ippe, and ending with the perjury and usurpation of Louis Napoleon, Garibaldi bore an important and sometimes a conspicuous and controlling part. His experience in South America was the best possible preparation for the kind of warfare suited to Italy. When the successful villany of Louis Napoleon had ruined the cause of Italian independence, Garibaldi was one of the hundreds of brave men who sought an asylum in the United States.

At midsummer, in 1850, he reached New York, where, of course, he was at once solicited to make an exhibition of himself, or, as we say, "accept an ovation." He modestly asked to be excused. Such an exhibition, he said, was not necessary, and could not help the cause; nor would the American people, he thought, esteem him the less because he veiled his sorrows in privacy. All he asked was to be allowed to earn his living by honest labor, and remain under the protection of the American flag until the time should come for renewing the attempt which treason had frustrated only for a time. From being a general in command of an army, Garibaldi became a Staten-Island candle-maker, and soon resumed his old calling of mariner. For three years he commanded vessels sailing from American ports, and made one voyage as far as Peru.

He had left his children at Nice in the care of his mother. Returning to New York from a voyage, he received the intelligence that his mother was no more, and that his children were without a protector. He was allowed to return to his native land. To the little property left by his parents he added a considerable sum earned in commerce here, and he was able to buy a farm in a small, rocky island - Caprera -on the coast of Sardinia. To this island (which is only five miles long and three wide) he removed his little family in 1856, and invited several other pardoned exiles to join him. Some of them accepting his invitation, they despatched a schooner to New York to bring to them the improved implements with which their residence in the United States had made them acquainted. This vessel, so precious to the little band, was lost, and the colony was broken up. Garibaldi, however, remained, and was resid

ing there, farming and fishing, when the war between Austria and Sardinia called him once more to the field.

Before he again saw Caprera, what wonderful events transpired! The bloody tyrant of Naples driven from his throne! Sicily delivered from oppression! Nine millions of subjects added to the dominions of a constitutional king, Victor Emanuel! All Italy one nation, excepting alone the dominions of the Pope and the province of Venetia! This was Garibaldi's work. It was the magic of his name, the fire of his patriotism, and his genius for command, that wrought these marvels.

The grateful king desired to bestow upon him some splendid reward; which Garibaldi firmly refusing, the king prepared for him a pleasing surprise at his rocky home. After an absence of nearly two years, Garibaldi returned to Caprera in November, 1860, to spend the winter in repose. When he approached his home, he saw no object that he could recognize. His rough and tangled farm had been changed, as if by enchantment, into elegant grounds, with roads, paths, lawns, gardens, shrubbery, and avenues. His cottage was gone, and in its place stood a villa, replete with every convenience within and without. As he walked from room to room, wondering what magician had worked this transformation, he observed a full-length portrait of King Victor Emanuel, which explained the mystery.

When last this great man spoke to his countrymen, this is what he said to them:

"The canker, the ruin of our Italy, has always been personal ambitions - and they are so still. It is personal ambitions which blind the Pope-king, and urge him to oppose this national movement, so great, so noble, so pure—yes, so pure - that it is unique in the history of the world. It is the Pope-king who retards the moment of the complete liberation of Italy. The only obstacle, the true obstacle, is this.

"I am a Christian, and I speak to Christians-I am a good Christian, and I speak to good Christians. I love and venerate the religion of Christ, because Christ came into the world to deliver humanity from slavery, for which God has not created it. But the Pope, who wishes all men to be slaves, who demands,

of the powerful of the earth, fetters and chains for Italians,the Pope-king does not know Christ: he lies to his religion.

Among the Indians two geniuses are recognized and adored, -that of good, and that of evil. Well, the Genius of Evil for Italy is the Pope-king. Let no one misunderstand my wordslet no one confound Popery with Christianity — the Religion of Liberty with the avaricious and sanguinary Politics of Slavery. "Repeat that. Repeat it. It is your duty.

"You who are here, tion of the citizenship,

you, the educated and cultivated poryou have the duty to educate the people. Educate them to be Christian-educate them to be Italian. Education gives liberty-education gives to the people the means and the power to secure and defend their own independence.

"On a strong and wholesome education of the people depend the liberty and greatness of Italy.

"Viva Victor Emanuel! Viva Italia! Viva Christianity!" These words were uttered in the streets of Naples in 1860, but they constituted part of the Garibaldi programme for 1866. The other part of it was Venetia.

NAPOLEON II.

AT eight o'clock on the morning of March 20th, 1811, the discharge of cannon announced to the people of Paris that an heir was born to the Emperor Napoleon. The emperor was then at the summit of his power and glory, and nothing seemed wanting to his happiness but an heir to the throne. His conduct on this occasion, so important to his ambition, does honor to his character as a man. When the surgeon came to him, after many anxious hours passed by the bedside of the empress, and said that he feared not to be able to save both lives, but that either the mother or the child must be sacrificed, the emperor said:

"Think only of the mother, and treat her as you would a tradesman's wife of St. Denis Street."

The child was born at length, and the mother was also saved. Napoleon himself announced the tidings to the crowd of courtiers in the palace, exclaiming, with joy and triumph in his countenance:

"It is a King of Rome!"

Most of the powers of Europe sent congratulations to him. Paris presented to the new king a cradle of crimson enamel, in the form of a boat, surrounded with allegorical figures, and covered with the richest ornaments.

Three years and nine days elapsed. The disastrous campaign of Russia, and the invasion of France by the Allies, had completed the ruin of the emperor, and word was brought to his wife that the enemy was approaching Paris. She left the capital with her infant son, never to enter it again; and never again did Napoleon see his wife or child. At Blois, where she remained some time, the news reached her that Napoleon had

abdicated, and was thenceforth to content himself with the sovereignty of Elba. A few days after, she proceeded to Vienna, the capital of her ancestors. She was allowed to retain the title of Empress, and three Italian duchies were assigned to her for her future possession and maintenance.

On Napoleon's return from Elba, he at once demanded his wife and son from the Emperor of Austria; but his letters were not answered, and, soon, his defeat at Waterloo and his surrender into the hands of the English separated the family forever. There were some attempts to claim the vacant throne of France for Napoleon's son ; but the allied sovereigns decided to restore the family of Bourbon, and gave the throne to Louis XVIII. Maria Louise entered into the possession of the States assigned her, and left her son at Vienna, under the care of his grandfather, the Emperor of Austria. It was fortunate for the young prince that his mother had not the direction of his education. Her conduct after her separation from her husband was far from exemplary.

"I have had to do in my life," said he, at St. Helena," with two women very different in character, Josephine, all art and grace; Maria Louise, all innocence and simple nature."

There was long a belief current in Europe that the son of Napoleon was ill-used at the Austrian court to such an extent as to cause his premature death. Nothing could be further from the truth. The emperor, Francis I., an amiable old man, became extravagantly fond of him, and, besides adopting him as an Austrian prince, with the title of Duke de Reichstadt, he gave him the best education possible in the circumstances. A touching conversation is related between the emperor and the prince. One day, while the boy was seated upon his grandfather's lap, he asked him:

"Grandfather, is it not true that when I lived at Paris I had pages?"

"Yes," replied the emperor, "I believe you had pages." "Is it not true, also," said the boy, "that they called me the King of Rome?"

"Yes," said the emperor.

"But, grandfather, what is it, then, to be King of Rome?"