99, 100, and 101) were recovered in the valley of a tributary of the Ashnola River on July 26. The vista across the valley was easily identified and the old astronomic station with its log cabin built 42 years before was found undisturbed.

Continuing westward the party recovered boundary cairns 59 and 60 (now Monuments 85 and 86) on opposite sides of the Pasayten River, on August 13. The location of these cairns required a three-days' trip on foot from the nearest point reached by the pack train. Boundary cairns 57 and 58 (now Monuments 81 and 82) in the Chuchuwan

ten Valley were not found
at this time, although four
days were spent in searching
up
and down both sides of
the valley for signs of the old
vista, and one day in run-
ning a traverse from cairn
59 to locate the boundary
crossing.

From the Pasayten Valley the route of travel was across the mountains to Slate Creek and thence down Slate and Ruby Creeks to the Skagit River, where a camp was made at the mouth of Ruby Creek.

The chief of party accompanied by one man made a trip on foot from the camp at the mouth of Ruby Creek over the abandoned Fort Hope trail 30 miles up the Skagit River to the boundary crossing. There they found signs of the old cuttings of the vista on the east side of the river and

boundary cairn 56 (now ORIGINAL BOUNDARY CAIRN 61, ERECTED IN THE SURVEY OF 1858-62, NOW Monument 72). They did

not cross the river to search for boundary cairn 55. Low hanging clouds prevented them from noting if any signs of the vista still remained on the west side of the river.

Upon the return of the chief of party from this trip, camp was moved down the Skagit River to Sedro Woolley, Washington, thence northward to Demming, Washington, in the valley of the Nooksack River and into the Mount Baker mining district. The chief of party, himself, upon reaching the railroad, went by train to

Maple Falls, Washington, and from there, on September 16 and 17, visited iron Monuments 40 to 43 (present numbers the same). From a camp at Twin Lakes a trip was made by the chief of party on September 20 and 21 down Tamihi Creek northward to the boundary. Cairn 46 (now Monument 52) was found. The search for cairn 45 (now Monument 51) was unsuccessful and limited food supplies prevented a search for cairn 44 (now Monument 50).

On September 26 a trip was made from a camp at the head of the state trail westward to Hannegan Pass at the head of Chilliwack (Dolly Varden) Creek with the intention of continuing down the Chilliwack to the boundary, but snow having begun to fall and the route being without trails, the party turned back.

Work in the mountains was discontinued on October 1, and the pack train, in charge of the assistant geologist, was started on the return trip to winter quarters at Ellensburg, Washington.

Boundary operations were continued by the chief of party from the towns of Sumas and Blaine, Washington. At Sumas he found the western Canadian party cutting vista along the line. After a conference with the chief of the Canadian party he continued to the shore of Semiahmoo Bay, the western limit of the work assigned to him, and completed his season's work by examining Monuments 5, 6, and 7 on October 5.

The personnel of the first United States geologic party was: Chief of party, George Otis Smith; assistant, Frank C. Calkins; and four hands.

SECOND UNITED STATES GEOLOGIC PARTY-WEST CROSSING OF THE KOOTENAI RIVER TO OSOYOOS LAKE

The second United States geologic party was organized at Bonners Ferry, Idaho, on June 20. The party consisted of five men with eleven pack horses.

From Bonners Ferry the party proceeded to Porthill, Idaho, on the east bank of the Kootenai River immediately south of the boundary. The Kootenai was in flood and had overflowed the valley to a width of three miles. The crossing of the stream was difficult, but was effected by means of a small scow and two rowboats. The transfer of the party to the west bank of the river was accomplished on June 24 and camp was made on the boundary near the mouth of Boundary Creek. Three days were spent in this camp doing such work as an almost continuous rain would permit. Among other things accomplished was the recovery of boundary cairn 139 (now Monument 206).

The party then moved up Boundary Creek over the Continental Mine trail. After devoting a day to visiting the Continental Mine on the head of Blue Joe Creek they continued on to Summit Lake at the head of Boundary Creek, which was reached on June 30. Six days, during which rain and snow continued to fall, were spent here in making geologic observations and studying the country for practicable routes of travel. The party then turned northward, following the old Copper Camp trail, and traveled through slush and mire and the previous winter's snows to the old Dewdney Trail on Summit Creek. This old trail, well laid out and once well traveled, though now long in disuse and in bad condition, provided the best

route for travel westward. It was followed up Summit Creek, across the divide, and thence down Lost Creek for 8 or 10 miles to a point from which the party made its way by other trails out to the railroad at Salmo, British Columbia. From Salmo, the party made an excursion to the South Fork of Salmon River and carried on an unsuccessful search for the boundary cairn (now Monument 193) on the west side of that stream.

On July 17 the party crossed Salmon River by swimming the horses near the mouth of South Fork and passed down Salmon River to its junction with Clark Fork (Pend-d'Oreille) River where camp was made for a few days. From this camp and from another at Sullivan Lake east of Metaline, Washington, quite an extensive geologic reconnaissance was carried on and the boundary cairn (now Monument 188) on the east bank of Clark Fork 10 was recovered.

The party then continued westward. Swimming their horses across Clark Fork at Metaline they went to Northport, Washington, on the Columbia River and made camp nearby. From this camp the greater part of the basin of Sheep Creek and the boundary across it and east to the Columbia River were reconnoitered. Boundary cairns now replaced by Monuments 171, 174, 179, and 180 were found.

On August 5 the party moved down the Columbia to Marble Ferry, Washington, and thence westward to Flat Creek. From that point the country was much more open than to the east and was well traversed by roads and trails. The party moved with comparative ease and rapidity. They worked westward to Pierre Lake, thence up the Kettle River through Laurier, Washington; Cascade and Grand Forks, British Columbia; and Danville and Curlew, Washington, to the mouth of Toroda Creek. From Toroda Creek the route was through Chesaw and Molson, Washington, to Oroville, Washington, at the foot of Osoyoos Lake. Work was concluded at Oroville early in September and the pack train in charge of the assistant was sent back over open and traveled roads to Bonners Ferry, Idaho, where the party was disbanded on September 27.

The personnel of the second United States geologic party was: Chief of party, F. L. Ransome; assistant, W. J. Sinclair; and three hands.

THIRD UNITED STATES GEOLOGIC PARTY-KOOTENAI RIVER AT PORTHILL, IDAHO, TO SUMMIT OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS

The third United States geologic party was organized at Blackfoot, Montana, on June 20. It started out with six men and eighteen pack animals. From the time of its organization until August 10 it was engaged in a general geologic reconnaissance westward from Blackfoot across the summit of the Rocky Mountains to Lake McDonald, thus covering an area not directly related to the examination of the boundary.

Leaving Lake McDonald the party crossed the Flathead River and thence traveled up that stream to the mouth of Kintla Creek. Several geologic excursions were made in this vicinity, and on August 24 the party was in camp on the west bank

10 Clark Fork is the name authorized by the United States Board on Geographical Names.

is the name authorized by the Geographic Board of Canada.

Pend-d'Oreille

of the Flathead opposite the mouth of Kishenchn Creek. Leaving the main outfit here an excursion was made up the Kintla Lakes to the main divide of the Rocky Mountains to seek the boundary cairn marking the summit of the Rocky Mountains (now Monument 272), and to extend the geologic study of the region. In view of the ruggedness of the main divide and its difficulty of access in many places, a topographic survey was carried forward by plane-table triangulation to assist in locating the boundary cairn on the crest of the divide. By this means, the cairn was readily found. Upon the return of the party to the Flathead River, an excursion was made on September 2 to the two boundary cairns (now Monuments 265 and 266) on Kishenehn Creek and to the two cairns (now Monuments 261 and 262) on the Flathead River. The cairns were all found in good condition.

The party then proceeded by way of the Grave Creek trail-a route considerably to the south of the boundary-to Tobacco Plains (near Gateway), Montana, passing by that part of the boundary examined by the astronomic and topographic parties.

At Tobacco Plains the party was reduced in number and in equipment in preparation for traveling "light" through the heavily timbered mountains lying in the loop of the Kootenai River between Tobacco Plains and Porthill. The two assistants were detached from the party. Eight of the animals and a large part of the camp outfit were disposed of.

On September 11 the party thus reduced in size and equipment crossed the Kootenai River, using a small skiff for men and outfit and swimming the horses, and after a day spent in reconnoitering, followed the "Dodd Creek (now Young Creek) trail" across the Purcell Range to the East Fork of Yaak River. From the Yaak River camp the boundary on the North Fork of Yaak River was reached and boundary cairns now marked by Monuments 232, 233, and 234 were found.

Camp was then moved down the East Fork, over a trail the packers of the party had cut, to a point about one mile below the junction of the East Fork with the North Fork of the Yaak. From here it was intended to reconnoiter the Yaak Range lying between the Yaak and Moyie Rivers, but travel with a pack train through these mountains was found to be so difficult that the original plan was abandoned. The pack train and main party were sent south over known trails to the railroad at Libby, Montana, while the chief of party with one man and a light camp outfit made his way across the range to the Moyie River in the vicinity of the boundary. In the Moyie Valley an extended but unsuccessful search was made for the boundary cairns marking the crossing of the river. The chief of party then followed the Canadian Pacific Railway from the Moyie Valley to Kitchener, British Columbia, and thence proceeded to Porthill, Idaho, by way of Creston, British Columbia.

Porthill was the western limit of the work assigned to the party and an inspection there of the boundary cairn on the east side of the Kootenai River (now Monument 207) completed the work of the season. The party disbanded at Bonners Ferry, Idaho, on September 22.

The personnel of the third United States geologic party was: Chief of party, Bailey Willis; assistants, Stewart Weller, George I. Finlay; and three hands.

SEASON OF 1902-RECONNAISSANCE WEST OF THE ROCKY

MOUNTAINS

The western and the eastern Canadian parties engaged in the reconnaissance of the boundary west of the Rocky Mountains in 1901 were compelled to discontinue work by the onset of wintry weather before they fully completed their assignments. In the spring of 1902 both parties returned to the field and began work where it had been discontinued the previous season. These were the only parties on this part of the boundary in 1902.

WESTERN CANADIAN PARTY-POINT ROBERTS

In May 1902, Mr. J. J. McArthur, D. L. S., opened up the vista along the boundary across Point Roberts from Monument 1 to Monument 4, and did some topographic work in the vicinity. This completed the work left unfinished by the western Canadian party in 1901.

EASTERN CANADIAN PARTY-SIMILKAMEEN RIVER TO SOUTH FORK OF SALMON

RIVER

The eastern Canadian party of 1902 was organized at Greenwood, British Columbia, on June 1. It consisted of 19 men with a pack train of 15 horses.

As soon as organization was completed the party moved to Midway, British Columbia, and worked west to the Similkameen River over a section of the line covered the season before. Additional and check observations were made and the topography supplemented along the boundary within this distance. Upon the completion of this work the party moved to Cascade, British Columbia, and made a phototopographic survey from boundary cairn 120 to boundary cairn 127 (now Monuments 166 and 174), which work they had been prevented from doing in 1901 by dense smoke from forest fires. The boundary mark designated as No. 126 (now Monument 172) could not be found. The report of Lieutenant Colonel Hawkins, Her Britannic Majesty's Commissioner in 1858-1869, describes this monument as being built of logs, as no stone could be found within a long distance of the line. The log monument had been destroyed by forest fires but charred stumps in the old vista were still in evidence.

From boundary cairn 127 (now Monument 174) operations were continued eastward across the Columbia River to the South Fork of Salmon River. On this section of the line as far as the Columbia River, the chords of the parallel were run out between the boundary monuments, and vistas cut across the summits of the intervening ridges. Across the valley of Little Sheep Creek, occupied by settlements of railway and of mining interests, the line was cleared continuously. A phototopographic survey was carried on along the line and a small scheme of triangulation executed to locate the camera stations. All of the boundary cairns were found as far east as the Columbia River with the exception of cairn 131 (now Monument 180) on the west bank of the Columbia. The remains of this cairn had been identified by United States parties in 1901.

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