COLORADO: By L. 1897, ch. 31, blacklisting and boycotting are crimes. See also as to blacklisting, Mills' Statutes (1891), §§ 239, 240. By L. 1897, ch. 50, it is a crime to discharge or threaten to discharge an employee because of connection with a labor organization or political party. By Mills' Statutes, § 1295, it is thus provided: "It shall not be unlawful for any two or more persons to unite or combine, or agree in any manner to advise or encourage, by peaceable means, any person or persons to enter into any combination in relation to entering into or remaining in the employment of any person, persons or corporation; or in relation to the amount of wages or compensation to be paid for labor; or for the purpose of regulating the hours of labor; or for the procuring of fair and just treatment from employees (employers?); or for the purpose of aiding and protecting their welfare and interests in any other manner not in violation of the constitution of this State, or the laws made in pursuance thereof. Provided, that this act shall not be so construed as to permit two or more persons by threats of either bodily or financial injury, or by any display of force, to prevent or intimidate any other person from continuing in such employment as he may see fit; or to boycott or intimidate any employer of labor."

CONNECTICUT: By L. 1897, ch. 184, blacklisting is a crime. By General Statutes (1888), § 1517, it is a crime to "unlawfully, maliciously and in violation of one's duty or contract, unnecessarily abandon any locomotive, car, or train of cars, or street railway car;" by § 1518, to "threaten or use any means to intimidate any person, to compel such person, against his will, to do, or abstain from doing, any act which such person has a legal right to do; or persistently follow such person in a disorderly manner, or injure or threaten to injure his property with intent to intimidate him."

DELAWARE: By Revised Code (1893), ch. 79, § 18, it is a crime to "knowingly employ or deal with any apprentice or servant, without his master's consent." L. 1877, ch. 481 (Revised Code, p. 928), is substantially the same as New Jersey, p. 2696, §§ 245-48, which see below.

FLORIDA: By Revised Statutes (1892), § 2405, it is a crime to entice away a servant or laborer under contract. By L. 1893, ch. 4144, to conspire to prevent the employment or cause the discharge of a person; or to threaten injury to "life, property or business" for such purpose. By L. 1893, ch. 4207, blacklisting is a crime, with a provision for civil liability to the person injured. The provisions herein for the protection of discharged employees are quite elaborate.

GEORGIA: By Penal Code (1895), § 121, it is a crime to employ the servant of another if under written contract. By § 122, to knowingly entice away the servant of another. So, by § 123 (compare § 119), to prevent one, by unlawful means, from engaging in an employment or

occupation; by § 124, to conspire to so prevent by "threats, violence or intimidation;" by § 125, to prevent a person from being employed as laborer or employee; by § 126, to prevent the owner of property from using the same or employing laborers. Penal Code, §§ 128-134, and Civil Code (1895), §§ 1873-1878, are substantially the same as Florida L. 1893, ch. 4207, which see above.

IDAHO: By L. 1893, p. 152, it is a crime to make an agreement with a person whereby he is, as a condition of employment, not to belong to a labor organization.

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ILLINOIS: By Revised Statutes, ch. 9, § 19, a civil liability is created for enticing away "any clerk, apprentice or servant." By L. 1877, p. 167 (Starr & Curtis' 2d ed., vol. 3, p. 3297, § 128-131), it is a crime for any locomotive engineer, in furtherance of any combination or agreement, (to) wilfully and maliciously abandon his locomotive upon any railroad at any other point than the regular schedule destination of such locomotive." (§ 128.) So, "if any person or persons shall wilfully and maliciously, by any act or by means of intimidation, impede or obstruct, except by due process of law, the regular operation and conduct of the business of any railroad company or other corporation, firm or individual in this State, or of the regular running of any locomotive engine, freight or passenger train of any such company, or the labor and business of any such corporation, firm or individual." (§ 129). So, "if two or more persons shall wilfully and maliciously combine or conspire together to obstruct or impede, by any act or by means of intimidation, the regular operation and conduct of the business of any railroad company, or any other corporation, firm or individual in this State, or to impede, hinder or obstruct, except by due process of law, the regular running of any locomotive engine, freight or passenger train on any railroad, or the labor or business of any such corporation, firm or individual." (§ 130.) But these three sections are not to be "construed to apply to cases of persons voluntarily quitting the employment of any railroad company, or such other corporation, firm or individual, whether by concert of action or otherwise, except as is provided in § 128." (§ 131.) By Revised Statutes, ch. 38, § 96, as amended by L. 1887, p. 167 (Starr & Curtis, vol. 1, p. 1250), "if any two or more persons conspire or agree together, or the officers or executive committee of any society or organization or corporation, shall issue or utter any circular or edict, as the action of or instruction to its members, or any other persons, societies, organizations or corporations, for the purpose of establishing a so-called boycott or blacklist, or shall post or distribute any written or printed notice in any places, with the fraudulent or malicious intent wrongfully and wickedly to injure the person, character, business or employment or property of another, or to obtain money or other property by false pretenses, or to do any illegal act, injurious to the public trade, health, morals, police or administration of public justice, or to prevent

competition in the letting of any contract by the State or the author. ities of any counties, city, town or village, or to induce any person not to enter into such competition, or to commit any felony, they shall be deemed guilty of a conspiracy" (with provision for a penalty). By Revised Statutes, ch. 38, § 294, it is a crime "if any two or more persons shall combine for the purpose of depriving the owner or possessor of property of its lawful use and management, or of preventing by threats, suggestions of danger, or any unlawful means, any person from being employed by, or obtaining employment from, any such owner or possessor of property, on such terms as the parties concerned may agree upon." So, "if any person shall by threat, intimidation or unlawful interference, seek to prevent any other person from working, or from obtaining work at any lawful business, on any terms that he may see fit." Id., § 295. So, to "enter a coal bank, mine, shaft, manufactory, building or premises of another, with intent to commit any injury thereto, or by means of threats, intimidation or riotous or other unlawful doings, to cause any person employed therein to leave his employment." Id., § 296. By L 1893, p. 98 (Starr & Curtis, vol. 1, p. 1315), it is a crime to coerce an employee by discharge, because of connection with a labor organization.

INDIANA: By L. 1893, p. 146 (Burns' Statutes, § 2302), it is a crime to coerce an employee by making non-membership in any labor organization a condition of employment. By L. 1889, p. 315 (Statutes, § 7076), to attempt to prevent a discharged employee from obtaining employment, with a provision for civil liability to the person injured. By Statutes, § 7077, as amended by L. 1895, p. 230 (and see Statutes, § 7078), a civil liability is created for blacklisting by corporations. See §§ 7073-74 for prohibition of coercion of employee to buy at a particular place.

Iowa: By Code (1897), § 5027, it is a crime to attempt to prevent a discharged employee from obtaining employment, with a provision for civil liability to the person injured. By § 5028, a civil liability is created for blacklisting by corporations. By § 5059, it is a crime to conspire 'wrongfully to injure the person, character, business, property or rights in property of another, or to do any illegal act injurious to the public trade," etc.

KANSAS: By General Statutes (1897), ch. 73, §§ 30, 31, it is a crime to coerce an employee by discharge, because of connection with a labor organization, with a provision for civil liability to the person injured. By §§ 36, 38, 39, to attempt to prevent a discharged employee from obtaining employment, with a provision for civil liability to the person injured. Ch. 100, § 407-410, are the same as Illinois L. 1877, p. 167, which see above.

KENTUCKY: By Statutes (1894), ch. 32, § 802, it is a crime "for any person or persons to prevent, hinder or delay, or to attempt to prevent,

hinder or delay, by violence, the transportation of freight or passengers in this State, by any individual, firm, company, corporation or association doing business in this State, or to interfere with, by violence, any person or agency engaged in the conduct of commerce and traffic in this State, in such manner as to obstruct or impede the movement and conduct of such commerce or traffic; but nothing herein shall be construed to prevent any person or class of persons from quitting their employment at any time they see proper." By § 803, "for any person or persons to prevent or hinder, or attempt to prevent or hinder, by coercion, intimidation, or any trespass or violent interference therewith, the free and lawful use of his or its property by any individual, firm, company, corporation or association engaged in the business of transporting freight and passengers, and in the conduct of commerce and traffic in this State, or the free and lawful use of said property by any agent or employee of the owner thereof." By ch. 36, § 1340, to entice away one under a contract of labor for a fixed period of time, with a provision for civil liability to the person injured. See as to coercion by employers of miners, L. 1898, ch. 15, § 2.

LOUISIANA: By Revised Statutes, § 902, it is a crime to discharge an employee because of political opinions. By L. 1892, p. 71 (Wolff's Revised Laws, p. 516), to “ wilfully violate a contract of labor upon the faith of which money or goods have been advanced, and without first tendering to the person from whom said money or goods was obtained, the amount of money or value of the goods;" also to entice away a laborer under such contract.

MAINE: By L. 1889, ch. 303, as amended by L. 1891, ch. 127, it is a crime if "any employer, employee or other person, by threats of injury, intimidation or force, alone or in combination with others, prevents any person from entering into, continuing in or leaving the employment of any person, firm or corporation." By Revised Statutes, ch. 123, § 6, if "any employee of a railroad corporation, in pursuance of an agreement or combination by two or more persons to do, or procure to be done, any act in contemplation or furtherance of a dispute between such corporation and its employees, unlawfully, or in violation of his duty or contract, stops or unnecessarily delays, or abandons, or in any way injures a locomotive or any car or train of cars on the railway track of such corporation, or in any way hinders or obstructs the use of any locomotive, car or train of cars on the railroad of such corporation." So by § 7, if any one "having charge of any locomotive or carriage, while upon or in use on any railway of any railroad corporation, wilfully stops, leaves or abandons the same, or renders, or aids or assists in rendering, the same unfit for or incapable of immediate use, with intent thereby to hinder, delay or in any manner to obstruct or injure the management and operation of any railroad or railway, or the

business of any corporation operating or owning the same, or of any other corporation or person." See also § 8. So by § 9, if any one "alone or in pursuance or furtherance of any agreement or combination with others, to do or procure to be done any act in contemplation or furtherance of a dispute or controversy between a gas, telegraph or railroad corporation and its employees or workmen, wrongfully, and without legal authority, uses violence towards or intimidates any person, in any way or by any means, with intent thereby to compel such person against his will to do or abstain from doing any act which he has a legal right to do or abstain from doing; or, on the premises of such corporation, by bribery, or in any manner or by any means induces, or endeavors or attempts to induce, such person to leave the employment and service of such corporation, with intent thereby to further the objects of such combination or agreement; or in any way interferes with such person while in the performance of his duty; or threatens or persistently follows such person in a disorderly manner, or injures or threatens to injure his property with either of said intents." So by § 10, if "any person in the employment of a railroad corporation, in furtherance of the interests of either party to a dispute between another railroad corporation and its employees, refuses to aid in moving the cars of such other corporation, or trains in whole or in part made up of the cars of such other corporation, over the tracks of the corporation employing him; or refuses to aid in loading or discharging such cars, in violation of his duty as such employee." Ch. 126, § 18, is substantially the same as Iowa Code, § 5059, which see above.

MARYLAND: By Public General Laws (1888), art. 27, § 31, "an agreement or combination by two or more persons to do, or procure to be done, any act in contemplation or furtherance of a trade dispute between employers and workmen, shall not be indictable as a conspiracy, if such act, committed by one person, would not be punishable as an offense."

MASSACHUSETTS: L. 1894, ch. 508, entitled "An act regulating the employment of labor," is well worthy the careful attention of the economist and the statesman, as an elaborate code of provisions as to the relation between employer and employee. Of its many provisions we here note only a few that seem to most directly bear upon the topics under consideration. By § 2 it is a crime to, by intimidation or force, prevent, or seek to prevent, one from entering into or continuing in employment. By § 3, to coerce an employee to agree not to belong to a labor organization, as a condition of employment. By § 5, to attempt to influence the vote of an employee, by threat of discharge or reduction of wages.

MICHIGAN: By Howell's Statutes (1882), § 9273, it is a crime to, "by threats, intimidations or otherwise, and without authority of law, inter