opportunity to send to Constantinople delegates to check the calculations made for this purpose by the Council of the Ottoman Public Debt.

The Council of the Debt shall exercise the functions referred to in Article 134 of the Treaty of Peace with Bulgaria of the 27th November, 1919.

Any disputes which may arise between the parties concerned as to the application of the principles laid down in the present article shall be referred, not more than one month after the notification referred to in the first paragraph, to an arbitrator whom the Council of the League of Nations will be asked to appoint; this arbitrator shall give his decision within a period of not more than three months. The remuneration of the arbitrator shall be determined by the Council of the League of Nations, and shall, together with the other expenses of the arbitration, be borne by the parties concerned. The decisions of the arbitrator shall be final. The payment of the annuities shall not be suspended by the reference of any disputes to the above-mentioned arbitrator.

ARTICLE 48

The states, other than Turkey, among which the Ottoman Public Debt, as defined in Part A of the table annexed to this section, is attributed shall within three months from the date on which they are notified, in accordance with Article 47, of their respective shares in the annual charges referred to in that article, assign to the Council of the Debt adequate security for the payment of their share. If such security is not assigned within the abovementioned period, or in the case of any disagreement as to the adequacy of the security assigned, any of the governments signatory to the present treaty shall be entitled to appeal to the Council of the League of Nations.

The Council of the League of Nations shall be empowered to entrust the collection of the revenues assigned as security to international financial organizations existing in the countries (other than Turkey) among which the debt is distributed. The decisions of the Council of the League of Nations shall be final.

ARTICLE 49

Within one month from the date of the final determination under Article 47 of the amount of the annuities for which each of the states concerned is liable, a commission shall meet in Paris to determine the method of carrying out the distribution of the nominal capital of the Ottoman Public Debt as defined in Part A of the table annexed to this section. This distribution shall be made in accordance with the proportions adopted for the division of the annuities, and account shall be taken of the terms of the agreements governing the loans and of the provisions of this section.

The commission referred to in the first paragraph shall consist of a representative of the Turkish Government, a representative of the council of the Ottoman Public Debt, a representative of the debt other than the Unified Debt and the Lots Turcs; each of the governments concerned shall also be entitled to appoint a representative. All questions in regard to which the commission may be unable to reach agreement shall be referred to the arbitrator referred to in the fourth paragraph of Article 47.

If Turkey shall decide to create new securities in respect of her share, the distribution of the capital of the Ottoman Public Debt shall be made in the first instance as it affects Turkey by a committee consisting of the representative of the Council of the Ottoman Public Debt and the representative of the debt other than the Unified Debt and the Lots Turcs. The new securities shall be delivered to the commission, which shall ensure their delivery to the bondholders upon such terms as will provide for the release of Turkey from liability and the rights of the bondholders towards the other states which are liable for a share of the Ottoman Public Debt. The securities issued in respect of the share of each state in the Ottoman Public Debt shall be exempt in the territory of the high contracting parties from all stamp duties or other taxes which would be involved by such issue.

The payment of the annuities for which each of the states concerned is liable shall not be postponed as a consequence of the provisions of the present article in regard to the distribution of the nominal capital.

ARTICLE 50

The distribution of the annual charges referred to in Article 47 and of the nominal capital of the Ottoman Public Debt mentioned in Article 49 shall be effected in the following manner:

(1) The loans prior to the 17th October, 1912, and the annuities of such loans shall be distributed between the Ottoman Empire as it existed after the Balkan wars of 1912-13, the Balkan states in favor of which territory was detached from the Ottoman Empire after those wars, and the states to which the islands referred to in Articles 12 and 15 of the present treaty have been attributed; account shall be taken of the territorial changes which have taken place after the coming into force of the treaties which ended those wars or subsequent treaties.

(2) The residue of the loans for which the Ottoman Empire remained liable after this first distribution and the residue of the annuities of such loans, together with the loans contracted by that Empire between the 17th October, 1912, and the 1st November, 1914, and the annuities of such loans shall be distributed between Turkey, the newly created states in Asia in favor of which a territory has been detached from the Ottoman Empire under the present treaty, and the state to which the territory referred to in the last paragraph of Article 46 of the said treaty has been attributed.

The distribution of the capital shall in the case of each loan be based on the capital amount outstanding at the date of the coming into force of the present treaty.

ARTICLE 51

The amount of the share in the annual charges of the Ottoman Public Debt for which each state concerned is liable in consequence of the distribution provided for by Article 50 shall be determined as follows:

(1) As regards the distribution provided for by Article 50 (1), in the first place the share of the islands referred to in Articles 12 and 15 and of the territories detached from the Ottoman Empire after the Balkan wars, taken together, shall be fixed. The amount of this share shall bear the same proportion to the total sum of the annuities to be distributed in accordance with Article 50 (1) as the average total revenue of the above-mentioned islands and territories, taken as a whole, bore to the average total revenue of the Ottoman Empire in the financial years 1910-1911 and 1911-1912, including the proceeds of the customs surtaxes established in 1907.

The amount thus determined shall then be distributed among the states to which the territories referred to in the preceding paragraph have been attributed, and the share for which each of these states will thus be made liable shall bear the same proportion to the total amount so distributed as the average total revenue of the territory attributed to each state bore in the financial years 1910-11 and 1911-12 to the average total revenue of the territories detached from the Ottoman Empire after the Balkan Wars and the islands referred to in Articles 12 and 15. In calculating the revenues referred to in this paragraph, customs revenues shall be excluded.

(2) As regards the territories detached from the Ottoman Empire under the present treaty (including the territory referred to in the last paragraph of Article 46), the amount of the share of each state concerned shall bear the same proportion to the total sum of the annuities to be distributed in accordance with Article 50 (2) as the average total revenue of the detached territory (including the proceeds of the customs surtax established in 1907) for the financial years 1910-11 and 1911-12 bore to the average total revenue of the Ottoman Empire, excluding the territories and islands referred to in paragraph (1) of this article.