common flavoring substance of patent stock foods, which owe their strong, not unpleasant, odor to it. FEN WICK, GEORGE (c.1603-57). An English parliamentary leader and colonist in America. He studied law, was called to the bar at Gray's Inn in 1631, and became one of the patentees of the Connecticut Colony in 1635, visiting Boston in the following year. In 1639 he removed with his family to Saybrook, Conn., where he represented the patentees and held the office of Governor until 1644. In 1645 he disposed of most of his property at Saybrook and returned to England, where in the same year he was chosen to the Long Parliament from Morpeth. He served in the Civil War as a colonel of militia and became Governor of Berwick after its fall in 1648. He was one of the parliamentary commissioners for the King's trial, but did not act. He was with Cromwell in his invasion of Scotland in 1650 and, after serving as Governor of Edinburgh Castle, became in 1651 one of the commissioners for the government of Scotland. He was a member of the parliaments of 1654 and 1656 from Berwick. FENWICK, or FENWICKE, JOHN (161884). An English Quaker colonist in New Jersey. Acting in conjunction with, or as a trustee for, Edward Byllynge (q.v.), he bought for £1000 the interest of Lord Berkeley in the Province of New Jersey, in March, 1673, and two years later led the company of Quakers which emigrated from England in the ship Griffin and founded Salem, N. J., the first English settlement in West Jersey. He and Byllynge soon became involved in a dispute over the extent of their respective shares in the purchase, but an adjustment was made by William Penn, who was called in as arbitrator, and who awarded one-tenth of the territory to Fenwick and the remainder to Byllynge. Fenwick, however, soon executed a contingent lease for 1000 years to John Eldridge and Edward Warner, and the property eventually passed out of his hands. After his arrival at Salem a controversy arose between him and Governor Andros of New York over the question of jurisdiction, and late in 1676 he was arrested, taken to New York, and forced to give his parole that he would not assume any authority on the east side of the Delaware River until regularly authorized to do so by Andros or the Duke of York. Consult Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey, and Delaware, ed. by A. C. Myers (New York, 1912). FENWICK, SIR JOHN (c.1645-97). An English conspirator, the eldest son of Sir William Fenwick, of Wellington Castle. He served in the army and was advanced to the rank of major general in 1688. From 1677 to 1687 he served in Parliament. It was he who brought up the bill of attainder against the Duke of Monmouth in 1685. After the accession of William III, for whom he had a personal dislike due, says Macaulay, to a reprimand from the Prince of Orange-he remained an ardent Jacobite and was involved in numerous plots against the King. He entered into the conspiracy known as the Assassination Plot (1695) and in the following year was arrested and committed to the Tower. His family connections and political backing might have brought him a pardon, had he not tried to implicate Marlborough, Godolphin, Shrewsbury, and other Whig leaders. passed against him, with a very small margin of votes to spare. He was beheaded on Tower Hill on Jan. 28, 1697, being the last person executed in England in consequence of attainder. A bill of attainder was He FÉNYES, fa'nyěsh, ALEXIUS (1807-76). A Hungarian geographer and statistician. was born at Csokály (County of Bihar) and was educated at Grosswardein and Pressburg. After spending two years at Budapest and in European travel, he succeeded in collecting reliable data for his standard geographical and statistical works on Hungary. In 1835 he be came permanently established at Budapest, where his principal works were written. These include a voluminous historical and geographical report on the contemporaneous conditions of Hungary (1836-39), for which work 200 ducats were awarded by the Learned Society of Hungary; Magyarország Statistikája (2d ed., 1844); and a school atlas of Hungary. In 1848 Fényes was appointed chief of statistics in the Ministry of the Interior. FEODOR, fa'ô-dôr, FEODOROVITCH. See BERG, FRIEDRICH WILHELM REMBERT. FEODOSIA. See KAFFA. FEOFFMENT, fěf'ment (OF. feoffement, from feoffer, fieffer, feffer, to enfeoff, from fief, fien, fen, fied, fee, from ML. feudum, property held in fee, from OHG. fihu, Ger. Vieh, AS. feoh. Goth. faihu, cattle; connected with Lat. pecus, Skt. pasu, cattle). The oldest, and for a long period the only, method for the conveyance of freehold land known in England. It was a ceremonial mode of conveyance which rested upon and was derived from the primitive notion that an actual physical transfer of possession is essential to the transfer of title. It consisted in the formal conveyance of the land from the feoffor to the feoffee, the former stating distinctly the measure of the estate conferred, whether it was in fee, in tail, or for life. This conveyance of the land, in order to be complete, required to be accompanied by livery of seisin ("delivery of possession"). Livery of seisin was of two kinds-by deed and in law. In the former case, the parties being actually upon the land, the feoffor, usually by delivery of a twig or a turf, testified his conveyance of the land. In livery in law, the parties being in sight of the land, the feoffor, referring to the land, gave possession to the feoffee by indicating or describing the parcel to be conveyed. This mode of making livery was ineffectual unless the feoffee entered into possession during the life of the feoffor. Livery in deed might be effected by attorney, but livery in law only by the parties themselves. In the earliest times these ceremonies completed the conveyance. But by degrees the practice of embodying the transaction in a deed was introduced. When a deed was used, it was customary to indorse on the deed the fact that livery of seisin had been made. But it was still the livery and not the deed which effected the conveyance. By the Statute of Frauds (29 Car. 11, c. 3) it was declared that no estate created by livery of seisin, unless accompanied by a writing signed by the party or his agent, should be of any effect, except as an estate at will, and by 8 and 9 Viet., c. 106, 3, a feoffment is void unless accompanied by deed. The law formerly gave so great an effect to a feoffment that even when the party osten sibly making the conveyance was not lawfully FERE sus seised of the estate, the feoffment was tained. This was called a tortious conveyance; the party in whose favor it was made was said to have acquired an estate by wrong, the right ful owner was disseised, and was left to his right of entry (q.v.). But by the statute last mentioned this tortious effect of a feoffment was destroyed. The practice of feoffment above described, and which has existed in England from time immemorial, differed materially from the old form of investiture in use in strictly feudal times and from that which still prevails in Scotland. In England the transaction was simply a conveyance by the actual holder of the land to a new tenant, attended by certain ceremonies, but requiring no confirmation by a third party to complete it. But by feudal usage every holder of land was the vassal of some superior lord, to whom he owed suit and serv ice and without whose consent he could not part with his land; hence no conveyance was complete without the reception of a new tenant by the lord paramount as his vassal. In like manner, to this day, in Scotland, no transfer of a heritage is complete without formal confirma. tion by the superior; and although by recent legislation the old feudal usages have been abolished, yet the fact of acceptance by the su perior, and the performance of the pecuniary services attendant on that acceptance, are still preserved. See CONVEYANCE: FEE; FEUDALISM. FE'RE (Lat. nom. pl., wild). In the Linnæan system of zology, an order of mammals including nearly all of the modern order Carnivora, plus several genera now ranked under the Insectivora and Marsupialia. In modern zoölogy the term is little used. 461 FE'RE NATURÆ (Lat., animals of "wild nature"). In law, animals of wild nature and habits, in contradistinction to domesticated animals. At common law, they are not the subjects of absolute property, and persons having them in possession are bound at their peril to keep them from doing harm. A qualified property in them may be gained by taming or confining them, or by reason of owning the land on which are their habitual resorts, or by reason of their inability to wander from such land, or by reason of an exclusive legal privilege of hunting, taking, and killing them. Even in such cases, if the animals escape from the posssession of the qualified owner or from his land, and are thus at liberty in accordance with their wild nature and habits, the qualified property ceases, and any stranger may take them without incurring any In accordance with liability to the possessor. this doctrine it is held that, if a swarm of bees fly from the owner's land, they remain in his possession so long as he keeps them in sight and is able to possess them; but if they escape from his pursuit and light upon the land of another, It is also the latter may hive and keep them. held that a landowner has a qualified property in a swarm of wild bees in his woods, and a stranger can acquire no title to them by finding and taking them there without such owner's consent. Wild animals once in captivity do not regain their natural liberty so as to become subject to capture in case they have become so far domesticated as to have formed the habit of returning. The liability of a person who has in his possession animals fera natura is virtually that of an insurer of the safety of others against harm from such animals. It has been held, there fore, that one who keeps an elephant does so at legal works, including: Servitudes de voirie FER-DE-LANCE, fâr'de-läns (Fr., iron of the lance). A tropical American venomous snake (Lachesis lanceolatus) of extraordinary virulence. It is a pit viper, or crotalid, of the subfamily Lachesine, and hence closely related to and others of South America and Indo-Malaysia. the northern copperhead, the bushmaster (qq.v.), It resembles a rattlesnake, but has a tapering tail ending in a hard point (hence one name is "rat-tailed viper"), not rattle; reaches a length with a black stripe from the eye to the neck, and of 7 feet, and is reddish-yellow brown, marked irregular dark crossbands; sometimes the sides are bright red. It inhabits nearly all South and Central America and is everywhere dangerously dreaded, especially at night, when it wanders abundant, being remarkable fecund. It is greatly and roadside herbage and, unlike almost all about. During the day it lies coiled in the fields other snakes, will attack without warning or waiting for disturbance. Its bite is very likely to prove fatal, and even when the patient recovers it produces long-continued aftereffects. The snake is of service, on the other hand, in It is most conspicuous in the French Antilles, Its introkeeping down rats, etc., destructive to sugar cane. where alone it is known by this name. duction to the islands of the mongoose (q.v.), in the hope that it might thus be exterminated, has The best account of the fer-deproved useless. lance is that by Ruz, Enquête sur le serpent de Consult also la Martinique (Paris, 1859). and Ditmars, Reptiles of the World (New York, Gadow, Amphibia and Reptiles (London, 1901), 1910). FERDINAND I (1503-64). Holy Roman He was born at Emperor from 1556 to 1564. Alcalá, Spain, March 10, 1503, and was the and of Joanna the Mad (daughter of Ferdinand second son of Philip the Handsome of Austria and was consequently the younger brother of V of Aragon and Isabella of Castile and León), Charles V of Germany (Charles I of Spain), who soon after his accession to the Imperial throne In 1521 he transferred the hereditary Austrian possessions rarried Anna, sister of King Louis II of Hunof the Hapsburgs to Ferdinand. gary and Bohemia. When Louis fell at Mohács in 1526 in battle with the Turks, leaving no Ferdinand in right of his wife, and some of the issue, the crown of Hungary was claimed by nobles chose him King. He was at the same time placed by election upon the Bohemian throne. In Hungary Ferdinand became involved in a long struggle with a rival, John Zápolya, the Voivode of Transylvania, who laid claim to Hungary, and who was supported by the Turks. The question was at last settled in 1538 by a division of the kingdom between the rivals, the title of King being given to Zápolya, but with the understanding that the Austrian line should have the succession to the whole. But in 1540, at the death of John Zápolya, the agreement was not kept, and the Turks carried on the war on behalf of his son Sigismund, while they themselves appropriated a large part of the kingdom. In 1547 peace was purchased by means of a yearly tribute to the Turks, but the war was again renewed in 1552 and ended in the retention of their conquests by the Turks. Meanwhile Ferdinand had acted as regent in Germany during the frequent absences of Charles V and in 1531 had been chosen King of the Romans. In 1552 he acted as mediator between Charles V and Maurice, Elector of Saxony, and concluded the Peace of Passau with the Protestants, and in 1555 he was chiefly instrumental in bringing about the religious Peace of Augsburg. In 1556, on the abdication of Charles V, Ferdinand mounted the Imperial throne. The concessions he had made to the Protestants caused Pope Paul IV to refuse to acknowledge him. His successor, Pius IV, was more complaisant; but the Electors resolved that for the future the consent of the Pope should not be asked; and this was carried out. Ferdinand made several attempts to reconcile the Protestants and Catholics and urged upon the Council of Trent the reformation of abuses. He effected institutional reforms, notably in connection with the Aulic Council (q.v.), and he reformed the German currency. He died in 1564, leaving the reputa tion of a prudent and enlightened ruler, and was succeeded by his son, Maximilian II. The most elaborate work on his reign is F. B. von Bucholtz, Geschichte der Regierung Ferdinands 1. (Vienna, 1831-38). Consult also: K. Oberleitner, Oesterreichs Finanzen und Heerwesen unter Ferdinand I. (ib., 1859); A. Rezek, Geschichte der Regierung Ferdinands 1. in Böhmen (Prague, 1878); Rosenthal, Die Behördenorganisation Kaiser Ferdinands 1. (Vienna, 1887); W. Bauer, Die Anfange Ferdinands I. (ib., 1907). See AUSTRIA-HUNGARY; GERMANY. FERDINAND II (1578-1637). Holy Roman Emperor from 1619 to 1637. He was born at Gratz, July 9, 1578, and was the son of Charles, Duke of Styria, and grandson of the Emperor Ferdinand I. His mother, Mary of Bavaria, was a fervent Catholic, and from her, as well as from his Jesuit instructors at Ingolstadt, he imbibed that hatred of Protestantism which is the keynote to the policy of his reign. In 1590 he succeeded his father in the duchies of Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola. As soon as he was of age he proceeded to stamp out Protestantism in his dominions by annulling his father's act of toleration and expelling the Protestant pastors. He joined with Maximilian of Bavaria in forming the Catholic League, the ostensible object of which was the protection of the Roman Catholic interests in Germany. In 1617 Ferdinand was crowned King of Bohemia, while the Emperor Matthias was still reigning, and the year following he was crowned King of Hungary as well. The Protestants of Bohemia had enjoyed re ligious toleration since 1609, but Ferdinand, as regent of the kingdom, showed little regard for the rights of his heretical subjects. A dispute regarding the right of the Protestants to build new churches precipitated a conflict. All petitions to the Emperor proving vain, the Protes tants under Count Thurn rose in Prague in May, 1618, invaded the council chamber of the castle, and threw two members of the Council of Regency, Martinitz and Slavata, out of a lofty window. They then organized a national govern ment, and a Bohemian army under Count Thurn advanced to the Austrian frontier. This was the beginning of the Thirty Years' War (q.v.). The death of Matthias early in 1619 left the Imperial succession open to Ferdinand, but at this juncture he was besieged in Vienna by the victorious Thurn. The opportune victory of Bucquoi over Mansfeld and the approach of a force under Dampierre caused Thurn to withdraw, and Ferdinand was able to proceed to Frankfort and receive the Imperial election, August, 1619. Two days before his election he had been deposed in Bohemia and the crown offered to Frederick V (q.v.), Elector Palatine of the Rhine. This prince, who was son-in-law to James I of England, accepted the dignity, but was ousted from his new dominions by the army of the Catholic League under Tilly, which won the battle of the White Mountain, near Prague, November, 1620. As soon as his success in Bohemia was assured, Ferdinand proceeded to extirpate Protestantism in that kingdom by the most violent persecution. In Hungary, however, he was forced to grant religious toleration and to recognize Bethlen Gábor as ruler of half the kingdom. In 1626 Wallenstein took the field with a vast army which he had raised for the Emperor, whose main reliance in the war against the Protestants had hitherto been the army of the Catholic League, under Tilly, and the forces of Spain. In 1625 Christian IV of Denmark took up arms for the German Protestants. The victories of Wallenstein and Tilly made the Catholic cause for the King triumphant, and Denmark was forced to the Peace of Lübeck in 1629. This was followed by Ferdinand's Edict of Restitution, which was to apply to all ecclesiastical property which had become Protestant since the Peace of Passau (1552). But the plans of Ferdinand for reconverting the Empire to Roman Catholicism were suddenly checked by the irruption of Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, in whom the Protes tants found a deliverer. He landed in Germany in 1630, at the moment of the dismissal of Wallenstein through jealousy on the part of the Catholic League. Ferdinand had the mortifica tion of seeing the whole of Germany overrun by the Protestants, and though Gustavus was slain at Lützen, in 1632, in a great battle against Wallenstein (who had been reinstated), the disasters to the Imperial cause continued. A blot on Ferdinand's character was the assassination of Wallenstein (q.v.) in 1634, to which there is little doubt the Emperor was privy. Though the Imperial army was victorious at Nördlingen in 1634, and the Elector of Saxony made peace with the Emperor, yet when Ferdinand died, Feb. 15, 1637, he left a heritage of war to his son, Ferdinand III, who had been chosen King of the Romans the year previous, and who had been previously crowned King of Hungary and Bohemia. Consult Hurter, Ge schichte Kaiser Ferdinands II. und seiner Eltern (Schaffhausen, 1857-64). See AUSTRIA-HUNGARY; GERMANY. FERDINAND III (1608-57). Holy Roman Emperor from 1637 to 1657. He was the son of Ferdinand II and was born at Gratz, July 13, 1608. In 1625 he was crowned King of Hungary and in 1627 of Bohemia as well. After the death of Wallenstein (1634) Prince Ferdinand was placed in nominal command of the Imperial forces, and in the same year, seconded by Gallas, he gained a great victory at Nördlingen over the Swedes and their allies. In 1636 he was crowned King of the Romans and the next year succeeded his father as Emperor. Political reasons forced Ferdinand to continue the war, in which the French had become important factors, but in 1648, after negotiations extending over many years, the Peace of Westphalia (q.v.) put an end to the Thirty Years' War. In the Diet of that year, the last presided over by an emperor in person, Ferdinand effected important alterations in the administration of justice. He died April 2, 1657, shortly after concluding an alliance with Poland against Sweden. His son, Leopold I, succeeded him in the Empire as well as in the Austrian possessions and Hungary. Consult Koch, Geschichte des deutschen Reichs unter Ferdinand III. (Vienna, 1865-66). See AUSTRIA-HUNGARY; GERMANY; THIRTY YEARS' WAR. FERDINAND I, surnamed THE JUST (13791416). King of Aragon from 1412 to 1416. He was the younger son of John I of Castile and Leonora of Aragon. On the death of his elder brother, Henry III, in 1406, he refused the crown of Castile, but undertook the office of regent during the minority of his nephew, John II. In this capacity he distinguished himself by his prudent administration of home affairs and by his victories over the Moors by land and sea. He took the title de Antequera on the surrender of that fortress after a siege of five months (1410). On the death of his maternal uncle, King Martin of Aragon and Sicily, in 1410, his claims to the throne, though not derived through the usual laws of descent, were taken up and keenly pressed by a powerful party in the state. The question of the succession was ultimately referred to a committee of nine judges, equally representing Catalonia, Valencia, and Aragon, and the result was his election by a majority in 1412. After he had defeated Count Jacme of Urgel, the last and most formidable of his rivals, he was formally crowned at Saragossa in 1414. He died April 2, 1416, at Igualada, and was succeeded by his son, Alfonso V. Consult Burke, History of Spain, vol. i (New York, 1904), and Altamira, Historia de España, vol. i (Barcelona, 1900). FERDINAND II. King of Aragon. See FERDINAND V OF CASTILE. FERDINAND I, Ger. pron. fĕr'dé-nänt (1793-1875). Emperor of Austria from 1835 to 1848. He was the eldest son of Francis I by his marriage with Maria Theresa, of the house of Naples, and was born in Vienna, April 19, 1793. While Crown Prince, he traveled through the Italian provinces of Austria, Switzerland, and part of France, and showed great interest in the various branches of industry. In 1830 he was crowned King of Hungary, and in 1831 married Anna, the daughter of Victor Emmanuel I, King of Sardinia. An unsuccessful attempt to assassinate him was made by a Captain Reinol in 1832. In 1835 he succeeded his father on the throne. It was expected that he would inaugurate a more liberal policy than that of his predecessors; but the absolutist principles triumphed, and Metternich was allowed to carry on the government. A council of state was formed, and reactionary measures continued. Industrial and commercial activity was encouraged, however, and the term of military service reduced from 14 to 8 years. In 1846 advantage was taken of the insurrection in Galicia to annex Cracow to Austria. In March, 1848, Vienna became the scene of a revolutionary outbreak (see AUSTRIA-HUNGARY), and the Emperor was forced to dismiss Metternich, who fled from Vienna, and to appoint a responsible ministry. Simultaneously a revolutionary movement at Pesth secured the appointment of a national Hungarian ministry. In May Ferdinand retired with his court to Innsbruck, but was induced to return to the capital in August, when the turmoil had subsided. But the October insurrection in Vienna made him again leave the palace of Schönbrunn and retire to Olmütz, where, on Dec. 2, 1848, he abdicated in favor of his nephew, Francis Joseph. He afterward resided at Prague, where he died June 29, 1875. Consult Stiles, Austria in 1848-49 (New York, 1852), from Kossuth's point of view. FERDINAND I, KING OF BULGARIA (1861 ). He was born in Vienna, the youngest son of Prince Augustus of Saxe-Coburg and Princess Clementine of Bourbon-Orléans, a daughter of Louis Philippe. He received an excellent education and showed a marked aptitude for the study of natural history. The results of his botanical observations on a trip which he made to Brazil in 1879 were published at Vienna (1883-88). While serving in the Austrian army, he was offered in 1886 the vacant throne of Bulgaria, and on Aug. 14, 1887, took the oath to the constitution and the title of Prince. Although thoroughly acceptable to his subjects, he was not recognized by Turkey or the Great Powers until 1896. In 1893 he married Marie Louise of Bourbon, eldest daughter of Duke Robert of Parma, and the next year the Bulgarian Sobranye confirmed the title of Royal Highness to the Prince and his heir. Ferdinand continued to adhere to the Roman Catholic faith, but his son and heir, Prince Boris (born 1894), was received in 1896 into the Orthodox church. In 1908 Prince Ferdinand took as second wife Eleanor, a princess of the house of Reuss, and in the same year, taking account of the increased prosperity of his country and of the difficulties, foreign and domestic, which beset Turkey, he proclaimed the full independence of Bulgaria and assumed the title of King. His royal title was recognized by Turkey and the Powers in 1909. Ferdinand favored the formation of the Balkan League and the prosecution of the Balkan War (q.v.) of 191213. In the first period of that struggle the prowess of Bulgarian arms was such as to enhance the King's prestige, but the lamentable quarrel of Bulgaria with her former allies and the pitiable collapse of his country in the consequent second phase of the war discredited Ferdinand, both at home and abroad. Although by the final settlements of 1913 his kingdom had been materially enlarged by the incorporation of part of Thrace, including some 60 miles of seacoast on the Ægean, Ferdinand was deeply chagrined that a relatively larger territory had not been secured, and he even considered abdica tion. Consult John Macdonald, Czar Ferdinand FERDINAND II (?-1188). King of León from 1157 to 1188. The death of his brother, Sancho III of Castile, in 1158, led to a military occupation of Castile by Ferdinand, professedly in the interests of his nephew, Alfonso III, but this occupation lasted only a short time. Meanwhile Ferdinand repudiated his wife, Doña Urraca, and became involved in a war with his father-in-law, Alfonso I of Portugal, which resulted in the defeat and capture of the latter at Badajoz, in 1169. He died in 1188 and was succeeded by his son, Alfonso IX. Consult Burke, History of Spain, vol. i (New York, kingdom to his eldest son, Alfonso X. Though not canonized until 1668, he came to be popu larly known as el Santo from a very early period, for his remarkable religious zeal. He laid the foundation of Las Siete Partidas, the legal code of Christian Spain, which was com pleted by Alfonso X (q.v.). Consult Altamira, Historia de España, vol. i (Barcelona, 1900), and Burke, History of Spain, vol. i (New York, 1904). FERDINAND IV (1285-1312). King of Castile and León from 1295 to 1312. He was the son of Sancho IV. The early years of his reign were disturbed by a series of civil wars, but his mother, Queen Maria, succeeded in restoring order. After Ferdinand took the reins of govern ment into his own hands, he proved himself entirely unfit to govern. The chief exploit of his reign, to which, however, Ferdinand contributed little, was the expedition against Algeciras in 1309, which resulted in the capture of Gibraltar. He died suddenly, Sept. 17, 1312. According to Mariana, he had condemned to death, unheard, two brothers of the name of Carvajal, and these, protesting their innocence, had summoned him to meet them within 30 days at the bar of God; hence the surname el Emplazado, "the Summoned." He was succeeded by his infant son, Alfonso XI. Consult Burke, History of Spain, vol. i (New York, 1904). FERDINAND V, surnamed THE CATHOLIC (1452-1516). King of Spain; as King of Castile, Ferdinand V; as King of Aragon, Ferdinand II; as King of Naples, Ferdinand III. He was the son of John II, King of Aragon, and was born March 10, 1452. In 1469 he married, at Valladolid, Isabella, sister of Henry IV of Castile. On the death of Henry, in 1474, the Cortes proclaimed Isabella and her husband joint sovereigns of Castile and León. In 1479 Ferdinand became King of Aragon and Sicily, on the death of his father, and the two kingdoms of Aragon and Castile were united in the persons of Ferdinand and Isabella. Isabella, how ever, as long as she lived, maintained her posi tion as Queen of Castile, and allowed her husband no other share in the government than the priv ilege of affixing his signature to the decrees and of uniting his arms with her own. Nevertheless, his influence in developing the Spanish monarchy was of capital importance. Ferdinand's reign was marked by uniform good fortune in his wars and his diplomacy. In Castile he distinguished himself by the effectual suppression of the banditti, who had become formidable in the confusion resulting from the civil war. This he accomplished by reorganizing and putting FERDINAND III (1199-1252). A king of in force against them the Hermandad, or Holy Castile and León, usually known as St. Ferdi- Brotherhood, a kind of national militia. rep nand. He was the son of Alfonso IX of León resenting all the cities of Spain. Not content, and of Berengaria, sister of Henry I of Castile. however, with taking strong measures against On the death of Henry, without issue, in 1217, the Castilian outlaws, he also resolved to break Berengaria procured the proclamation of Ferdi- the power of the feudal nobility and made good nand. In 1230, on the death of his father, he use of the Hermandad in carrying out this de became King of León as well as Castile, thus sign. Cities and towns were encouraged to make finally uniting the two kingdoms under one themselves independent of the nobles, who were crown. Following up the advantages which had deprived of many important privileges. been gained for the Christian arms by his father other humiliations they were subjected to the and the allied kings in the great battle at Las ordinary tribunals of justice. The reorganiza Navas de Tolosa, in 1212, he devoted all his tion of the Inquisition in 1478 80, although pri energies to the prosecution of the Moorish War. marily and mainly intended to further religious Among his conquests may be mentioned those ends, likewise helped to lessen their influence. of Cordova in 1236, of Jaén in 1246, and of Ferdinand also strengthened his power by testSeville in 1248. He was planning an invasion ing in himself and his successors the grandof Africa when he died, at Seville, leaving his mastership of the military orders of Calatrava, 1904). A mong |