Woods. For this survey, staff gages were established at Warroad, Minnesota, Oak Island, Oak Point (near the mouth of Rainy River), and in Northwest Angle Inlet. The elevation of the zero of the gage at Warroad was determined in May 1912 by connecting it by means of a double line of levels with the United States Army Engineers' bench mark at Warroad, the elevation of which had been determined by the United States Geological Survey. Readings of the elevation of the water surface were made on this gage three times each day from June 1 to October 31, 1912, and from April 28 to October 31, 1913. A similar series of readings was made on the Oak Island gage from June 8 to October 31, 1912, and from May 4 to October 27, 1913, and on other gages for shorter periods. From these readings an accurate determination of the Oak Island, Oak Point, and Northwest Angle Inlet gages was made by comparison with the readings of the Warroad gage. The elevations along the meridian line were determined from the Northwest Angle Inlet gage. These elevations have now been converted to the datum of the Geodetic Survey of Canada first-order levels through their determination of the elevation of the United States Army Engineers' bench mark at Warroad.

FIELD TRANSPORTATION

At the time the resurvey of this section of the boundary was begun, in 1901, the era of good roads was still in the future; the automobile and the motor truck had scarcely passed the experimental stage. Along much of the boundary there were no roads whatever; and where roads existed they were unsurfaced and rough at their best and all but impassable at their worst. The transportation of men, supplies,

and material for the boundary survey work was a slow and arduous task which had to be carried on with the primitive equipment of pioneer days of horse-drawn wagon, the pack train, and at times by back-packing by the men themselves.

The 400 miles of boundary west of the summit of the Rocky Mountains was at that time directly accessible by railways or wagon roads at the following places only: On the west coast from Blaine, Washington, to the west base of the Cascade Mountains; from the Similkameen River to the east crossing of the Kettle River; the Columbia River Valley; the valley of the Kootenai at Porthill, Idaho; the valley of the Kootenai at Gateway, Montana; and the valley of the North Fork of the Flathead River. Between these places transportation was furnished by pack train over trails opened up or built by the survey parties. In many instances material for the monuments marking the boundary, including sand, cement, and water had to be delivered on the backs of men.

During the 5 years from 1903 to 1908 approximately 400 miles of pack trails were opened up and maintained and at the peak of the work more than 100 head of pack horses were in use.

In the years since 1908, the extension of railroads and modern highways, on both sides of the boundary, and the development of United States Forest Service roads and trails have made the boundary west of the summit of the Rocky Mountains more easily accessible, but there are still long stretches where trails have to be opened and pack trains have to be used for maintenance work.

East of the summit of the Rocky Mountains the country was adequately served by railroads both north and south of the boundary and by a number of lines crossing it. The general open prairie character of the country made transport from railroad points to and along the boundary much easier than to the westward.

THE OFFICIAL MAPS

Article VII of the treaty of 1908 with regard to the boundary from the Gulf of Georgia (Georgia Strait) to the summit of the Rocky Mountains stipulates that "the entire course of said boundary, showing the location of the boundary monuments and marks established along the course of the boundary, shall be marked upon quadruplicate sets of accurate modern charts prepared or adopted for that purpose, and the said Commissioners, or their successors, are hereby authorized and required to so mark the line and designate the monuments on such charts, two duplicate originals of which shall be filed with each Government

* * * "

Similarly, with regard to the boundary from the summit of the Rocky Mountains to the Northwesternmost Point of Lake of the Woods, article VI of the treaty provides that "the said Commissioners shall mark upon quadruplicate sets of accurate modern charts prepared or adopted by them for that purpose the entire course of said boundary and the location of the boundary monuments and marks established along the course of said boundary, and two duplicate originals thereof shall be filed with each Government

The charts upon which the Commissioners have marked the boundary line from Georgia Strait to the Northwesternmost Point of Lake of the Woods, in accordance

with these provisions of the treaty of 1908, are topographic maps prepared from surveys made by the field force of the Commission. The word "map" when used herein is synonymous with the word "chart" of the treaties. They consist of a series of 59 sheets, arranged and numbered as shown on an accompanying index map, together with a profile sheet. They were engraved on copper plates and printed from lithographic stones as were other similar boundary maps. The engraved plates will be preserved by the two Governments as permanent records of the work. The four official sets of maps, two for each Government, which bear the Commissioners' signatures, are transmitted in atlas form with this report.

The size of each map is 11 by 241⁄2 inches inside the border. The conventional signs used to represent the topographic features are those used by the United States Geological Survey (which engraved sheets 1 to 19, inclusive), and are the same as those adopted by the United States Federal Board of Surveys and Maps. The boundary line, monuments, culture, and lettering appear in black; relief (contour lines and elevations) in brown; drainage, in blue; and timber, in green. The maps are constructed on polyconic projections on a scale of 1: 62,500, each covering 30 minutes of longitude. At the top of each map are the title, the number of the sheet, copies of the seals of the two countries, and the names of the Commissioners under whom the surveys were made. In the lower right corner is the Commissioners' certificate, which reads as follows:

Sheet 1, typical of sheets 1 to 19:

We certify that this chart is one of the quadruplicate set of fifty-nine (59) charts adopted by us under Articles VI and VII of the Treaty between Great Britain and the United States, signed at Washington April 11, 1908, and that we have marked thereon the Boundary Line as re-established by us in accordance with the provisions of the said Articles.

(Signed) O. H. TITTMANN

United States Commissioner

Sheet 20, typical of sheets 20 to 58:

(Signed) W. F. KING His Britannic Majesty's Commissioner

We certify that this chart is one of the quadruplicate set of fifty-nine (59) charts adopted under Articles VI and VII of the Treaty between Great Britain and the United States, signed at Washington April 11, 1908, and that we have marked thereon the Boundary Line as reestablished by the Commissioners designated above, in accordance with the provisions of the said Articles.

We certify that this chart is one of the quadruplicate set of fifty-nine (59) charts adopted under Articles VI and VII of the Treaty between Great Britain and the United States, signed at Washington April 11, 1908, and that we have marked hereon the Boundary Line as reestablished by the Commissioners designated above, in accordance with the provisions of Article VI of the Treaty of 1908 and of Article I of the Treaty between the United States and His Britannic Majesty, in respect of the Dominion of Canada, signed at Washington, February 24, 1925.

Signed December 7, 1927

(Signed) J. D. CRAIG His Britannic Majesty's Commissioner

(Signed) E. LESTER JONES United States Commissioner

It will be noted that the last chart or map was signed on December 7, 1927. The terms of the treaty of 1908 in respect to monumenting and mapping had then been fully carried out. Subsequent to this date several additional monuments and marks have been placed on the boundary under authority of the treaty of 1925. These additional monuments and marks have all been reported on and shown on charts in the annual joint reports of the Commissioners to their Governments as required by the treaty of 1925. Under the circumstances the Commissioners deemed it to be inexpedient and unnecessary to bring the revision of the maps, regarding monuments, roads, and buildings, up to the date of certification of this report, but have included in the report the descriptions of the monuments and marks as valuable information supplemental to the requirements of the treaty of 1908.

A limited edition of copies of the official maps has been printed for each Government for distribution to governmental agencies, to libraries, and to others interested in the location of the boundary line. These copies are identical reproductions of the maps of the official sets and differ from them only in the following respects: They are printed on chart paper instead of the heavy bond paper on which the official sets are printed; they bear the date of publication, which the official sets do not; the Commissioners' signatures are in facsimile; and they are designated as copies. On sheets 1 to 19 the Commissioners' certificate differs slightly from that on the official sets; it reads: "We certify that this chart is a copy of sheet No. of the quadruplicate set of fifty-nine (59) charts adopted by us under Articles VI and VII of the Treaty between Great Britain and the United States, signed at Washington April 11, 1908, on which we marked the Boundary Line as reestablished by us in accordance with the provisions of the said Articles." On sheets 20 to 59 the certificate of the Commissioners is the same as on the official sets, but the word "COPY" has been printed above the title. The date of signature on these copies occurs only on sheets 42 to 59.

In the United States, copies of the report and maps are on file in the Library of Congress and in other libraries designated by the Government as depository libraries—that is, those which receive all United States Government publications. In Canada they are on file in the Dominion Archives, in the libraries of the Dominion Parliament and of the provincial legislative assemblies, and in university and reference libraries throughout the country.

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE POINT ADOPTED IN LIEU OF THE ORIGINAL NORTHWESTERNMOST POINT OF LAKE OF THE WOODS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THE TREATY OF 1925

In 1824 David Thompson, surveyor and astronomer for the British Government, received instructions from the Commissioners under article VII of the Treaty of Ghent to determine the "most northwestern point" of Lake of the Woods originally named in the treaty of peace, 1783, as the point to which the International Boundary was to run westward through the waterways from Lake Superior. Accordingly, in the course of his surveys of the western and northern portions of Lake of the Woods in 1824, Thompson selected, monumented, and determined the astronomical positions of three points which, in his opinion, came nearest to meeting the requirements of the treaty-a point in Northwest Angle Inlet; a second point in Monument Bay, east and a little north of Northwest Angle Inlet; and a third in Portage Bay still farther north. Another point which was later to be given consideration as the probable site of the Northwesternmost Point was at Rat Portage (Kenora), where an extensive series of astronomical observations had been made by Thompson during the previous year.

As a result of Thompson's work it was apparently realized that it would be necessary, in finally selecting the "most northwestern point", to choose between Rat Portage and the locality of the first point marked by Thompson in 1824, near the head of Northwest Angle Inlet. Accordingly, in the following year, 1825, Dr. J. L. Tiarks, astronomer for the British Government, inspected these two localities and decided that a point nearly a mile north of Thompson's monument in Northwest Angle Inlet was the true "most northwestern point" of Lake of the Woods. Tiarks' astronomic determination of the position of this point placed it in latitude 49°23'55", longitude 95°14'38"."

Accordingly, in 1842 this point was accepted by the two Governments, and until the treaty of 1925 it figured in boundary history as the western terminus of the section of the line from Lake Superior to Lake of the Woods and the initial point of the section of the line running south therefrom to the 49th parallel and thence westward to the Rocky Mountains.

It was indicated, however, on a map made by the Boundary Commission of 1872-1876,2 and the fact was definitely established by the surveys made in 19123

1 Art. II, treaty of 1842, p. 189 of appendix II. Also Journal of the Commissioners under the Treaty of Ghent, U. S. House of Representatives Document No. 451, 25th Cong., 2d sess., p. 48.

On the North American datum of 1927 the coordinates of the Northwesternmost Point are latitude 49° 23'51'.35, longitude 95°09'11''.36.

2 See map published in Report upon the Survey of the Boundary between the Territory of the United States and the Possessions of Great Britain from the Lake of the Woods to the Summit of the Rocky Mountains, by Archibald Campbell, United States Commissioner, p. 83.

3 See map, p. 138.