Geographic positions of triangulation stations, land survey corners, and forest service lookouts, Georgia Strait to Lake of the Woods, supplementary to first-order scheme_ Geographic positions of triangulation stations, Georgia Strait to Lake of the Woods, ILLUSTRATIONS Vista and original boundary cairn 152 on west bank of the cast crossing of the Kootenai Frontispiece One of the earth mounds used to mark the International Boundary on the prairie in 1872-4 Original boundary cairn 61, erected in the survey of 1858-62, now replaced by Monument Page 31 31 36 37 43 Organization camp of the boundary survey at Gateway, Montana, 1903 50 Original boundary cairn 161 on the summit of the Rocky Mountains, now replaced by 54 The summit of the Rocky Mountains. The arrow points to boundary monument 272 in the saddle in the foreground - - - 54 A difficult climb to "Kintla" triangulation station, Rocky Mountains. Commissioner 55 Climbing to a triangulation station in the Rocky Mountains. 55 The boundary vista, looking east across the Flathead River valley. 57 Cathedral Peak, a bald granite summit of the Cascade Mountains, just south of the Glacier Peak, Cascade Mountains, a triangulation station 2 miles south of the International Boundary. A cedar log used as a bridge on the Skagit River. Tamihi Mountain, between Silesia and Middle Creeks, Cascade Mountains.. 82 84 A high peak of the Cascade Range used as a phototopographic station, 1 mile east of 85 86 A view of the summits of the Cascade Mountains, looking east across the valley of Silesia 88 94 Chief Mountain, the most easterly peak of the Rocky Mountains in the vicinity of the 95 X Fording the Souris River near the International Boundary. Note the bags on the horses' Observing from a boundary monument. Note special device for mounting the theodolite. A triangulation station tower on the Minnesota-Manitoba boundary A Boundary Commission survey camp on the prairie east of Red River, 1912. Page 97 98 99 100 101 102 A boundary line station on a cedar stump between Monuments 6 and 7- 105 109 110 A Boundary Commission survey camp in the Cascade Mountains during a summer snow storm. 111 The Peace Portal; on the International Boundary at the crossing of the Pacific Highway on the east shore of Boundary Bay 113 Original monument 53, now replaced by Monument 849, one of the cast-iron monuments 118 119 East Reference Monument, at the Northwesternmost Point of Lake of the Woods. Typical aluminum-bronze sectional monument used on the mountain sections of the boundary. Commissioner Ogilvie as a young surveyor in 1908____ 120 120 Monument 711-B, showing type of monument used in pairs to mark the boundary at important highway crossings. 121 Monuments 165-A and 165-B set one on each side of the highway crossing the boundary at Laurier, Washington 121 Monument 0 (zero) at high-water mark on the west shore of Point Roberts, Georgia 122 Monument 1, the granite monument erected on Point Roberts in 1861 122 Offshore range mark on the west side of Point Roberts. 123 Shore range mark, east side of Boundary Bay, and observing tower over Monument 5. 123 124 Type of monument used for Monument 19-A.. 124 Lions Clubs monument, No. 832-A, near Emerson, Manitoba 125 The boundary vista, looking east toward Monument 249, east of Gateway, Montana. 126 127 Topographic mapping with the plane table in the Cascade Mountains. 127 133 Old tripod at head of Northwest Angle Inlet erected by boundary survey of 1872-1876__ The boundary line east from Monument 31. The two vistas on the far ridge illustrate a great deflection of the line due to "station error" of latitude stations.. 141 212 MAPS, DRAWINGS, AND TRIANGULATION SKETCHES Figure 1. General type cast-iron monument_ 2. General type aluminum-bronze monument 3. General type concrete monument for highway crossings. 4. Special granite monument erected 1861 5. Special concrete monument with bronze post. 6. Shore range-mark tower.__. 7. Offshore range-mark tower. 8. Special concrete monument with bronze disk....... 9. Special concrete monument, inscription on base 116 116 116 116 116 117 117 117 117 Map of the vicinity of the Northwesternmost Point of Lake of the Woods. 10. Triangulation and traverse, first-order scheme, longitude 95°-98° to Northwest Angle Inlet. Page 138 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 INTRODUCTION The report herewith submitted covers the reestablishment and remonumenting of the International Boundary Line between the United States of America and the Dominion of Canada from the Gulf of Georgia (Georgia Strait) to the Northwesternmost Point of Lake of the Woods. It has been prepared in accordance with the requirements and provisions of articles VI and VII of the treaty concluded between the United States and Great Britain April 11, 1908. The report includes a complete account of the field and office work done by the Commissioners and a certified description and definition of this section of the boundary line. The boundary line, surveyed and marked and herein described and defined, is a reestablishment of parts of the International Boundary adopted under article II of the Convention of London of 1818, under article II of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842, and under article I of the treaty of 1846. It conforms with the articles of the above treaties except as modified by articles I and II of the treaty of 1925. The boundary begins at the eastern shore of Georgia Strait and follows the original astronomic determination of the parallel of 49° of north latitude to a point in Lake of the Woods, whence it runs north to the point in Northwest Angle Inlet of Lake of the Woods described in article I of the treaty of 1925.' The part of the line which follows the astronomic determination of the forty-ninth parallel is commonly called the 49th parallel land boundary and the north-and-south portion of it is generally referred to as the meridian boundary. Beginning at tidewater, the line crosses the main continental divide, and extends for nearly 1,300 miles inland to the heart of the continent. The country traversed varies greatly in physical features, climate, and vegetation and so, correspondingly, varies in natural and economic resources and accessibility. These variations have had effect on the settlement and occupancy of the adjacent territory and so upon the need and method of defining and marking the boundary itself. Historically as well as geographically the boundary from Georgia Strait to the Northwesternmost Point of Lake of the Woods is divided by the summit of the Rocky Mountains into two parts, which for convenience are referred to as "west of the summit of the Rocky Mountains" and "east of the summit of the Rocky Mountains." The lengths of these parts of the boundary are: 49th parallel land boundary west of the summit of the Rocky Mountains, 410.2 miles; 49th parallel boundary east of the summit of the Rocky Mountains, 860.0 miles; meridian boundary, 26.7 miles; a total of 1,296.9 miles. The border Provinces and States from west to east are the Provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba on the north and the States of Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, and Minnesota on the south. Treaty of 1925, p. 11; map, p. 138. |