on this part of the boundary in 1908. The Canadian party was, however, accompanied by a representative of the United States.

CANADIAN PARTY

To the Canadian party had been assigned the section of the boundary from Coutts, Alberta (Sweetgrass, Montana), eastward to Frenchman Creek. They began work in the vicinity of Coutts, Alberta, at original cairn 356 (now Monument 331), designated in the original report as "Red Creek astronomical station", and worked east for a distance of about 100 miles to original cairn 325 (now Monument 403), originally designated "West Fork astronomical station", at the crossing of Lodge Creek a few miles east of the Alberta-Saskatchewan boundary. The work of the party was as follows:

A base was measured along the railroad track at Coutts and from it a scheme of triangulation was expanded and carried eastward along the boundary for the purpose of controlling the topographic mapping and measurements. The monuments were tied in to the triangulation to later make possible the computation of their geodetic positions. A topographic survey, showing 20-foot contours, was made for a distance of 1 mile on each side of the line throughout the whole distance. Elevations, based on a railroad bench mark at Coutts, were determined by running level lines along the boundary from monument to monument.

The original cairns, after being identified, were connected by surveys which established straight lines between the consecutive marks from which offsets to the curve of the parallel could be made. Sites for additional monuments were selected and marked on the curve of the parallel, and their distances from the original marks were determined either by triangulation or by traverse, as was more practicable. No new monuments were set, owing to the fact that the survey was begun so soon after authorization by the treaty that new monuments (cast-iron) could not be procured in time for installation in connection with the other work.

At the beginning of the season the work of the party was seriously hampered by weather conditions. A violent rain and sleet storm beginning on May 29, and lasting 3 days, flooded the streams, washed out bridges, and damaged or destroyed dwelling houses on the low lands. Traffic was interrupted for 10 days, and but little work could be carried on. The flood was followed by a plague of mosquitoes that made camp life and work in the open an exquisite torture.

The party was in the field from May 10 to September 25.

The personnel of this Canadian party in 1908 was: Chief of party, J. J. McArthur, D. L. S.; assistants, Orville Sills, J. L. Goodwin, J. M. Sheppard, George S. Raley, F. P. Steers, W. B. Cole, E. J. Linegar, O. R. Forsythe, J. M. Perrier, and J. A. Snow; United States representative, F. D. Granger.

SEASON OF 1909-FROM THE SUMMIT OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS EASTWARD TO FRENCHMAN CREEK

During the season of 1909 the Canadian parties continued to completion the field work on their section of the boundary, from Coutts, Alberta, eastward to Frenchman Creek, on which they had made a good start in 1908. A United States

party began on the 90-mile section of the boundary from the summit of the Rocky Mountains to Coutts.

CANADIAN PARTY

The Canadian party reassembled at Coutts, taking up the monumenting which had been necessarily deferred the previous year. The major efforts of the party were directed to that work until all the monuments had been set on the section of the line from Coutts to Lodge Creek.

While the monumenting was going on, all sites for intermediate monuments were rechecked for correct position on the curve of the parallel, and a line of levels was run from Coutts north along the railroad to connect with the irrigation level

lines on Milk River so as to base the boundary levels on a more reliable datum than that of the railway elevations at Coutts used the previous year.

When the monumenting was completed to Lodge Creek, triangulation, leveling, mapping, and establishing sites for intermediate

monuments on the parallel between original cairns were resumed and closely followed by the monumenting. By the end of the season the objective at original boundary cairn 290 (now Monument 478) on the west side of Frenchman Creek was reached.

The progress of the work throughout the season was very satisfactory. The most serious difficulty met with was the crossing of Milk River. The boundary crosses the stream, in the bottom of a deep canyon, five times in as many miles. The river was in flood, the banks were precipitous, and the bed of the stream a deep quicksand. At the first ford two days were spent in grading the banks and laying a brush mattress over the quicksand. Even after this preparation, several horses narrowly escaped drowning. After this experience the other crossings were avoided by grading a road along the hillside on the north side of the river.

Upon the termination of the field work, all of the party equipment was moved 200 miles eastward along the boundary to Marienthal, Saskatchewan, to be ready for the next season on the second section of the boundary assigned to Canadian parties. The party was in the field from early in May until November 10.

The party was constituted as follows: Chief of party, J. J. McArthur, D. L. S.; assistants, F. P. Steers, A. C. Young, J. L. Goodwin, J. M. Sheppard, W. B. Cole, G. S. Raley, O. R. Forsythe, J. M. Perrier, J. A. Snow, E. J. Linegar, and E. T. de Coeli; United States representative, F. D. Granger.

UNITED STATES PARTY

The United States party was organized and equipped at Browning, Montana, some 40 miles by wagon road south of the boundary, and moved to Galbreath's ranch adjoining the boundary about 5 miles east of St. Mary River.

While waiting for snow in the high mountains to melt and consequent high waters in the streams to recede, most of the necessary surveys were made between St. Mary River and the North Fork of Milk River. As the season advanced work was carried westward to the summit of the mountains. The results consisted of the recovery and identification of the original boundary cairns; the running of chords between the original cairns and the establishment of new or intermediate monument sites on the curve of the parallel as determined by offsets from the chords; the development of a scheme of triangulation for the determination of the geographic positions of the monuments and for the horizontal control of the topographic mapping; the running of levels for the vertical control of the mapping; the topographic mapping of the terrain adjacent to the boundary; the cutting of the boundary vista through timber from the summit of the Rocky Mountains for a distance of about 24 miles to the open prairie country; and the setting of the new boundary monuments. By the end of the season all of this had been completed to the North Fork of Milk River, a distance of about 50 miles.

The party was in the field from early in May until the middle of October. The personnel was as follows: Chiefs of party, E. C. Barnard and C. H. Sinclair; assistants, D. F. C. Moor, E. R. Martin, P. T. Bailey, R. V. Utter, J. S. Siebert, and C. W. Sterling; Canadian representative, M. F. Cochrane, D. L. S.

CHIEF MOUNTAIN, THE MOST EASTERLY PEAK OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS IN THE VICINITY OF THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY. IT MARKS AN ANGLE POINT OF THE EASTERN BOUNDARY OF GLACIER NATIONAL PARK

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SEASON OF 1910-FROM THE NORTH FORK OF MILK RIVER TO COUTTS, ALBERTA; FROM FRENCHMAN CREEK TO THE MIDDLE FORK OF POPLAR RIVER; AND FROM THE WEST BRANCH OF SHORT CREEK TO THE EAST SLOPE OF THE TURTLE MOUNTAINS During the season of 1910, field work was carried on by a Canadian party and by a United States party as in the previous year.

CANADIAN PARTY

The Canadian party operated on the second section of the boundary assigned to them, from the West Branch of Short Creek to the west bank of Red River. Work commenced at original mound 219 (now Monument 620) near the West Branch of Short Creek, and during the season was completed eastward about 138 miles to the eastern slope of the Turtle Mountains.

The work of the party, as in the two previous years, included: Recovery and identification of the old cairns and mounds; establishment of additional monument sites on the curve of the parallel between original marks; triangulation and level lines; topographic mapping; the setting of new monuments; and the cutting of a 20-foot boundary vista through the timbered areas of the Turtle Mountains for a distance of about 34 miles.

The survey was completed to original mound 170 (now Monument 718) and remonumenting was completed to original mound 172 (now Monument 714).

The Turtle Mountains comprise an irregular mass of hills rising approximately 500 feet above the surrounding prairie. This difference in altitude is sufficient to cause a precipitation greatly in excess of that of the surrounding country, and sufficient to support forest growth. The depressions among these well-wooded hills and ridges are occupied by numerous swamps and lakes. Throughout this section the original earth mounds marking the boundary were found hidden under a cover of briars, vines, and small saplings. In order to find the mounds it was frequently necessary to run a trial line ahead from the last known mound, cutting a narrow vista through the forest, and measuring the required distance. The difficulties of travel through the brush and timber and the necessity for cutting lines of sight and vista made the progress through this area very slow in comparison with that on the open prairie.

The party was in the field from May 8 to November 7.

The personnel for the season was as follows: Chief of party, J. J. McArthur, D. L. S.; assistants, F. P. Steers, J. M. Sheppard, G. S. Raley, W. B. Cole, E. T. de Coeli, E. J. Linegar, J. M. Perrier, and J. A. Snow; United States representative, F. D. Granger.

UNITED STATES PARTY

The United States party completed the field work begun by them in 1909 on the boundary from the summit of the Rocky Mountains to Coutts, Alberta, where a junction was made with the work previously carried eastward from that point by the Canadian party. The United States party then moved about 200 miles east to original cairn 290 (now Monument 478) on Frenchman Creek and began work on

the second section assigned to them. On this second section they completed the field work from original cairn 290 on Frenchman Creek to original mound 262 (now Monument 530) near the Middle Fork of Poplar River, a distance of about 80 miles.

In general, operations differed in no way from those of 1909, except that in this prairie country no vista had to be cut.

While in other seasons work had been interrupted by an excess of precipitation, in 1910 drouth was the cause of considerable delay. The exceptionally dry season, with only 26 percent of normal precipitation, made the country ready for prairie fires, always annoying and, at times, alarming. The first fire occurred while the party was yet on Frenchman Creek, and, coming from the east, endangered the main camp on Bluff Creek. The fire swept by the Bluff Creek camp, consuming everything in the vicinity. The camp was saved by the determined efforts of the teamsters with the loss of but two tents. Later in the season the work of triangulation was hampered by the smoke from a large fire 350 miles to the westward, and again by the smoke from the forest fire in the Rainy River country, which wiped out the towns of Baudette and Spooner, Minnesota, with a loss of 42 lives.

The prolonged drouth reduced the streams to a series of disconnected pools in which the water was strongly alkaline and unfit for drinking. Drinking water was obtained from holes dug near the pools. The water was thus improved by filtration through the soil, but it was still necessary to sterilize it by boiling.

The season lasted from May 26 to October 24.

The personnel of the United States party was as follows: Chiefs of party, E. C. Barnard and C. H. Sinclair; assistants, James H. Van Wagenen, E. R. Martin, C. W. Sterling, W. R. Winstead, J. S. Siebert, and R. K. Lynt; Canadian representative, T. H. G. Clunn, D. L. S.

FORDING THE SOURIS RIVER NEAR THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY. NOTE THE BAGS ON THE HORSES'

NOSES TO PROTECT THEM FROM THE VICIOUS "NOSE FLIES" OF THE PRAIRIES