In

To

suet said that the position was a proper reward for merit that took the greatest pains to conceal itself. In this position Fénelon showed himself a great practical educator. While imparting the most varied knowledge, he knew how to prepare the mind and heart of his pupil for the great responsibility that was to be his as the destined ruler of France. He impressed upon him the great principles of truth and justice and the vanity of earthly glory, power, and happiness that are not accompanied by a sense of duty well done. order to fulfill these lofty purposes to his satisfaction, Fénelon found himself under the necessity of composing his own textbooks. this we owe many works still popular in educational use -the Fables, the Dialogues des morts, Abrégé des vies des anciens philosophes, and the preliminary sketch, at least, of Télémaque. There was also a translation of the Eneid of Vergil, and a Vie de Charlemagne, but unfortunately the first is lost, and the manuscript of the second was destroyed by fire at the burning of the archiepiscopal palace of Cambray in 1697. It was later charged that he had succeeded only too well, and made the Duke religious at the expense of manly vigor. In 1694 he was given the abbacy of Saint-Valéry in the diocese of Amiens and in the following year the archbishopric of Cambray. He accepted the archbishopric only on the condition that he should be allowed to live at his see the nine months of each year required by the canons, and that not even his duties as preceptor royal should interfere with this requirement. During his preceptorship he became acquainted with Madame Guyon (q.v.), a pious widow who was wont to give spiritual conferences to ladies of rank and who had written a Short and Easy Method of Prayer, a commentary on certain parts of the Bible, and several other mystical works in which she expounded her views regarding the inner life. Not long before the writings of Miguel de Molinos, the founder of the Quietists, had been condemned as heretical. (See QUIETISM; MOLINOS.) Molinos taught that perfect contemplation of God is a state wherein one neither reasons nor reflects, but passively receives the impression of heavenly light. In this mental inaction a soul neither fears hell nor desires salvation. The practice of the virtues of faith, hope, and love becomes unnecessary in this state, which Molinos called "quiet." Madame Guyon was not a professed follower of Molinos, but she favored his spiritual doctrine at least to the extent of teaching that in the state of perfect contemplation the soul resigns itself so entirely to the will of God as to care not whether it is to be damned or saved. She professed readiness to submit to the decision of the church, but her teaching was regarded as dangerous. Bossuet, with characteristic acumen, recognized the danger, but, with what cannot but be considered now as intemperate zeal, harshly condemned where gentle persuasion might have sufficed. From this time on, Bossuet and Fénelon were antagonists. Fénelon, convinced of the uprightness of Madame Guyon and her good intentions, defended her. In a book written during the controversy, called Maximes des saints, he showed the influence of Madame Guyon's teaching. After considerable delay 23 propositions from the maxims were condemned by the Pope, who rebuked the lack of modera

tion of some of Fénelon's opponents by adding, "He has erred through excess of Divine love, but you have erred through lack of love for your neighbor." Fénelon announced his condemnation to his own people at once and expressed his full submission. He seemed happy to give an example of docility and humility to his flock. Afterward he presented a golden ostensorium to his cathedral on which appeared the figure of the angel of Truth trampling on forbidden books. One of the titles in evidence was Maximes des saints. After this unfortunate episode Fénelon, who had been banished from the court, devoted himself entirely to the care of his diocese. The fame of his benevolence and enlightened charity spread far and wide. When the region about Cambray was invaded by the armies of Marlborough and Prince Eugène, those commanders gave strict orders to respect the estates of Fénelon, and in a time of great scarcity Marlborough provided a guard to protect the Archbishop's granaries. Notwithstanding these precautions, his valuable library was burned. In it were some of his precious manuscripts not yet given to the printer. Fénelon's only remark was, "I would much rather that this were destroyed than the cottage of some poor peasant." Fénelon fell into disgrace at court by reason of his Télémaque, which was regarded as a masked satire upon the King and his policies. The work had been printed from a copy surreptitiously obtained by the Archbishop's servant. Critics freely pointed out the characters presumably satirized. Sesostris was supposed to represent the Grand Monarch himself; Calypso, Madame de Montespan; Protesilaus, Louvois; and Eucharis, Mademoiselle de Fontanges. As Louis XIV fell into decline, there were hopes that Fénelon would be the Minister of the Duke of Burgundy when he should follow his grandfather to the throne. Fénelon even sketched a complete scheme of political reform, which he sent to the Duke, who still retained, in spite of the King's adverse influence and continued hostility, all his pristine affection for his former preceptor. Fénelon's political maxims were far in advance of the time. These hopes were disappointed by the premature death of the Duke in 1712. Fénelon survived him only until Jan. 7, 1715, dying in sentiments of the greatest piety and resignation to the Divine Will. Consult his works (23 vols., Paris, 1820-30) and his letters (11 vols., ib., 1827-29); Lettres et opuscules inédits (ib., 1850); selections from his letters have been published in English (New York, 1906, 1910); Bausset, Vie de Fénelon (3 vols., Paris, 1808); Crauslé, Fénelon et Bossuet (ib., 1895), in favor of the latter; Sanders, Fénelon: His Friends and his Enemies (London, 1901); Viscount Saint-Cyres, François de Fénelon (ib., 1901); Duclaux, French Ideal: Pascal, Fénelon, and Other Essays (New York, 1911).

FÉNELON, FRANÇOIS DE SALIGNAC DE LA MoTHE (1641-79). A French missionary in America, a half-brother of the great Fénelon. He entered the Order of Saint-Sulpice in 1664, and in 1666, when there came a request from Bishop Laval at Quebec for volunteer missionaries in the New World, Fénelon was one of the first to respond, and became an ardent and devoted missionary. In 1668 he established a Sulpician mission among the Cayugas on the Bay of Quinté on the north shore of Lake Ontario. On Easter Sunday, 1674, Fénelon preached

a sermon at Montreal in which, in describing the ideal chief magistrate, he made a covert attack on Frontenac. The Sulpicians disclaimed responsibility for the sermon, but, the question of the privileges of their order being raised they defended him. Fénelon was summoned to appear before the council at Quebec, which hesitated to act, but Fénelon returned to France and was commanded by the King not to return to Canada. Consult Parkman, Count Frontenac and New France (Boston, 1877).

FEN ELON FALLS. A town of Victoria Co., Ontario, Canada, on the Grand Trunk Rail way, 16 miles north of Lindsay, between Cameron and Sturgeon lakes (Map: Ontario, F 4). Its name is associated with a picturesque waterfall 20 feet high and 300 feet wide. The manufacturing industries include flour mills, a saw and shingle mill, planing mills, boat building, and a woolen mill. The town owns its electriclight and power plants. It is a summer resort. Pop., 1901, 1132; 1911, 1053.

A

FEN ESTELLA (Lat., little window). fossil polyzoan found in rocks of Ordovician to Permian age and especially abundant in those of the Devonian and Lower Carboniferous series. The fragile colonies formed by the animals are fan-shaped or funnel-form, and when examined with a lens are seen to consist of radial branches that diverge from a common rootstock and that bear on their inner surfaces the minute cells in which lived the individual animals. These radial branches are joined by frequent horizontal threads that give rigidity to the network. See POLYZOA.

FENESTELLA (c.51 B.C.-19 A.D.). A Roman historian. He wrote a work of 22 books, entitled Annales, from which Plutarch derived some material for his Lives of distinguished Romans, and which was used as an authority by Asconius Pedianus in his commentaries on Cicero's orations, as well as by Pliny the Elder, Gellius, and Lactantius. The few fragments preserved relate almost exclusively to events subsequent to the Carthaginian wars. It is certain that it included the greater part of Cicero's career. There was much information on antiquarian matters. The De Sacerdotiis et Magistratibus Romanorum, which was formerly attributed to Fenestella, was the work of Fiocchi, a Florentine who lived during the fourteenth century. The fragments of the Annales are collected in Peter's Historicorum Romanorum Fragmenta (Leipzig, 1883). Consult: Mercklin, De Fenestella Historico et Poeta (Dorpat, 1844); Poeth, De Fenestella Historia. rum Scriptore (Bonn, 1849); Peter, Histori corum Romanorum Relliquiæ, vol. ii (Leipzig, 1906).

FEN ESTRATION. The arrangement, spac ing, and proportioning of the windows, doors, and openings generally in the design of a building.

The openings, of whatever character, are called the voids, as distinguished from the solids of walls and piers. Upon the fenestration depends in large measure the style and character of an architectural design, especially in its exterior aspect. In the warm southern climes the openings are relatively small and widely spaced; in cooler regions they are large and more closely spaced. Massive walls with infrequent openings produce an impression of dignity and solidity; greater richness is possible with larger openings and lighter masonry: compare the smiling palaces of Venice, with their

grouped windows, with the sober and austere Strozzi Palace at Florence. Certain styles employ particular types of fenestration, as is exemplified by the pointed-arched, traceried windows of the Gothic styles, the round-arched openings of the Romanesque, Roman, Byzantine, and Renaissance styles, the horseshoe arches of the Moorish styles, and the four-centred arches of Persia. The Roman and Renaissance styles also used the rectangular form, framed in an architrave (q.v.) and often capped with a cornice or pediment. In monumental design generally, the openings are superposed

"void over void, solid over solid"-and symmetrically spaced with reference to a central opening on the axis or median line of a façade; but in less formal and more picturesque design, as in country houses, this rule is not necessarily followed. See WINDOW; ARCHI

TECTURE.

FENGHUANG (fung'hwäng') CHENG. A town of southern Manchuria about 45 miles northwest of Antung. Here the Japanese repulsed a Chinese assault Dec. 13-14, 1894. The town was occupied by the Japanese under Kuroki, May 6, 1904, in the pursuit of the Rus sians after the battle of the Yalu. See RussoJAPANESE WAR.

FE'NIAN SOCIETY. A political associa tion of Irish and Irish-Americans, the object of which was the emancipation of Ireland from British rule and the establishment of a repub lic. It has been said that the movement origi nated in America and was transplanted to Ire land; but, as a matter of fact, the plans for both the Irish and American organizations were drawn in Paris by a small group of the Irish revolutionary exiles of 1848.

The Irish Society was organized by the efforts of James Stephens, who in 1853 traveled through Ireland and organized the small centres of disaffection into a powerful conspiracy. It was necessarily secret, and known as the Irish Revolutionary Brotherhood (popularly called I. R. B.). Its aim was to convert the people of Ireland into a soldiery capable of resisting the British army. Stephens himself was the absolute military head, known as chief organizer (C. O.). He was assisted by four executive officers (one for each Irish province), known as "V's" (vice organizers) and chosen by himself. The "V's" selected "A's" (colonels), who in turn selected "B's" (captains) to choose and drill the "C's" (privates), who were all able-bodied men capable of bearing arms. The political programme of the Brotherhood contemplated the establishment of an inde pendent republic based on universal suffrage and peasant proprietorship of the land. possessions of hostile landlords were to be confiscated, and optional purchase was to be made at fair prices in other cases. Church property was to be confiscated, and the clergy were to be paid by the state. All religions were to be alike before the law.

The

The American society was organized at the same time by John O'Mahoney, according to the arrangements made in Paris, but did not obtain a really good footing until the arrival of Stephens in 1858. Its principal object was to supply money and arms to the Irish branch. In America the ability to bear arms was not a necessary qualification for membership. At the head was O'Mahoney, called the head centre, who appointed his own central treasurer,

assistant treasurer, and central secretaries. He also commissioned State centres, on the recommendation of delegates from circles. The State centres commissioned district centres, who in their turn organized circles (local associations). The membership dues were nominal, but the society received large sums as voluntary contributions. The Fenian convention, which met in Chicago in October, 1863, made the constitution of the society more democratic by making the office of head centre elective. The growth of the Fenian Society was very rapid. The American branch quickly spread into Canada, and the Irish branch into western England and Scotland. The funeral of Terence McManus, an exile of 1848, who died in San Francisco, gave occasion for demonstrations of mourning in America and Ireland which greatly increased the number of Fenians. Two newspapers, the Phoenix in New York and the Irish People in Dublin, were the official organs of the society. The effort of the Fenians to win over Irish soldiers in the British army is claimed to have been successful, but this is denied. Being a secret society in Ireland, it necessarily fell under the ban of the Catholic hierarchy, although the lower clergy sympathized with and in some cases participated in the movement. In America the clergy were divided in sentiment.

The Civil War in the United States gave the Fenians a great opportunity to obtain military training. A large part of the Irish soldiers engaged on both sides in the struggle were Fenians, and at the end of the war there was a formidable number of trained soldiers ready to fight for Ireland. It was believed in Irish circles that a definite understanding existed between the Federal government and the head centre to the effect that after the war in America was ended the Fenians should receive material assistance. When the American officers went to Ireland to assist in drilling and leading the expected recruits, they found the organization not sufficiently advanced for active military measures.

Meanwhile the British government had kept itself informed of the movement by the aid of informers and spies. In 1865-66 it suppressed the Irish People, suspended the habeas corpus act, and caused several leaders of the Brotherhood to be sentenced to terms of penal servitude. Stephens escaped from prison and fled to America, where he was joyfully received by the American branch and made head centre. But the failure of the rising in Ireland and the uncertain fate of the Irish-Americans who were confined in British prisons caused dissensions, and he was deposed. At a convention held in Cincinnati, in September, 1865, William R. Roberts was chosen to succeed Stephens, a constitution similar to that of the United States was adopted for the projected Irish Republic, and preparations were begun for the invasion of Canada. A proposed expedition of 10,000 men resulted in 500 men crossing the Canadian border from New York and Vermont in 1866. They defeated the Canadian militia, but had to return to the United States on account of the failure of the organization to provide them with reinforcements and supplies. Their leaders were arrested by the American authorities. A daring attempt to seize the arms and ammunition stored in Chester Castle and convey them by ship to Ireland was thwarted in 1867. The general uprising in Ireland which VOL. VIII.-30

was to follow the seizure was suppressed at every point. The rescue of two leaders by a band of Manchester Fenians resulted in the death of a police officer, for which three of the rescuers were hanged. The demolition of the wall of Clerkenwell prison and various Fenian threats threw the British authorities into a state of great alarm. Another attempt to raid Canada was suppressed by the United States government in 1871. This was the last effort of the Fenians.

The cause of the repeated failures of the Fenians is to be found in the fact that they had no real leaders. Stephens was a model organizer, but not a man of action. O'Mahoney was loyal to the order, but not a man of ability. There were endless dissensions among the leaders in both countries, besides much corruption, especially in the American branch. The dual organization in Ireland and America prevented harmony of action. But although they failed in their immediate object, their attempted uprising tended to convince English statesmen that it would be better to grant proposed reforms in Ireland than to be constantly engaged in suppressing revolts.

The

The name has been the subject of much discussion. O'Mahoney, who was a student of Old Irish lore, gave the name Fenian to the society. This name he derived from Fionna Eirinn, an ancient military organization which existed in Ireland, taking its name from Finn, the celebrated hero of Irish legend. Officially the name "Fenian" applied to the American branch only, but in the mind of the public it became connected with the entire movement. At first the Irish branch was popularly known as the Phoenix Society, owing to the aid Stephens received from the Phoenix Club, especially in counties Kerry and Cork. This club was suppressed by the government in 1858. real name of the Irish branch was, as before stated, the Irish Revolutionary Brotherhood. Consult J. Gibbons, Proceedings of the First National Fenian Convention Held at Chicago, 1863 (Philadelphia, 1863), and The Government Proceedings against Fenianism (London, 1865). The most detailed account of the movement is J. Rutherford, Secret History of the Fenian Conspiracy (2 vols., London, 1877), partisan English; A. M. Sullivan, New Ireland (Philadelphia, 1878), chaps. xvii-xxv, is partisan Irish, as is J. Savage, Fenian Martyrs and Heroes (Boston, 1864), the author of which was himself a Fenian. A good brief account of the movement, Irish in sympathy, is to be found in Justin McCarthy, Ireland since the Union (London, 1877), chaps. xiv-xvii. Macdonald, Troublous Times in Canada (Toronto, 1910), is the best account of the Fenian operations against Canada.

FENIN, fe-naN', PIERRE DE (?-1506). A French chronicler, born in Artois. His chronicle was for a long time attributed to his father, another Pierre, who died in 1433. It consists of an account of the rivalry between the Armagnacs and the Bourguignons, from the murder of the Duke of Orléans (1407) to 1427. The second part is not in the old editions. It describes the first five years of the reign of Charles VII. The best modern edition of the Mémoires de Fenin is that by Mademoiselle Dupont (1837).

FENN, GEORGE MANVILLE (1831-1909). An English journalist and author, born at West

minster. He was early a contributor to Chambers' Journal, the Star, and Once a Week; be came editor of Cassell's Magazine in 1870, and proprietor of Once a Week in 1873. He made himself known as the writer of a very extensive list of boys' stories, which have been cir. culated in many countries and have proved quite as popular in the United States as in Eng. land. Among these may be named: Fix Bay'nets (1899); Charge: A Story of Briton and Boer (1900); Stan Lynn: A Boy's Adventures in China (1902). In 1887 he produced a play, The Barrister, and in 1888 another, The Bal loon. His publications include also several novels, such as A Crimson Crime (1899) and The Cankerworm (1901).

FENN, HARRY (1838-1911). An American illustrator and aquarellist, born in Richmond (Surrey). He removed to the United States in 1857, lived there continuously after the early eighties, and was one of the founders of the American Water Color Society, where he exhib ited annually. He was an able draftsman and was the suggester and chief illustrator of the publication Picturesque America (1872-74), which was epoch-making in the history of black and white illustration. He also contributed to Picturesque Europe, Picturesque Palestine, and Egypt and Sinai; furnished the well-known illustrations for Whittier's Snow-Bound, and worked for the leading magazines, especially Harper's and the Century. His drawings are spirited, of exquisite finish, and reveal delicate qualities of perception and feeling for nature. He was a lecturer on Oriental subjects, and received a gold medal at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893.

He

FENN, WILLIAM WALLACE (1862- ). An American theologian, born in Boston. graduated from Harvard University in 1884 (A.M.; S.T.B., 1887), and, entering the ministry of the Unitarian church, he held pastorates in Pittsfield, Mass. (1887-91) and Chicago (1891-1901). He was also lecturer on biblical literature at the Meadville Theological School (1892-1901, 1905-07) and preacher to Harvard (1896-98, 1902-05), and he became professor of systematic theology in Harvard Divinity School (1901) and dean (1906). He is author of Lessons on Luke (1890); Lessons on Acts (1894); The Flowering of the Hebrew Religion (1894); Lessons on Psalms (1900).

FEN'NEC (from Ar. fanaka, to remain in a place), or ZERDA. The smallest of the canine tribe a pretty little foxlike animal (Canis, or Fennecus, zerda) of the Sahara. It is about 15 inches long, besides the tail, which is nearly 7 inches in length and bushy like that of a fox. The general color is pale rufous cream, harmonizing with the desert sands; the breast, inside of the ears, and eyelids are white, and the tail is tipped with black. The erect ears are of enormous size each as large as the face, giving a quaint air of intense alertness to the graceful little creature. It digs with remarkable speed a burrow in the sand, often escaping pursuit by fairly diving into the ground; and in its burrow, which is furnished with soft bedding and is remarkably clean, it sleeps most of the day, going abroad at dusk to steal cautiously to some drinking place and then to seek its prey, which consists of mice, small birds, lizards, insects, etc. The name is sometimes extended to related African species, such as Rüp pell's fennec (Canis famelicus), the pale fox

(Canis pallidus), and the asse (Canis chama) of the Transvaal. See Plate of FOXES AND JACKALS.

FEN'NEL (AS. fenol, from Lat. faniculum, fennel, diminutive of fænum, fænum, hay), Faniculum. A genus of umbelliferous plants allied to dill (q.v). The flowers are yellow. All the species are aromatic and have muchdivided leaves with threadlike segments. The best known is common fennel (Forniculum vul gare), a native of the south of Europe. It is a biennial, 3 or 4 feet tall, cultivated in many gardens in both Europe and America, chiefly for the sake of its leaves, which are used for flavoring, but also for its aromatic seeds. Florence fennel, sweet, fennel, Italian fennel, or Cretan fennel (Fœniculum dulce) is of lower growth, much cultivated in the south of Eu rope. The enlarged bases of its leafstalks, after being bleached like celery, are boiled and served with drawn butter like cauliflower. The fruit (seed) is longer and paler than that of common fennel, has a more agreeable odor and flavor, is the favorite aromatic condiment of the Italians, and is used in medicine. Oil of fen.

FENNEL (Faniculum vulgare).

nel, an aromatic, stimulant, and carminative essential oil, is also made from it. Cape fennel (Foeniculum capense, or Carum capense), found in the vicinity of the Cape of Good Hope, has a thick, aromatic esculent root. The Panmuhoree of India (Fœniculum panmorium) is a species of fennel much cultivated in its native country for its sweet, warm, and aromatie fruit, which is much used as a carminative and in curries. The "giant fennel" of the south of Europe is a plant of a different genus (Ferula) and abounds in a fetid juice. It is, indeed, closely allied to asafoetida. The species mentioned above, except Faniculum capense, have recently been combined under the name Ferniculum vulgare. The plant called "fennel flower" is Nigella damascena. Dog fennel is Anthemus cotula and Eupatorium capillifolium, both of which belong to the family composita.

FENNEL FLOWER. See NIGELLA. FEN'NELL, JAMES (1766-1816). An English actor and writer, who went to America in 1793. He was born in London and was educated at Eton and Cambridge, but his extravagant habits ended his university career, and he undertook to support himself upon the stage. His first appearance was in Edinburgh, in 1787, as Othello, which remained a favor ite rôle. In 1793 an invitation to play in Philadelphia brought him to the United States. For several years he acted successfully in the chief American cities, but his last years were spent in poverty and obscurity. Consult his Apology for the Life of James Fennell (Philadelphia, 1814).

FEN'OLLO'SA, ERNEST FRANCISCO (18531908). An American Orientalist and educator. He was born at Salem, Mass., and graduated from Harvard University in 1874. Removing to Japan in 1878, he was (between 1880 and 1886) professor of philosophy and political economy and of philosophy and logic in the University of Tokyo; became professor of æsthetics and manager of the Tokyo Fine Arts Academy; and for a time was Imperial__finearts commissioner and manager of the Imperial Museum of Tokyo. He returned to the United States in 1890 and was for six years curator of the Oriental department of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. In 1897 he accepted the professorship of English literature at the Imperial Normal School at Tokyo. In 1890 he was decorated by the Mikado with the thirdclass Rising Sun and with the third-class Sacred Mirror. He is author of East and West: The Discovery of America and Other Poems (1893); An Outline History of the Ukiyos-ye (1901); Epochs of Chinese and Japanese Art (2 vols., 1911; 2d ed., 1912).

FEN'RIR (Icelandic, probably connected with fen, quagmire, swamp, sea; cf. Eng., fen). In Norse mythology, the offspring of Loki (the evil genius) and Angurboda (anguish-boding), a giantess from Jötunheim. Loki had a legitimate wife, Sigyn; but by Angurboda he became the father of three monsters: (1) the wolf Fenrir; (2) the Midgard Serpent; (3) Hel, the Goddess of Death. Fenrir was bred among the gods, but only Tyr had the courage to give him food. When the gods saw how much he increased daily and remembered that the predictions were that he was destined to be their destruction, they endeavored to chain him. But he easily broke the first two chains. Then they made a third, Gleipnir, composed of the sound of a cat's footsteps, a woman's beard, the roots of a mountain, a fish's breath, and a bird's spittle. Fenrir suspected some trick in this, and was unwilling to be bound unless one of the gods should place his hand in the wolf's mouth as a pledge of good faith. Finally Tyr consented to do this, and the wolf in his vain struggles to break the chain bit off Tyr's hand. Fenrir could not break the magic chain and became a captive to the gods, who took him to the cave Gjöll and put a sword into his jaws. Out of these flows the river Von. Fenrir will remain in the cave until Ragnarök (the end of time) comes. He will then break loose, his upper jaw will touch heaven, his nether jaw the earth; fire will blaze from his eyes and nostrils. In the tremendous tumult which precedes the general dissolution the wolf will swallow Odin (father of gods) and so cause his death.

But at the moment will come Vidar, the silent god, who wears a wonderful shoe made from shoe parings since time began. With that shoe he will hold down Fenrir's lower jaw and with his hands tear off the upper jaw, and thus will the monster wolf be slain. According to Völuspa, from Fenrir are descended Skoll and Hati, the monsters that are to devour the sun and moon; elsewhere in the Edda Fenrir himself is spoken of as the devourer of the sun. See SCANDINAVIAN AND TEUTONIC MYTHOLOGY.

FEN'TON. See STOKE-UPON-TRENT.

FENTON, ELIJAH (1683-1730). An English poet, born at Shelton, Staffordshire. He studied at Jesus College, Cambridge, and became secretary to the Earl of Orrery in Flanders. Subsequently he was head master of the grammar school at Sevenoaks (Kent), instructor in literature to Craggs, the Secretary of State, and tutor to Lord Broghill, son of the Earl of Orrery. With Broome he assisted Pope in the latter's translation of the Odyssey, executing the first, fourth, nineteenth, and twentieth books in so clever an imitation of Pope's manner that his share cannot be distinguished by any internal test. He wrote a tragedy, Mariamne, presented in 1723, and published a collection of poems (1707), and editions of Milton, and of Edmund Waller (1729). Consult W. W. Lloyd, Elijah Fenton; His Poetry and Friends (1894).

FENTON, FERRAR (1832- ). An English Orientalist, born in Waltham, Lincolnshire. He early became a proficient linguist and led a remarkable life, being at one time a factory operative and at another one of the originators of the De Beers Company, the South African Diamond Mines monopoly. Beginning with 1884, when he published St. Paul's Epistles in Modern English, he brought out from time to time versions of different parts of the Bible "in modern English."

FENTON, REUBEN EATON (1819-85). An American politician. He was born at Carroll, N. Y., studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1841, and practiced for a time at Jamestown, N. Y., but afterward gave up the profession of law and became a merchant. He was a Representative in Congress in 1853-55 and in 185765, and was then Governor of New York until 1869, serving two terms. During the Civil War he was a stanch supporter of the war measures of Lincoln and his cabinet. He was a United States Senator from 1869 to 1875 and in 1878 was chairman of the United States Commission at the International Monetary Conference at Paris.

FEN'UGREEK (AS. fenogrecum, from Lat. fœnum Græcum, Greek hay), Trigonella. A genus of plants of the family Leguminosæ, allied to clover and melilot. The leaves have three obovate leaflets and scythe-shaped stipules. The flowers generally have the keel very small so that the wings and standard present the appearance of tripetalous corolla. The common fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-græcum) is an annual, native of eastern Europe and western Asia, naturalized in the Mediterranean region, where, as in India, it has long been cultivated as a fodder plant and for its strongsmelling, oily seed, which is used in Egypt and the East in bread and curry powder. In medicine it is now used only in external applications, but is employed in veterinary practice as an ingredient in condition powders. It is the