the earlier knowledge of the Sahara. Consult Brosselard, Les deux missions Flatters (2d ed., Paris, 1889).

FLATTERY, CAPE. See CAPE FLATTERY. FLATULENCE (from Neo-Lat. flatulentus, flatulent, from Lat. flatus, a blowing, from flare, to blow, OHG. blājan, Ger. blähen, AS. bläwan, Eng. blow). Distension of the stomach or bowels by the gases formed during digestion. See INDIGESTION.

FLAT WORM. A general name for a group of worms constituting the phylum Platyhelminthes (q.v.), and embracing the planarians, flukes, tapeworms, and nemerteans. The body in almost all cases is greatly flattened, so as to be leaflike or ribbon-like, with an anterior end marked in some way, though a head is rarely distinct, and right and left sides; some are minute, others easily visible, or like long narrow ribbons. Some are vividly colored, but most are of dull hue, and there is a varying complexity of structure and great diversity in habits of life. In development some are direct, while others go through a metamorphosis. They are the most widely distributed of any phylum, dwelling "on land, in fresh water down to the bottom of some of the deepest lakes, on the seashore, in deep sea, and on the surface of the ocean; and parasitic flatworms live, in one phase or another, in animals of nearly every class of the Metazoa." They are regarded as having been developed from some low ancestral type of cœlenterates. Consult Parker and Haswell, Text-Book of Zoology (New York, 1910); Gamble, Cambridge Natural History, vol. ii (London, 1896); Benham, "Platyhelmia," in Lankester's Treatise on Zoology, vol. iv (London, 1901). See FLUKE; NEMERTINEA; PLANARIA; TAPEWORM.

FLAUBERT, flo'bâr', GUSTAVE (1821-80). A French novelist. The merit of his works lies not only in their faultless style, acquired by the sacrifice of five and six years on each separate production, but in the precision with which they enunciate a view of the art of fiction that was to dominate the succeeding generation. Madame Bovary (1857) gave "the formula of the modern novel" (Zola), the code of the naturalistic school. Flaubert was born in Rouen, the son of a surgeon, and inherited a power of psychic diagnosis and dissection. He was well to do, able to cultivate his taste by travel and to write at leisure. His early influences were strongly romantic, fostered by a violent love affair with a lady whom he has pictured as Madame Arneux in L'Education sentimentale, and by a tenderly Platonic attachment to Madame Colet. Hating democracy and its commonplace bourgeoisie, and wishing to hide the disease to which he was subject, which, if not epilepsy, resembled it in its symptoms, he became more and more a recluse. Except for literary journeys to the East, particularly to Carthage, he spent his life at a suburban house in Rouen, cloistered for months together in unremitting study, relieved by occasional visits to Paris, where he gave free scope to a Rabelaisian fancy in the society of the Goncourts, whose Journal is filled with his sayings. In general he affected, and in good measure attained, an objective attitude towards life, which, he says, appeared to him as material for description; and he is thus the type of the artist for art's sake. He carefully instilled this same spirit in his pupil and godson, Guy de Maupassant (q.v.). Madame Bovary (1857) is the epic of the commonplace, the bitterest satire on ro

manticism. In it sentiment leads to shipwreck, self-sufficient mediocrity to success. Salammbô (1862) applies the same method and philosophy to the civilization of ancient Carthage; L'Education sentimentale (1869) to the Paris of 1848, seeking to be "implacable," and becoming unjust, but producing what Zola pronounces "the only truly historical novel that I know in which the resurrection of dead hours is absolute, with no trace of the novelist's trade." In La tentation de Saint-Antoine (1874) Flaubert pushed the paradox to its extreme and in 300 pages of the most polished prose of his century sought to express the essential folly and futility of thought itself and of the whole sentient world. La tentation is the supreme expression in fiction of nihilistic pessimism, of the idealist turned skeptic, and withal the best example of dream literature in the world. The Trois contes (1877) shows Flaubert's genius epitomized. There is pathos of sordid commonplace in Un cœur simple; a remarkable power of projection into other realms of thought and life is in La légende de Julien l'hospitalier, and in Hérodias there is a grandiosely romantic realism. These three tales would alone suffice to define Flaubert's place as the connecting link between the romantic and the naturalistic schools. Belonging to neither, he unites both in a synthesis of romanticism and science that was to guide the development of the French novel for a generaThe above-mentioned masterpieces have been translated into all important languages. His "complete" works were published in 1885 in eight volumes; they did not include his two unsuccessful plays, nor his four volumes of Correspondance (1873-85). Consult: Tarver, Gustave Flaubert as Seen in his Works and Correspondence (London, 1895); Faguet, Flaubert (Paris, 1899); Albalat, Le travail du style (ib., 1903); T. de Gaultier, La philosophie du bovarysme (ib., 1911); L. Bertrand, Gustave Flaubert (ib., 1912).

tion.

FLAUGERGUES, flo'zhârg', HONORÉ (17551830). A French astronomer, born at Viviers, where he lived and died, never leaving the town. He refused an offer of the directorship of the observatory of Toulon in 1797, preferring, it is said, to be justice of the peace in Viviers. His contributions to various technical journals from 1790 to 1830 dealt with the satellites of Jupiter, Saturn's ring, the spots and markings on Mars, and especially with comets. He discovered the great comet of 1811.

FLAUX, flo, ARMAND DE (1819- ). A French author, born at Uzès. He published Nuits d'été (1850), Sonnets (1864), and descriptive works on Tunis, Denmark, and Sweden, whither he had been sent upon literary missions by the government.

FLAV'EL, JOHN (c.1630-91). An English Presbyterian divine, born at Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, and educated at University College, Oxford. He became curate at Diptford in 1650 and at Dartmouth in 1656. Under the Act of Uniformity he was ejected from his living, but he continued to preach privately. After 1687 he was minister of a Nonconformist church at Dartmouth. Among his popular writings on practical religion is Husbandry Spiritualized (1669). His collected writings appeared in six volumes (London, 1820), and selections, ed. by Bradley (ib., 1823). Consult the memoir prefixed to the collected works.

FLA'VIAN (Lat. Flavianus), SAINT (c.329

404), Patriarch of Antioch, 381-404. He led an ascetic life, devoted his property, which was considerable, to the church, became an influential member of the Meletian party in the contest with the Eustathians (see EUSTATHIUS; MELETIUS), and was chosen by the former to succeed Meletius as Patriarch in 381. The Eustathians strove for the recognition of Paulinus, who had already been set up in opposition to Meletius, and a bitter contest ensued. In 387 a serious sedition occurred in the streets of Antioch, and the statues of the Emperor Theodosius were overthrown. Flavian journeyed to Constantinople, and his influence was sufficient to prevent the punishment of the rebellious people. It was then that Chrysostom's famous Orations on the Statues were delivered. After 392 Flavian had no rival claimant for the patriarchate, although some of the Eustathians continued to oppose him till his death. None of his writings have survived. His day in the Greek Church is September 26.

FLAVIAN, SAINT (?-449). Patriarch of Constantinople, successor to Proclus in 446. He was the opponent of Eutyches (q.v.). He was deposed in 448 by the Council of Alexandria, and he is supposed to have died from injuries inflicted by Dioscorus, the president of the council, Aug. 11, 449, at Hypæpa, in Lydia. He is enrolled in the martyrology of the Latin church, his day being February 18.

FLAVIAN, SAINT (?-518). In early life a monk, he became Patriarch of Antioch in 498, was deposed in 512, and banished to Petra, in Arabia, where he died, July, 518. He wavered in his faith, yet died in the odor of orthodox sanctity, and was enrolled among the saints of the Greek church and also, after considerable opposition, among those of the Latin church. His day is July 4.

FLAVIAN EMPERORS. A term used to designate three Roman emperors, Vespasian and his two sons, Titus and Domitian. FLAVIGNY, flà'vê'nye', MARIE CATHERINE SOPHIE DE. See AGOULT.

FLAVIN (from Lat., flavus, yellow). The most important coloring matter obtained from quercitron. As sometimes prepared, it consists mostly of quercitrin, CH2012, 210, (Herzig) or C2H2O11, 2H,O (Moore). It is then known as yellow flavin. Red flavin, on the other hand, contains only quercetin, CHO,. The yellow flavin is probably prepared by extracting quercitron bark under high steam pressure; the red flavin is produced by extracting the bark with alkali and boiling the solution with sulphuric acid. The precipitate formed is washed free from acid and dried. Flavin gives bright yellow or orange shades in connection with alum or tin mordants; with iron mordants, gray, olive green, and a peculiar shade of black; with chromium oxide, olive yellow.

FLAVIO, tlä'vyo, BIONDO, or FLAVIUS BLONDUS DA FORLÌ (1388-1463). An Italian his torian, humanist and antiquary of Forlì. Ambassador of Forlì in Milan (1388), he lived as an exile in Venice (1423-32), serving as secretary for Barbaro and Barbarigo. He took a similar post with Pope Eugene IV in 1432 and lived in Rome for many of his remaining years. His Decades, fashioned after the manner of Livy, became the model for historical writing in their century, setting a new standard for methods of research and for impartial discussion. Biondo, though now entirely supplanted in his subject,

was one of the first to become conscious of the great change that occurred in Europe in the transition from Rome to the Middle Ages and to set about the analysis and explanation of it. Consult the Works (Basel, 1559), biography by Masius (Leipzig, 1879), and Sabbadini in Giornale Ligustico (Genoa, 1891).

FLA'VORING PLANTS (from flavor, OF. flaveur, odor, ML. flavor, yellow gold, yellowness, from Lat. flavere, to be yellow, from flavus, yellow). Plants which impart their characteristic flavors to condiments, culinary preparations, beverages, medicines, etc., with which they are mixed. Usually the part richest in the flavor is employed either in its native state or prepared in some way. The following examples will illustrate: the bark of the root (sassafras); the root (licorice); rhizome (ginger and peppermint); bark (cinnamon); leaves (bay and culi nary herbs, such as sage, thyme, etc.); flower buds (cloves, capers); flowers (hops); arillode of the seed (mace); rind of the fruit (citron, etc.); unripe fruit (allspice); fresh ripe fruit (lemon); dried ripe fruit (vanilla, pepper); seed (nutmeg, caraway). Many of these owe their powers to essential oils, which in some cases are extracted and used in a similar manner; flavors of others are due to esters, alkaloids, etc. Spices, a group of flavoring plants, are almost wholly tropical in their origin and were formerly grown in and exported from the East. Arabia was at one time noted as the land of spices, not so much because spices were produced there as because that country was the great distributing centre. Tropical America, which has made some notable additions to the list of flavoring plants, e.g., Cayenne pepper and vanilla, has developed a profitable industry in the growing and the exporting of certain Asian spices, especially ginger and cloves.

The five spices illustrated herewith are treated more fully under their respective names. 1. Cinnamon is the dried bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and of its close relatives, trees which grow in the East. The species figured is a native of Ceylon, which is cultivated in many other tropical countries, but nowhere else produces bark of such high quality. 2. Black pepper, the most widely used of all spices, is the dried fruit of Piper nigrum, a native of the East Indies, but cultivated in other tropical countries. The stems, which are vinelike and seldom grow more than 20 feet long, spread so much that poles or trees are used to support them. The plants produce a profusion of mostly hermaphrodite flowers in spikes opposite the leaves. The crop is gathered as soon as the first berries become red and is ready for export after drying. 3. Nutmeg is the kernel of the fruit of Myristica fragrans and other related species, trees indigenous to the East, but cultivated in the tropics throughout the world. The Succulent golden-yellow pearlike fruit opens by two valves and exposes the kernel as shown. These exterior parts, which look like candied fruit, are often preserved as a confection. The inner envelop which surrounds the nut is used in cookery under the name of mace (q.v.). 4. Ginger, the creeping rootstocks of various species of Zingiber, of which the commonest is Zingiber officinale, is used as a condiment and a medicine, for which purposes it is cultivated in and exported from various tropical countries, espe cially the West Indies. The finest quality is said to come from Jamaica. The common species is