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1. AFRICAN WILD-ASS (Equus asinus).

2. TRUE, OR MOUNTAIN ZEBRA (Equus zebra).

8. KIANG, OR ASIATIC WILD-ASS (Equus hemionus).

4. QUAGGA (Equus quagga); extinct.

5. MUSTANG OF SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES.

6. BURCHELL'S ZEBRA (Equus Burchelli).

Versailles, Peter the Great by Falconet in St. Petersburg. During the nineteenth century bronze equestrian statues were indefinitely multiplied to such an extent that few important cities in Europe or America are without one or more examples. According to statistics gathered in 1913 there are about 630 in the world, 89 of which are in the United States. Paris leads with 25, including the statue of Joan of Arc by Fremiet, Lafayette by Paul Bartlett, and Washington by Daniel Chester French and Potter. Berlin has 14, including Frederick the Great (for illustration see the Plate with article RAUCH) by Christian Rauch —one of the very finest of modern times-and William I by Reinhold Begas. Other prominent European examples are: Maximilian I by Thorvaldsen at Munich; the four equestrian statues of the Maria Theresa monument by Zumbusch; and Alexander III by Troubetskoy at St. Petersburg. Among the finest recent examples in England are Hugh Lupus by G. F. Watts (Chester) and the Duke of Wellington (in St. Paul's Cathedral) by Alfred Stevens.

The first equestrian statue in the United States was that of General Jackson in Washington, designed and cast by Clarke Mills in 1853 (replicas in Nashville and New Orleans); the second was the well-known "Washington" by H. K. Brown in New York-still one of the most notable in the country. There is an especially large number at Washington (12 in 1913), including General Thomas by J. Q. A. Ward, General McClellan by MacMonnies, and General Sheridan by Gutzon Borglum; an equal number in Philadelphia, particularly in connection with the Richard Smith Memorial, Fairmount Park. Boston also possesses several good examples, including those of Washington by Thomas Ball, Colonel Shaw by Saint-Gaudens, and General Hooker by D. C. French and E. C. Potter; Chicago also has good examples. Among other notable equestrian statues in the United States are those of General Sherman by Saint-Gaudens in New York, General Slocum by MacMonnies in Brooklyn, N. Y., Robert E. Lee by Mercier in Richmond, Va., and the Volunteer Monument by Douglas Tilden in San Francisco. Some of the battlefields of the Civil War, particularly Gettysburg, have been transformed into parks and contain a number of equestrian statues. Consult Quimby, The Equestrian Monuments of the World (New York, 1903).

E'QUIAN'GULAR (from Lat. æquus, equal + angulus, angle). A figure is said to be equiangular if all of its angles are equal, as is the case with the angles of a square or a regular polygon. Triangles which are mutually equiangular are called similar; but other mutually equiangular polygons are not similar unless their corresponding sides are proportional. (See SIMILARITY.) A polyhedron is equiangular when all its polyhedral angles are equal, as is the case with the angles of a cube. A spiral (q.v.) is called equiangular when the angle included between any radius vector and the tangent at its extremity is the same in all cases. This is the characteristic property of the logarithmic spiral.

EQ'UIDE (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from equus, horse), or SOLIDUNGULA. The horses, a family of hoofed mammals of the suborder Perissodactyla, containing only a small number of species, which so nearly resemble each other that most zoologists agree in referring them to VOL. VIII.-4

one genus, Equus, though some have put the asses in the separate genus Asinus. They are distinguished from other quadrupeds by the concentration of the foot and toes, or the extraordinary development of the middle toe, which thus carries the whole weight and is incased in a bootlike hoof. There are, however, two small protuberances ("splint" bones) on each side of both the metacarpal and metatarsal, or "cannon" bones, which represent the former existence of other toes. The Equidae have six incisors in each jaw, and six molars on each side in each jaw; the males have also two small canine teeth in the upper jaw, sometimes in both jaws, which are almost always wanting in the females. The molars of the Equidae have square crowns, and are marked by the lamina of enamel with ridges forming four crescents. The wearing down of these develops different patterns at different ages, by the examination of which, in the incisors, a person may determine with considerable accuracy the age of a horse. (See Plate illustrating this under HORSE.) There is a wide space between the canine teeth and the molars. The stomach of the Equidæ is simple, but the intestines are long, and the cæcum extremely large; the digestive organs thus exhibiting an adaptation, very different from those of the ruminants, to the same kind of not easily assimilated food. Another distinctive peculiarity of the Equide is that the females have two teats situated on the pubes, between the thighs. Equidae are now found in a truly wild state only in Asia and Africa. Fossil remains exist in the newer geological formations in great abundance in many parts of both the Old World and the New; and the whole evolutionary history of the Equidae has been admirably worked out. (See HORSE, FOSSIL.) The horse and the ass are by far the most important species of this family. The quagga is extinct. The zebra seems incapable of useful domestication. Some attempts have been made, however, to cross zebras with horses in the hope that the hybrid might be able to withstand the attacks of the tsetse fly (q.v.) in South Africa; but though the hybrids are easily obtained and seem hardy, they cannot survive the bites of that terrible scourge. See Ass; HORSE; MULE; QUAGGA; ZEBRA.

The

E'QUILIBRIUM, MECHANICAL (Lat. æquilibrium, level position, from æquus, equal + libra, balance). The condition of a body or of a system of bodies when there is no change in its motion; i.e., there is no acceleration of any kind, either of translation or of rotation. The mathematical conditions are, therefore, that the resultant force in any direction is zero, and that the resultant moment of the forces around any axis is zero. Equilibrium is called stable, unstable, or neutral, depending upon the consequence of giving the body or system of bodies a small impulse; if the change which results from this impulse is decreased by the forces called into action by the motion, the equilibrium is stable; if it increases, the equilibrium is unstable; if it remains unchanged, it is neutral. Thus, a body suspended at rest by a string is in stable equilibrium; a knife balanced on its point is in unstable equilibrium; a sphere lying on a smooth horizontal table is in neutral equilibrium. The use of the word "equilibrium" is extended also so as to include the condition of no apparent change in many other cases. A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapor if there is no

longer any apparent evaporation or condensation. Thermal equilibrium is the condition when there is no longer any change in temperature. See MECHANICS.

E'QUIMULTIPLE. See MULTIPLE.

EQUINE ANTELOPE. A book name for either the roan or the sable antelope (qq.v.). See BLAUBOK, and Plate of ANTELOPES.

EQUIN'IA. See GLANDERS.

E'QUINOC'TIAL (Lat. æquinoctialis, from æquinoctium, equinox, from æquus, equal + nox, night). The celestial equator. (See EQUATOR, CELESTIAL.) The equinoctial points are those in which the equinoctial and the ecliptic intersect. See ECLIPTIC.

EQUINOCTIAL STORM, or GALE. For at least 300 years past, whenever a severe storm occurs on the Atlantic coast of North America or Great Britain at the season of the equinox, either autumnal or vernal, it has been spoken of as "the equinoctial storm" or gale, and there has sprung up a popular belief that such a severe storm is due at or near the date of the equinox. The fact is, however, that the stormy season of the year over the North Atlantic begins with August and continues with increasing severity until March or April, and there is no special day or period more likely than another to be stormy. Of course numerous severe storms are recorded near these dates, such as those of Sept. 20, 1676; Oct. 20, 1770; Sept. 23, 1815; Oct. 2, 1841; Oct. 7, 1849, and Sept. 8, 1869, all of them along the American coast; but it will be noticed that these dates have no close connection with the equinoctial date September 22-and there are not more than a dozen such in the course of 200 years. The equinoctial storm is therefore simply a name given to the heaviest storm that happens to occur within a few weeks of the date of the equinox. statistical details, consult: Quarterly Journal Royal Meteorological Society (London, 1884); United States Monthly Weather Review (Washington, 1891-1914); Loomis, Treatise on Meteorology (New York, 1871, last ed. 1883).

For

E'QUINOX'ES. Sometimes the equinoctial points (see EQUINOCTIAL) are called the equinoxes. More commonly, by the equinoxes are meant the times when the sun passes those points, viz., March 21 and September 22, the former being called the vernal or spring equinox, and the latter the autumnal. When the sun is in the equinoxes, the days and nights are of equal length all over the world. At the vernal equinox the sun is passing from south to north, and in the Northern Hemisphere the days are lengthening; at the autumnal, he is passing from north to south, and the days are shortening. As the earth moves more rapidly when near the sun, or in winter, the sun's apparent motion is not uniform, and it happens that he takes longer to pass from the vernal to the autumnal equinox than from the latter to the former. The equinoctial points are not stationary, on account of precession (q.v.). See ECLIPTIC.

E'QUIPOL'LENT (Lat. æquipollens, from æquus, equal + pollere, to have power). A term which, applied to lines, signifies equal in length and parallel in direction. There is a special geometry of such lines called the geometry of equipollence. This term was used in algebra by Chuquet (1484) to designate equivalent expressions.

EQUISETA CEÆ AND EQUISETAʼLES. See EQUISETUM.

EQ'UISE'TUM (Neo-Lat., from Lat. equisatum, equisætis, equiseta, from equus, horse + sata, bristle), HORSE-TAIL RUSH, or SCOURING RUSH. The only living genus of the order Equisetales. This order is one of the great divisions of the Pteridophytes, the most conspicuous of the other orders being the ferns (Filicales) and the club mosses (Lycopodiales). The genus Equisetum is represented in the living flora by about 25 species, which are the lingering remnants of an extensive display that was a conspicuous feature of the flora of the Carboniferous and Mesozoic. The living forms are mostly small and inconspicuous, but they are very characteristic in appearance. The stem is slender and conspicuously jointed, the joints separating easily; it is also grooved and fluted by small longitudinal ridges, and there is such an abundant deposit of silica in the epidermis that the plants feel rough. At each joint there is a sheath of minute leaves, the individual leaves sometimes being indicated only by minute teeth. Since these leaves contain no chlorophyll and evidently do not function as foliage leaves, the chlorophyll work is carried on by the green stem, which is either simple or profusely branched.

One of the distinguishing features of the group is that they have distinct, spore-bearing leaves (sporophylls), and that these are arranged so as to form a conelike cluster, or strobilus. Each sporophyll in the strobilus consists of a stalklike portion bearing a peltate expansion. Beneath this shieldlike expansion hang the spore cases (sporangia), usually ranging from 5 to 10 in number. The spores produced are all alike, so that the group is not one of those in which heterospory (q.v.) occurs at present, although it is suspected that some of the ancient members of the group were heterosporous. The spores have a very interesting structure. In addition to the two coats common to spores, there is a third outer one consisting of two intersecting spiral bands which are attached to the spore only at their point of intersection. On drying, the spiral bands loosen and become uncoiled, and when moistened they close again around the spore. By means of these movements they serve to hook together the spores, and in this way the close proximity of germinating spores is secured. The significance of this proximity lies in the fact that the sexual plants (gametophytes) which the spores produce are unisexual-i.e., one plant produces the male organs (antheridia), and another produces the female organs (archegonia), a condition called diæcism (q.v.).

Fossil Forms. Fossil remains of Equisetales are found abundantly throughout the Paleozoic and Mesozoic of all countries. During the Paleozoic, in both the Devonian and Carboniferous, there occurred a great plexus of Equisetum-like forms, the whole assemblage being known in general as the Calamites. These forms are known mostly from pith casts, and all of them show the peculiar habit of Equisetum, with its jointed and fluted stem and whorled leaves. Among this plexus of forms the ancestors of Equisetum occur. An interesting feature of many of the Paleozoic Equisetales is that the leaves were large and functional, so that the Equisetums of to-day represent forms whose leaves have lost their ordinary function. There are also numerous detached cones (strobili) belonging to the Equisetales. Many of the Paleozoic forms were

huge trees, sometimes reaching a height of at least 100 feet, the Calamites thus representing a conspicuous feature of the forest vegetation of the Paleozoic. During the Mesozoic the order was also well represented by forms intermediate between the Paleozoic Calamites and the modern Equisetum. For illustration, see Plate of PTERIDOPHYTES. Consult: Solms-Laubach, Fossil Botany (Oxford, 1891); Zittel, Schimper, and Barrois, "Traité de paléontologie," part ii, Paléophytologie (Paris, Munich, and Leipzig, 1891); Scott, Studies in Fossil Botany (London, 1909).

EQUITABLE ASSETS. Property of a debtor or decedent which cannot be reached by legal process, but which will be applied by equity to the payment of debts. Originally only property held by the debtor or his personal representative by a legal title was applicable to this purpose, and in the earliest period of our legal history the rights of creditors were confined to the personal property so held. Subsequently a testator might, by charging his real estate with the payment of his debts, or by directing his executor to sell his lands for that purpose, render such property liable in equity to the claims of his creditors. This did not have the effect of merging them in his general assets and of subjecting them to legal process; but it made them equitable assets, subject to the order of the Court of Chancery. This distinction has now been swept away in England and in the United States by statute. See DECE

DENT.

The expression "equitable assets" is now applied to any equitable property rights of a debtor which can be reached by creditors only by a proceeding in equity. Most equitable interests though there are some important exceptions have been subjected by statute to the claims of creditors; but it is manifest that such an interest-as the rights of a beneficiary of a trust, e.g. cannot be reached by the ordinary legal process of an execution or attachment. The creditor has resort, therefore, to a proceeding in equity known as a "creditor's bill." In a few American jurisdictions a statutory process has been devised for enforcing creditors' rights against either or both forms of property without distinction. See ASSETS; EQUITY; EQUITABLE ESTATE.

EQUITABLE ASSIGNMENT. A transfer of the beneficial interest in property, real or personal, or of a claim or demand, the legal title to which remains vested in the transferror. It is effected by any transaction, as a defective legal assignment or even a mere agreement, whereby the owner of such property seeks to assign his interest therein to another, and it may operate even to vest in another the substantial control over property which is not assignable under the technical rules of the common law. The equitable mortgage (q.v.) is an illustration of the former, and the transfer of a right of action is a characteristic example of the latter.

A formal deed is necessary to the creation or legal transfer of an interest in land, and in the absence of a bill of sale a delivery of a chattel is requisite to vest the title thereto in the transferee; but the courts of equity will protect the interests of such a grantee who has parted with a valuable consideration in reliance upon it, even where the strict legal formalities have been omitted. This it does by compelling

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the execution of a valid conveyance or by vesting in the grantee the rights of an owner. the same way the attempted transfer of property not at the time in existence, or not yet acquired by the vendor or mortgagor, is regarded in equity as a valid assignment of the transferror's future interest therein, which becomes complete upon his subsequent acquisition of the title. See ESTOPPEL.

Equity will also interfere to protect the assignee of a chose in action (q.v.) and permit him to prosecute the action for his own benefit, but in the name of his assignor, who at common law was still considered the owner of the claim and the rightful party in interest. This awkward device for securing the assignability of rights of action is still employed in many of the United States, though it has in others been rendered unnecessary by statutory provisions rendering such rights freely assignable at law. An equitable assignee takes the assigned property as it is, subject to all claims, set-offs, or liens, whether legal or equitable, to which it is subject at the time of the transfer. See EQUITY; EQUITABLE ESTATE.

EQUITABLE DEFENSE. A defense in an action or legal proceeding which is cognizable by a court of equity, as distinguished from a court of law. Thus, in an action on a promissory note, the defense of want of consideration is a legal defense, as tending to relieve the maker thereof from his liability on the contract; but the defense of fraud, being an allegation of extraneous matter, did not affect the legal liability, but was an equitable defense and involved an appeal to equity jurisdiction. Under the old practice, by which the limits of common-law and equity jurisdiction were strictly defined, equitable defenses were not available in a court of common law. As early as 1854 in England it was enacted that such defenses might in many cases be pleaded in a court of common law, and such pleading did not debar the defendant from afterward applying for appropriate relief to a court of equity. The same permission is given by the codes and procedure acts in most of the American States. With very few exceptions, what were formerly equitable defenses may now be put forward, both in the United States and in England, in the same action and simultaneously with strictly legal defenses. See EQUITY; PROCEDURE.

EQUITABLE EASEMENT. A right to control or restrict another, by injunction or other equitable process, in the lawful use of his land. This right arises under a variety of circumstances, but usually where the owner of a parcel of land enters into a restrictive covenant as to his use thereof with a neighbor-as that he will not build within a certain distance of the street line; that he will not maintain a stable, a tavern, or other objectionable occupation thereon. Such a covenant is enforceable at law against the maker of it; but as no burden can be imposed upon land by covenant, and as such a restriction cannot, however created, be recog nized as a legal easement, it becomes inoperative as soon as the land is conveyed away by the covenantor to a stranger. If, however, the covenantor bound his heirs and assigns, as well as himself, to the performance of the agreement, the courts of equity will restrain a violation of it, not only by the covenantor himself, but by his heir, his devisee, or grantee without consideration, and by any assign who takes the land

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