the two States to one or several ports of the same State, in order to discharge the whole or part of their cargo brought from abroad, or in order to take in or complete their cargo, without paying other duties than those to which national vessels are, or may hereafter be, liable in similar cases.

ARTICLE IX.

National Vessels.

All vessels which according to the laws of Great Britain are to be deemed British vessels, and all vessels which according to the laws of the Empire of Russia are to be deemed Russian vessels, shall for the purposes of this Treaty be deemed British and Russian vessels respectively.

ARTICLE X,

Commerce and Navigation.--Most-favoured-nation Treatment.

Her Britannic Majesty engages that in all matters relating to commerce and navigation, the subjects of His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias shall, in the British dominions, be entitled to every privilege, favour, and immunity which is actually granted, or may hereafter be granted, by Her Britannic Majesty to the subjects or citizens of any other Power; and His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, actuated by a desire to foster and extend the commercial relations of the two countries, engages that any privilege, favour, or immunity whatever, in regard to commerce and navigation, which His Imperial Majesty has actually granted, or may hereafter grant, to the subjects or citizens of any other State, shall be extended to the subjects of Her Britannic Majesty,

ARTICLE XI.

Freedom of Travel, Residence, &c.—Hiring, &c., of Houses, Warehouses, &c.-Trade.-Employment of Agents.-Taxes.-Passports, &c.-National Treatment.

The subjects of either of the two High Contracting Parties, conforming themselves to the laws of the country, shall have

1. Full liberty, with their families, to enter, travel, or reside in any part of the dominions and possessions of the other Contracting Party.

2. They shall be permitted, in the towns and ports, to hire or possess the houses, warehouses, shops, and premises, which may be necessary for them.

3. They may carry on their commerce, either in person or by any agents whom they may think fit to employ.

4. They shall not be subject, in respect of their persons or property, or in respect of passports, licences for residence or. establishment, nor in respect of their commerce or industry, to any taxes, whether general or local, nor to imposts or obligations

of any kind whatever, other or greater than those which are or may be imposed upon native subjects.

ARTICLE XII.

Inviolability of Dwellings, &c.-Domiciliary Visits.

The dwellings and warehouses of the subjects of either of the two High Contracting Parties in the dominions and possessions of the other, and all premises appertaining thereto, destined for purposes of residence or commerce, shall be respected. If there should be occasion to make a search of, or a domiciliary visit to, such dwellings and premises, or to examine or inspect books, papers, or accounts, such measure shall be executed only in conformity with the legal warrant or order in writing of a tribunal, or of the competent authority.

Administration of Justice.-National Treatment.

The subjects of either of the two Contracting Parties in the dominions and possessions of the other shall have free access to the courts of justice for the prosecution and defence of their rights. They shall enjoy in this respect the same rights and privileges as subjects of the country, and shall, like them, be at liberty to employ, in all causes, their advocates, attorneys, or agents from among the persons admitted to the exercise of those professions according to the laws of the country.

ARTICLE XIII.

Acquisition and Disposal of Property.-Most-favoured-nation and National Treatment.

The subjects of either of the two Contracting Parties in the dominions and possessions of the other shall be at full liberty to acquire, possess, and dispose of every description of property which the laws of the country may permit any foreigners, of whatsoever nation, to acquire and possess. They may acquire and dispose of the same, whether by purchase, sale, donation, exchange, marriage, testament, succession ab intestato, or in any other manner, under the same conditions as are established by the laws of the country for all foreigners. Their heirs and representatives may succeed to and take possession of such property, either in person or by agents acting on their behalf, in the same manner and in the same legal forms as subjects of the country. In the absence of heirs and representatives the property shall be treated in the same manner as the like property belonging to a subject of the country under similar circumstances.

In none of these respects shall they pay upon the value of such property any other or higher impost, duty, or charge, than is payable by subjects of the country. In every case the subjects of the Contracting Parties shall be permitted to export their property, or the proceeds thereof if sold, freely, and without being subjected on

such exportation to pay any duty as foreigners, or any other or higher duties than those to which subjects of the country are liable under similar circumstances.

ARTICLE XIV.

Exemption from Military Service, Forced Loans, Municipal
Functions, &c.

The subjects of either of the two High Contracting Parties in the dominions and possessions of the other, shall be exempted from all compulsory military service whatever, whether in the army, navy, or national guard or militia. They shall be equally exempted from all judicial and municipal charges and functions whatever, as well as from all contributions, whether pecuniary or in kind, imposed as a compensation for personal service; and, finally, from forced loans and military exactions or requisitions.

Owners of Landed Property.-National Treatment.

In regard, however, to judicial and municipal charges and functions, those shall be excepted which are consequent upon the possession of real property or of a lease; and in regard to military exactions and requisitions, those which all subjects of the country may be required to furnish as landed proprietors or as farmers.

ARTICLE XV.

Appointment and Privileges of Consular Officers.—Most-favourednation Treatment.

It shall be free for each of the two High Contracting Parties to appoint Consuls-General, Consuls, Vice-Consuls, and Consular Agents, to reside in the towns and ports of the dominions and possessions of the other. Such Consuls-General, Consuls, ViceConsuls, and Consular Agents, however, shall not enter upon their functions until after they shall have been approved and admitted, in the usual form, by the Government to which they are sent. They shall exercise whatever functions, and enjoy whatever privileges, exemptions, and immunities are or shall be granted there to Consuls of the most-favoured-nation.

ARTICLE XVI.

Wrecks and Salvage.-National Treatment.

Any ship of war or merchant-vessel of either of the High Contracting Parties which may be compelled by stress of weather or by accident to take shelter in a port of the other, shall be at liberty to refit therein, to procure all necessary stores, and to put to sea again, without paying any dues other than such as would be payable in a similar case by a national vessel. In case, however, the inaster of a merchant-vessel should be under the necessity of

disposing of a part of his merchandize in order to defray his expenses, he shall be bound to conform to the regulations and tariffs of the place to which he may have come.

If any ship of war or merchant-vessel of one of the High Contracting Parties should run aground or be wrecked upon the coasts of the other, such ship or vessel, and all parts thereof, and all furniture and appurtenances belonging thereunto, and all goods and merchandize saved therefrom, including any which may have been cast into the sea, or the proceeds thereof if sold, as well as all papers found on board such stranded or wrecked ship or vessel, shall be given up to the owners or their agents when claimed by them. If there are no such owners or agents on the spot, then the same shall be delivered to the British or Russian Consul-General, Consul, or Vice-Consul in whose district the wreck or stranding may have taken place, upon being claimed by him within the period fixed by the laws of the country; and such Consuls, owners, or agents, shall pay only the expenses incurred in the preservation of the property, together with the salvage, or other expenses, which would have been payable in the like case of a wreck of a national vessel.

The goods and merchandize saved from the wreck shall be exempt from all duties of custom, unless cleared for consumption, in which case they shall pay the same rate of duty as if they had been imported in a national vessel.

In the case either of a vessel being driven in by stress of weather, run aground, or wrecked, the respective Consuls-General, Consuls, Vice-Consuls, and Consular Agents shall, if the owner or master or other agent of the owner is not present, or is present and requires it, be authorized to interpose in order to afford the necessary assistance to their fellow countrymen.

ARTICLE XVII.

Seamen Deserters.

The Consuls-General, Consuls, Vice-Consuls, and Consular Agents of either of the High Contracting Parties, residing in the dominions and possessions of the other, shall receive from the local authorities such assistance as can by law be given to them for the recovery of deserters from ships of war or merchant-vessels of their respective countries.

ARTICLE XVIII.

Ionian Islands.

The Ionian Islands being under the protection of Her Britannic Majesty, the subjects and vessels of those Islands shall enjoy, in the dominions and possessions of His Majesty the Emperor of Russia, all the advantages which are granted by the present Treaty to the subjects and vessels of Great Britain, as soon as the Government of the Ionian Islands shall have agreed to grant the

same reciprocal advantages in those Islands to Russian subjects and vessels; it being understood that, in order to prevent abuses, every Ionian vessel claiming the benefits of the present Treaty shall be furnished with a patent signed by the Lord High Commissioner or his Representative.

ARTICLE XIX.

Stipulations of Treaty apply to Finnish Vessels.

The stipulations of the present Treaty shall be applicable to all vessels navigating under the Russian flag, without any distinction between the Russian Mercantile Marine, properly so called, and that which belongs more particularly to the Grand Duchy of Finland, which forms an integral part of the Empire of Russia.

Convention of 1825 to Remain in Force.

In regard to commerce and navigation in the Russian Possessions on the North-West Coast of America, the Convention concluded at St. Petersburgh on the 18th of February, 1825, shall continue in force.

ARTICLE XX.
Trade-Marks.

The High Contracting Parties being desirous to secure, each within its own dominions, complete and effectual protection against fraud for the manufactures of the other, have agreed that any piracy or fraudulent imitation in one of the two countries of the manufacturers' or tradesmen's marks originally affixed, bona fide, to goods produced in the other, in attestation of their origin and quality, shall be strictly prohibited and repressed. Her Britannic Majesty engages to recommend to Her Parliament to adopt such measures as may be required to enable Her to give the more complete execution to the stipulations of this Article.

ARTICLE XXI.
Copyright.

The High Contracting Parties reserve to themselves to determine hereafter, by a special Convention, the means of reciprocally protecting copyright in works of literature and of the fine arts, within their respective dominions.

ARTICLE XXII.

Duration of Treaty, Ratifications.

The present Treaty of Commerce and Navigation shall remain in force for ten years from the date of the exchange of the ratifications; and further, until the expiration of twelve months after either of the High Contracting Parties shall have given notice to