replacement of the old monuments by more permanent ones and the interpolation of intermediate monuments at convenient points along the existent established boundary. This required no new convention, and the two Governments promptly arrived at an understanding to the effect that they would concurrently undertake the work. Representatives, later recognized as commissioners, to carry on the work were nominated by the two Governments: Dr. O. H. Tittmann and Dr. C. D. Walcott by and for the United States, and Dr. W. F. King by and for His Britannic Majesty for Canada. The formal notices of the appointments of these representatives or commissioners are given in the text of this report, page 16. The final notes of the correspondence through which this understanding was reached are listed as follows: Department of State of the United States; April 3, 1902 (No. 2410). British Embassy, Lord Pauncefote; April 7, 1902 (No. 95). Department of State of the United States; August 12, 1902 (No. 2513). British Embassy, Michael H. Herbert; October 23, 1902 (No. 264). These notes are to be found in the departmental files at Washington and Ottawa. The work of resurveying and remonumenting this section of the boundary was carried out through concurrent action by these Commissioners during the years 1903 to 1908. During this period the need for more effectively marking the entire boundary from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, which had already been recognized, became increasingly apparent to the two Governments, and negotiations were carried on which resulted in the adoption of the treaty of April 11, 1908,3 providing for "the more complete definition and demarcation of the international boundary between the United States and the Dominion of Canada." The joint surveys carried on under the provisions of the treaty of 1908 along this and other sections of the boundary revealed the need for the clarification of several questions regarding the boundary and the need for continuous maintenance to keep the markings effective. The discussion of these needs led up to the treaty of February 24, 1925, the text of which is given on page 11. For a more detailed account of the negotiations leading up to the treaties discussed in the foregoing paragraphs the reader is referred to "History and Digest of the International Arbitrations to which the United States has been a Party", vol. I, by John Bassett Moore; and the notes of Chandler P. Anderson on the "Northern Boundary of the United States", which have been closely followed herein but abbreviated. Other references are noted in the publications just mentioned. 3 For text of treaty, see p. 1. APPENDIX III ORIGINAL SURVEYS AND DEMARCATION BOUNDARY WEST OF THE SUMMIT OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS After the adoption of the boundary west of the Rocky Mountains by the treaty of 1846, almost exactly ten years elapsed before any steps were taken to survey and mark the line upon the ground. In the meantime, the Territory of Oregon was organized by an act of Congress on August 4, 1848, and the Territory of Washington was organized from the northern portion of the Oregon Territory by an act of Congress on March 2, 1853. In 1849 Vancouver Island was constituted a British Colony. In 1855 gold was discovered on the Columbia River at the mouth of the Pend-d'Oreille (Clark Fork) near the 49th parallel. The country on both sides of the border was rapidly being settled and it became increasingly urgent that the boundary line should be located on the ground and marked. In 1856 Congress passed an act, approved August 11, to provide for the demarcation of the boundary between Washington Territory and the possessions of Great Britain in accordance with the provisions of article I of the treaty of 1846. At that time the Territory of Washington extended along the 49th parallel eastward to the summit of the Rocky Mountains. The act of Congress carried an appropriation for the work and provided for a Commissioner, a chief astronomer, and a surveyor on the part of the United States to unite and act with similar officers to be appointed by Her Britannic Majesty, to survey and monument the boundary. The Commission was promptly organized on the part of the United States. and on February 14, 1857, Archibald Campbell was appointed Commissioner, which position he held until the completion of the work in 1869. Great Britain assented to the proposal for a joint commission and appointed Capt. James Charles Prevost, R. N., as first Commissioner, and Capt. George Henry Richards, R. N., as second Commissioner with powers to act as Commissioner only in the event of the death of Captain Prevost. Commissioners Campbell and Prevost held their first meeting on June 27, 1857, on board H. M. S. Satellite, Captain Prevost's ship, in Esquimalt Harbor. The respective commissions of all the officials were exhibited, read, and found in due form. Captain Prevost's commission, however, did not extend to the whole line, his instructions reading, "so much of the boundary between Her Majesty's possessions in North America and the territories of the United States as is comprised between the continent of America and Vancouver's Island." A second meeting of the Commissioners was held three weeks later, but as the second British Commissioner, Captain Richards, who was to act as chief astronomer, had not yet arrived, it was decided that nothing could be done at the time in regard to the water boundary. 194 Accordingly, the United States Commissioner turned his attention to the land boundary. He began operations with his party on the 49th parallel at Point Roberts on the eastern shore of Georgia Strait, and carried on work independently during the remainder of the year 1857 and the spring of 1858. His further relations with Captain Prevost concerning the water boundary terminated in disagreement and consequently in failure to establish that boundary. (See report-International Boundary Commission-Forty-ninth Parallel to the Pacific Ocean; 1921.) On February 3, 1858, Capt. John Summerfield Hawkins, Royal Engineers, was appointed Commissioner by Queen Victoria "for the purpose of ascertaining and marking out, in conjunction with a Commissioner on the part of the United States of America, the line of Boundary under the Treaty between Gr. Britain and the United States of the 15th of June, 1846, from the point where the Boundary laid down in previously existing Treaties and Conventions terminates to the point at which the 49th parallel of North Latitude strikes the eastern shore of the Channel which separates the continent from Vancouver's Island." Captain Hawkins reached Esquimalt, Vancouver Island, about the middle of June 1858. Soon thereafter he began work in conjunction with the United States parties already in the field. The survey and demarcation executed by Commissioners Campbell and Hawkins extended from the western shore of Point Roberts on Georgia Strait to the summit. (crest of the watershed) of the Rocky Mountains. The commission of Mr. Campbell was limited to the boundary between Washington Territory and the possessions of Great Britain. The summit of the Rocky Mountains was the eastern limit of Washington Territory. The commission of Captain Hawkins, as just noted was "from the point where the Boundary laid down in previously existing Treaties and Conventions terminates to the point"-etc. The instructions issued to Captain Hawkins by his Government refer to this point in the following language: "* and all that you will have to do will be to continue to mark out the line along that parallel till it reaches the point 'where the boundary laid down in existing Treaties and Conventions between Great Britain and the United States terminates.' That point is as you will see by the second article of the Treaty of October 20, 1818, herewith transmitted to you, the 'Stony' or 'Rocky' Mountains; and it would seem from the wording of that article that the point is to be found on the eastern base of those mountains." * * It will be readily seen that joint operations could not be carried farther east than the summit of the Rocky Mountains. Near the conclusion of the work Commissioner Hawkins in writing to his Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, under date of December 31, 1861, says in regard to this terminus of the work: In concluding this subject, I have to observe that when terminating the labours of the Commission on the Crest or Watershed of the Rocky Mountains, I did not overlook that my original instructions in despatch No. 2 of the 30th March 1858 informed that from the wording of the second article of the treaty of October 20th, 1818, it would seem that the point "where the Boundary laid down in existing treaties and conventions between Great Britian and the United States terminates" is to be found on the eastern base of the mountains. I learned however from the instructions of the U. S. Commissioner that the Act of Congress of the 11th August 1856 under which he was appointed limited the proceedings of the U. S. Commission to the demarcation of the line of Boundary "which forms the Boundary line between Washington Territory and the British Possessions" and Mr Campbell gave me to understand that the northern boundary of a Washington Territory ended on the crest of the Rocky Mountains. I considered, therefore, that any work performed by the British Commission beyond that point would have no joint official character; and apart from the serious loss of time which must have been incurred in executing it, joint agreement as to the point at the base of the Mountains at which the Boundary under the Convention of 20th October, 1818, might be assumed to terminate would have been necessary, into Which the U. S. Commissioner was not prepared to enter. Since the termination of the survey by Commissioners Campbell and Hawkins at the summit of the Rocky Mountains, the summit has been quite uniformly used to designate the dividing point between the sections of the boundary lying east and lying west of the Rocky Mountains. The available records of the joint survey made under Commissioners Campbell and Hawkins are not as complete as might be desired. We find that after the field work was completed, Commissioner Campbell had a manuscript report of the work prepared and submitted it to the Department of State in Washington. This report was not published, and the manuscript has been lost from view for many years. When the Northern Boundary Commission was created, in 1872, Archibald Campbell was appointed United States Commissioner for that boundary survey. At the outset of that work he found it desirable to consult the records of the "Northwestern Boundary Survey" upon which he had previously been engaged. Accordingly he wrote the following letter, which is now on file in the Department of State in Washington: U. S. NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION Washington, D. C., June 27, 1872. SIR: In preparing for the duties of the boundary commission it would be of the greatest assistance to have the use of the records, notebooks, and other papers of the Northwest Boundary Commission, deposited by me in the Department at the close of the work in October, 1869. I have therefore the honor to request that you allow me to withdraw these records and papers temporarily. Before leaving for the field they will be returned to the Department. I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, Hon. CHAS. HALE, Acting Secretary of State. ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, Commissioner, Northern Boundary Survey. This letter is endorsed: "Papers, etc., herein referred to sent to Mr. Campbell 27th June." The most diligent search and inquiry has failed to find further trace of the report. There are, however, manuscript records, memoranda, notes, correspondence, maps, etc., of the survey in the possession of the Department of State at Washington from which much information regarding the progress and the methods of the survey can be drawn. These records and maps are described in considerable detail in the history of the establishment, survey, and marking of this portion of the boundary, with a summary of results, prepared by Marcus Baker of the United States Geological Survey in the year 1900, from an examination of the available records "memoranda, notes, sketches, pictures, correspondence, and the memories of men still living", and published as Bulletin No. 174 of the United States Geological Survey, under the title of "Survey of the Northwestern Boundary of the United States, 1857-1861." By a strange coincidence, the British records of the survey were also lost from view for many years. When questions began to arise as to the markings of the boundary upon the ground, about 1890 and later, diligent search was made in London for the records, but without avail. In 1898, Dr. Otto Klotz, Astronomer for the Dominion Government, discovered the missing records, quite by accident, at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich. He states: Such was the situation [referring to the loss of the records] when the writer was sent by the Dominion Government to London and Petrograd on a special mission, in which was included the obtaining of information regarding the records and final report of the survey. All of the Government offices in London were visited in which there was the faintest likelihood that the records might be stored, but all to no avail, and no one seemed to be able to give any assistance. Before leaving England, however, the writer, as Astronomer for the Dominion Government, naturally paid a visit to the Royal Observatory at Greenwich. By chance his eye caught the initials B. N. A. on some boxes on the top of the library shelves-letters at once interpreted as possibly standing for British North America. The boxes were taken down, the dust of years removed, and in them lay the long-lost records of the international survey of the forty-ninth parallel. 1 The British records descriptive of the survey are now to be found in the British "Foreign Office Correspondence" and, in addition to the jointly signed final report, consist principally of the letters and periodic reports of Captain Hawkins to his Government. The boundary as laid down from the surveys of the Joint Commission is shown on seven maps and an index map. These maps are dated May 7, 1869, and are signed by the Commissioners and surveyors of the respective Governments. One duplicate original set of maps is on file in the Department of State in Washington. The original signed set is deposited with the British Government. This set of maps was adopted on behalf of the two Governments by Sir Edward Thornton, the British Minister at Washington, and Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State, on February 24, 1870, by joining in the following written declaration: ADOPTION OF OFFICIAL MAPS DECLARATION APPROVING AND ADOPTING THE MAPS PREPARED BY THE JOINT COMMISSION OF THE NORTHWEST BOUNDARY FOR SURVEYING AND Marking the BOUNDARIES BETWEEN THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS AND THE UNITED STATES ALONG THE 49TH PARALLEL OF NORTH LATITUDE, UNDER THE FIRST ARTICLE OF THE TREATY OF 15TH JUNE, 1846 Signed at Washington February 24th, 1870 The undersigned Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State of the United States, and Edward Thornton, Esquire, Her Britannic Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States, duly authorized by their respective Governments, having met together: The set of maps, seven in number, which have been prepared by the Commissioners appointed by the two Powers to survey and mark out the Boundary between their respective Territories under the first article of the Treaty concluded between them at Washington on the 15th of June, 1846, having been produced; And it appearing that they do correctly indicate the said Boundary from the point where the Boundary laid down in Treaties and Conventions prior to June 15th, 1846, terminates Westward on the 49th Parallel of North Latitude to the Eastern shore of the Gulf of Georgia, which Boundary has been defined by the Commissioners by marks upon the ground; The Undersigned, without prejudice to the rights of their respective Governments as to the settlement and the determination of the remainder of the said Boundary, hereby declare that the said maps certified and authenticated under the signatures of Archibald Campbell, Esquire, the Commissioner of the United States, and of Colonel John Summerfield Hawkins, Her Britannic Majesty's Commissioner, and of which duplicate copies similarly certified and authenticated 1 The History of the Forty-ninth Parallel Survey West of the Rocky Mountains, by Otto Klotz. The Geographic Review, vol. III, no. 5 (May 1917). |