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JOURNAL of a traveller to Missouri, 398.

K.

GRAPES, on the culture of in France, by J. P. Cobbett, 5.
Seed of, imported by James Bosley, 6. On the culture KALE, Cæsarean on the eulture of, 246.
of, 84. How to preserve, 208. See Vine.

GRASSES, the various kinds best adapted to permanent

pasture, 25. Orchard, on the cultivation of, 35. Best
for meadows and pastures, 148, 163, 179. Value of
different kinds, 354.

GUN and dog, on the care and use of, 159. Gun barrels,

on the length of, 207, 223.

DOG and Gun, on the use and care of, 159.

DORCHESTER County Cattle Show, list of premiums, 236. GUT-TIE, disease of calves, 201.

DRAINING, remarks on, 67.

DRILL Husbandry, origin of 38.

EASTON Cattle Show, remarks, 269.

ECLIPSE, American, account of 199.
EDITORIAL remarks-on the management and value of
oxen in New England, 3. On encouraging the culture
of the grape, 5. On the pernicious use of ardent spi-
rits, 5. Correspondence, with Horticultural Society
of London, 6. On Earl Stimson's farm, maxims and
management, 10. On the management of fruit trees,

at P. E. Thomas', 12. On an association for the im-

provement of wool, 21. On Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin's

present of Cleveland bay horse and mare to Massachu-
setts Agr. Soc. 22. On the Maryland law institute, 23.
On the prize essay on the horse, 24. On certain com-
munications, 31. Remarks in regard to Internal In-
provement Journal, 46. On next Cattle Show, and
other subjects 30, 31.

EDDOES, or TANNIERS, a plant in use in South Caroli-

na, 197. For Maryland, received by the Editor from
South Carolina, 416.

EDUCATION, school of Cogswell & Bancroft at North-
hampton, 254. The Pestallozian, as practised in Phi-
ladelphia, 309.

ELM, on the natural history of, 212.

EMORY, Col. T. on holly for hedges, 36. On fruit trees,

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HAMBLETON, E. N. account of his tide mill, 230.
HARE, difference between English and American, 7.
HARWOOD, Gen. R. gives account of a remarkable heif-
HERBARIUM, or Hortus Siccus, how to form one, 135.
HEMP, ought to be cultivated in Georgia, 41.
HESSIAN fly, 227, memoir on, 153.
HOFFMAN, David, Esq. notice of his Maryland Law In-
stitute, 23.

HOGS, weight, keep, and nett profit of three near George-
town, D. C. 22. Singular disease of described by M.
Hardin, 59. Poisoned by eating cotton seed, 196.
The Mexican, with a navel on his back, by Dr. S. S.
Mitchell, 406. Account of large ones, 411.

HOLLY, on the use of for hedges, 36. Berries, how best

HORSES, Maryland Association to improve the breed of,

made to germinate, 61.

15. Resolve to confine their purses to Maryland, 17.
Exposition of the views of the association for improve-
ment of, 47.-On the inutility and barbarity of dock-
ing them, 44.-Preferable to the Ox, and why, 57.-
How to cure coliek in, 119. Horses, Cattle, and
sheep, comparison of expense and profit in rearing
them, 233. The importance of more attention in rear-
ing, 269. Remarks on the thorough bred, 270. Do.
and sheep, profit of compared, 284. Prize Essay on
the form and diseases of, 17. Stallion and mare of
Cleveland bay breed sent to Mass Ag. Soc. by Ad-
miral Coffin, 22. Ditto and the ox, their value and
economy compared, 26. French mode of shoeing,

HORSE mills, 285.

with a cut, 140. Compared with Oxen, 3.

HORTICULTURAL Society of London send a diploma to
J. S. Skinner, 6. Also to J. Buel, 36.

LADIES' Department.-On the choice and quantity of

food, 261. The nursery, 293, 301 Lavender, 319.

Whisper to a newly-married pair, 326, 333, 340, 350.

The unnatural mother, 354, 366. Lilies, 374 Peevish-

ness equally wretched and offensive, 382

On preserv-

ing all kinds of butchers' meat, fish or poultry, 391.

Conjugal happiness enhanced by having children, 397.

A mother's love-"They poured the red libation forth,"
598. Sourkraut, mushroom catsup, tomata catsup, wal-
nut catsup, conserved fruits, conservation of recent
fruits without sugar-to preserve gooseberries, Orlean
plums, green gages, damsons, peaches, nectarines, and
bullaces, 406. The Bachelor's soliloquy, ib. Preser-
vation of various fruits, 414. Reply to the Bachelor's
soliloquy, ib. The rural maid, 374
LAFAYETTE, his departure from the United States-ad-
dress to him by President Adams, and his answer, 214.
LAMBS, diseases of-black water in, 226. Blood water,
ib. Skit, or scour, ib.

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ed, 49. Depth of, by what circumstances it should be

regulated, 49.

PLOUGHS, remarks on the experiments with at Washing-

ton, 58.

PLUMS, diseases of, how prevented, 43. And Morello
cherry tree, 339.

POETRY, eclogue on the plough, 24. On the approach
of spring, 55. Prize Address at Albany, 96.

POISON, of ivy, how counteracted when taken by sheep

and cattle, 59. By parsnips, account of, 94.

POMEROY, Samuel Wyllys, his Prize Essay on the Mule,

169.

POTATO, remarks on those sent by Com. Hull from S.

America. 44. Mortar of, 165.

POTTER, Wm. sends accounts and stalks of extraordinary
POULTRY, managing and feeding, 164.
POWEL, J. H. his introduction of valuable stock and
influence in awakening a spirit of agricultural im-
provement, 27. In reply to Colonel Pickering on na-
tive cattle, 74, 105, 129. Imports Durham cattle and
Southdown sheep, 288. Pedigrees of cattle import-
ed by him, 295, 297. On the various breeds of sheep,
316. On the importance of neat cattle, 332. To the
Pennsylvania Agr. Soc. on sheep and other animals,
369. On sheep husbandry, 385. On the usefulness
and sagacity of the shepherd's dog, 4.

PREMIUMS offered by Maryland Ag. Soc. at Easton, 221.

PRINCE, of Long Island, his nursery recommended, 190.

Q.

of gun barrels, 396. Shooting match, 225. Windsor QUERIES, to correspondents-on horse machinery, 14.
royal hunt, ib. Trotting, ib. Sale of hunters, ib. A-
merican skating, ib. On the various kinds of cartrid-
ges, 342. Dog breaking, 358, 374, 583. The field
dog, 267. On cartridges, ib. Number of shots in an
Ounce, 271.

OLIVE, adapted to the southern states, 186. Ought to be

cultivated in Georgia, 41.

ORCHARD Grass, denounced by T. Massey, 59. On the

value of, 35.

ORATION of Doctor Muse, on the dignity, &c. of agri-

culture, 313.

ORCHARDS, how to prune, 224.

OX, on the value of, compared with horses, and mode of

training and treatment in New England and Virgi-

nia, 3. How valued in New England, 14. Shows their

value and economy compared, 26. Why not equal to

the horse, 67. How to gentle an, with a cut, 76. No-

tice of a remarkable one, 191. Account of a large

one, 199. Diseases, 201. Prize essay on the use of,

257.

RACES, purses offered, May, 1825, 47. Account of at
Lawrenceville and Newmarket, 63, 69, 77, 85. Con-
demned by with boats, 79. At Richmond, May, 1825,
95. Newmarket, 95. At Lawrenceville, 95. Men
against horses, 135. At Charleston, S. C., 407.
RAILWAYS, on the structure of, 29. Essay on, from the
RADISHES, 403.

RECIPES, to fatten turkeys, 37. Remedy for horses,

sheep, and cattle, 51. How to tan, 88. To make

Japanese cement, 88. To destroy rats, 88. How to

economise in candles, 94. To make a composition for

weather boarding paling, 94. To make other wood

resemble mahogany, 94. To sweeten putrid water at

sea, 103. To use sulphur to kill insects on plants, 103.

To clean block tin dishes, 104. To make liquid for

staining bone, 104. To engrave in relief on an egg,

104. To rear calves and save the milk, 112. To clear

feathers of oil, 112. To cure the sea scurvy, ib. To

cure the colick in horses, 119. To make shaving

soap, to make paste for singing birds, to keep milk and

butter, to make salt butter fresh, to preserve cream,

120. To make cheap table beer, to remove the taste

of turnips from milk, to cure the croup, also for rot in

sheep, to make peach and apricot wine, to restore flat

wines, 155. To make cream cheese, rye coffee, rhu-

barb syrup, 143. To drive off fleas and other vermin,

to cure the bowel complaint, to allay heat in the eyes,

relief for cramp in the stomach, for a strain, 143. To

cure the bite of various snakes, 151. To make Italian

cheese, to prevent chimnies from taking fire, 160. To

cure the tetter worm, 167. Substitute for yeast, 200.

Cure for gravel, 200. To purify chambers, to preserve

roots, to preserve vegetables, ib. To preserve grasses,

208. To make extract of malt for coughs, to cook fish

and lobsters, to make lobster sauce, 213. To prevent

yellow fever, 216. In sheep, 217. Rot in sheep, ib.

Red water in sheep; ib. Certain and simple cure for

scouring and looseness in horses and cattle, 222. How

to enter sick rooms, 224. To prune Orchards, 224.

To clean paper hangings, 224. Rot in sheep, 225.

Rubbers in sheep, ib. To make broths and soups, 229.

To make cheap beer, 232. Natural dentifrice, 232.

To prevent the growth of weeds around fruit trees,

ib. Cure for the tooth ache, ib. To avoid effects of

lightning, ib. To restore wines, 246. To make quar-

tern loaves for family use, 247. To cure burns and

scaids, 247. Indian cure for the ear ache, ib. To

remove grease from paper, ib. To clean black silks,

247. Pickles of various kinds, how best ma le, 262.

To preserve houses from vermin, 247. To make shoes

resist water, 263. To cure the stick, 280. To stop

bleeding at the lungs, 305. To preserve podshed icons

from rusting, 303. To preserve brass ornaments, 504.

SAINTFOIN, 179.

SAUCE for lobsters, how to make, 213.

SAY, Thomas on a certain insect, 223.

SCAB in sheep, 225.

SEABROOK, W. B. his experiments in the culture

corn, 35. On fruit trees, 242.

SEBRIGHT, Sir J. on improving the breeds of domest

animals, 369.

SCOURING, or looseness in calves, 201. In horses an
cattle, certain and simple cure for, 222.

SHALER, Consul at Algiers, sends wheat to America, 8

SHEEP, remarks on them and other animals, 51. Reme

for hoven sheep and cattle, ib. Poisoned by ivy an

cured, 59. On the husbandry of, by G. W. P. Cust

73, 82, 98, 108, 112, 123. Husbandry, by W. Ar

strong, 138-by Alexander Reed, ib. Great sale of

Brighton, Mass. 155. Caramanian, or camblet woolle

156. On dipping before shearing, 164 Account of a

one in England, 199. Diseases of, 201. Descripti

of Teeswater, Cotswold, Dishley, Lincolnshire, Dai

moor, Hereford or Ryelands, Southdown, Berkshi

Gloucester, Chinese, Hampshire, Highland, Northam

ton, Shropshire, Rudgswick, swing-tailed, and W

burn, 202. Foot rot, 217. Gall or scour, pelt r

redwater, rickets, rot, ib. Remedies for the rot, 2

Rubbers in, ib. For the scab, ib. Scab, ib. Sore u

der, white scour, wounds, 226. Sheep, cattle a

horses, expense and profit of rearing them compar

233. Sheep and horses, profit of compared, 28 +.

Southdown breed imported by J. H. Powel, 288

luable importation of, by C. Dunn, 292. On the rot a

other diseases of, ib. Husbandry, on the profits of, 31

On the various breeds of, by Col J. H. Powel, 316.

the value of different breeds, by Columella, 324. M

rino, on raising, by R. II. Rose, 333. In reply to C

Jumella, 337, 345. Saxon and Merino, remiks by

Irvine, 348. Communications to the Pennsylvania A

Society, communicated for the Farmer by J. P. M

nor, 361. Communication on, to the Penn. Agr. S

by Col. J. H. Powel, 369. Number owned in Was

ington county, Pa. 378. New Leicester, imported

the Editor, 384. Husbandry, paper on by Col. J.

Powel, 385. Remarks on, by W. Partridge, 386

Parry on the merino, 393. New Leicester, 401. N
weight of some, 403. Rot in, how cured, ib. St
gers in, 201. Curwen in reply to Columella, 409.
SHOES, wooden soaled, remarks on. 51.
SHOEING horses, French mode of 140.
SHOOTING, account of at Wheatland in Virginia,
Account of pigeon shooting match, 104. Woodco
4th July, 143. Remarkable case of good, 175.
SHOOTE, a disease of calves, 201.
SILK, recommended in Georgia, 185. Domestic manuf

ture of in Carolina, 329. Worm, how to rear, 229.
SILK-WORMS, raised in Pennsylvania, 182.
SINCLAIR, Robert agricultural remarks by, 162, 173.
SKINNER, J. S. elected corresponding member of

Horticultural Society of London, 6. Vice Presiden
the Maryland Association for improving the bree
horses, 15. Appointed one of the board of trustee
the West Point Academy, 96. Corresponding me

ber of the Horticultural Society of Jamaica, 312.

SMALL, WF on stuccoing houses in Baltimore, 25.

SMITH, F. H. states that he has invented a machine

planting cotton, 220 On the culture of cotton,

Communicates a drawing and explanation of a co

press, 395.

SMUT in wheat, remarks on 139.
SNAKE, a cure for the bite of 151.
SOUTH CAROLINA Agricultural Society, premiums
tered by, 291.
SPALDING. Thomas his address to the Union Agricu
ral Society of Georgia, 135.

SPENCE, J. S. deposites seed for distribution, 56.
SPORTS of the field, editorial remarks on, 268.

of, 66. Bad effects of the use of, 207. Proposed cul-
ture of in Ohio, 312. In Missouri, 338. In Ohio, 348.

SPORTING anecdotes-hare hunt, sagacity of the fox, 7. TRAVELLING, distances between various points, 151.
Races at New Orleans, 39. See Olio.

SPURREY, 180.

SPRINGS, central theory of, 5. Account of one near

London, 53.

STABLER, Edward experiments with the Cherokee rose,

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158. Flooding, improvement of grass lands by means of,
330. Wheels, the principle of their construction, 390.
WASHINGTON Agricultural Society, proceedings of, 115.
WEATHER, signs of changes, 180.

WELL, account of the overflowing one in the horticultural
garden, London, 53.

WEST POINT Academy, Editorial notice of, 120, 127,
137, 145, 148, 177.

WILLIAMS, Charles, cut and explanation of his cotton

WILLIAMS, James on root crops, 353.

WILLIS, John on the culture of the vine, 77.

WILKINS, W. on asparagus beds, 301.

WINE, on the manufacture of in France, 5. Scuppernong,

produce and profits of per acre, 45. Parsnip, how to

make, 68. American, by J. Adlum, 188. Those of

1825, 309. History of ancient and modern, 364, 372,

380, 388, 396, 403. Diminished consumption of, 374.

WHEAT, white flint notice of by J. H. Cocke, 109. Smut
in, remarks 139. White flint, character of by Ira Hop-
kins, 155. From Asia, experiment with, 182. Changes
from wheat to cheat, ib. Soil and climate of Georgia
well adapted to, 186. White flint, character of, 182.
Remarks on by a correspondent in Cecil county, 195.
On pickling for seed, 199. White flint, T. Tilghman's
remarks on, 203. Selection of for seed, 182.
WHEELS and springs, advantage of to carriages, 85.
WOAD, substitutes for, 94.
WHITE Scour in sheep, 226.

WOOL, society formed in Massachusetts for improvement
of, 21. Remarks on by the Editor, 184. Account of
large sale of in Boston, 285. Importance of fineness
of, 285. On merino, by John McDowell, 331. Re-
WOODWARD, George gives account of large trees, 213.
marks on by Columella, 338.

WORTH, James on the diseases of various fruit trees, 12.

WORCESTER Cattle Show, account of, 251.

On the diseases of fruit trees, 378.

WOUNDS in cattle, how cured, 195.
WRIGHT, Gov. on the natural history of the mule, 219.
Y.

On boring for, 119, ZOLLICKOFFER, Doctor on the value of root crops, 338.

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RURAL ECONOMY, INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS, PRICES CURRENT.

VOL. VII.

AGRICULTURE.

"O fortunatos nimium sua si bona norint
"Agricolas.".

...VIRG.

BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, MARCH 25, 1825.

No. 1.

With an implement of this kind you cover the seed or trowel hoe ploughs, cutting once on each side of with great facility, and by this mode of planting you the plants and so near to them as to destroy some, preserve a fresh surface, all important, by prevent- thereby aiding the operation of thinning. After having your land from washing into gullies-by dimi- ing gone over the crop in this manner, the business ON THE CULTURE AND PREPARATION nishing the loss of moisture at this critical juncture of thinning going on at the same time, but after the

OF COTTON FOR MARKET.

by evaporation, for the more uneven the surface plough. The next working should commence with the more rapidly it dries, and by facilitating the cul- trowel hoe ploughs, having on each side of the trian not more than 14 inches wide and curving; thus, ture of the crop after it is up, which will appear un-gular helve a short mould-board, (A, see next page,, Waqua, Brunswick Co. Va. Jan. 27th, 1825. -This should vary with the TIME OF PLANTING.EVERY thing said on the subject of Cotton, is daily der the head of culture. becoming more interesting in this part of the country; added to which, many invitations have been latitude and distance from the seaboard. In more valuable paper, that planters southern latitudes they may plant much earlier than given through your should communicate their experience on this sub-we do in Virginia; but a person living near the seasoon as a Carolinean living at the distance of 150 to the plants. The hoes should follow the ploughs I reside about 40 miles from to cut away the grass, or remove it by hand, if any ject; therefore, no other apology is deemed neces-board in Virginia, say at Williamsburg may plant as so attached to the helves, as to shovel up a little earth sary for the few remarks which I now offer you. I do not know that I shall say any thing either miles from the sea. new or interesting, but as my remarks may correct the Carolina line and about 150 from the seaboard, should be left. After this, the hoes may be disconsome erroneous opinions entertained by a few, and and in my vicinity, some begin as soon as the first tinued altogether, except to remove the few weeds be a guide to others, who are as yet inexperienced week in April, others later. If I could deposite all or bunches of grass which may be left after the last on the subject of the cotton crop, they are offered with my seed in one day, I would prefer about the 10th of ploughing; but scarcely any will ever remain, if the the hope of either communicating information to the May. One of my neighbours, last year, failed in a ploughing is well done. The ploughing should be it up in May, and planted it on the 22d of that tition, lengthen the mouldboards a few inches, so inexperienced, or eliciting intelligence from the more crop of wheat, on a small lot of land. He ploughed repeated two or three times more, and at every repeskilful and better informed.

SEED.-An opinion is expressed in the American month-its produce was more abundant than any that a little more earth may be thrown up at each Farmer, vol. 3, page 237, that the rot is propagated other part of his crop. By planting late you avoid ploughing to the plants. By repeatedly throwing up by the seed, and that it may be avoided by selecting the risk of planting your crop over twice, which the earth to the plants, you smother the young grass seed from plants not affected. This I think is an er- would, at that busy season, be a serious loss, and the which comes up about them, and hill the cotton at ror. The first year I planted a crop of any extent, further risk of having your crop stunted in its growth, the same time, two important objects attained by (for I have cultivated it in the small way ever since by late frost or even cold weather, from the injurious the same operation. Hence one of the great advanI have been a farmer,) I procured the seed from a effects of which it is slow in recovering. By plant- tages of planting on a flat surface. By planting on gin about 25 miles distant from my farm, and in a ing late, the seed vegetates soon-the plants come high beds, you are obliged to clear away the grass neighbourhood every crop of which was affected up with a vigorous growth, which they retain to with hoes, thereby increasing the labours of hoe culwith the rot. My first crop, in 1822, entirely es- their maturity, if properly managed afterwards. A ture, and this cannot be done without drawing away in preparation for the expeditious planting of to injure its growth. I have heard some experienced caped it. I do not think that one single pod was cotton planter should plant his corn early, have every some of the earth from the plants, which never fails rotted. The crop of 1823 was, in some places, al- thing most entirely destroyed;-the crop of 1824, less af- his cotton, and by beginning about the 25th of April planters say, that you might increase your crop by fected. From these facts, I cannot believe that the will finish in good time, if he have a full crop, say planting in checks at the distance of 34 feet by 18 one ploughing the narrow way, and thin out the cotrot is propagated by the seed. An opinion prevails five acres to each labourer-if his crop is less, he inches or 2 feet, and leaving two or three stalks in in North Carolina, that the rot proceeds from de- may begin later. I speak of the southern part of each check. By this means you are enabled to give DISTANCE AND THINNING.-The greatest distance ton with more expedition, as which, no part of the fective seed, which, when planted fresh or new, will Virginia. ROT. This is too well known to all cotton planvegetate, and that by keeping the seed to be one or more years old, these seed lose their vegetating prin- generally between the rows is 44 feet, and the short- management of the crop is so tedious, except the ciple, and that none come up but such as are per- ost is 3. Some crowd a great many plants on an gathering. fectly sound. By this means they obtain vigorous acre, having the rows left only 3 feet apart, and plants, and think their crops less affected with the leaving the plants only 4 or 5 inches apart. This ters, to need any description. Much has been said rot than they were before this practice was commen- may answer on very thin land, but will be destruc- respecting the causes which produce it, but as yet ced. The result of this practice is as yet uncertain; tive on rich land. The distance should vary ac- all is vague conjecture. I have observed in my it appears plausible, and deserves experiment. Cer-cording to the fertility of the land. Upon rich to- crops, that those spots not hitherto cultivated in cotThe plants should never be so crowded as to inter- am inclined to believe it proceeds in some cases tainly the more sound the seed, as in all other crops, bacco land, I would advise about 5 feet by 12 inches. ton, were less injured by it than any other parts. I the better. -The preparation of the land lock across the rows; for, thereby you impede the from a sudden check given to a rapid flow of sap, MODE OF PLANTING.and the mode of planting varies much in different facility of gathering, and exclude the sun and air, produced by causes as yet undiscovered. I suggest neighbourhoods. Some bed up on the old bed, after important to all crops, but more so to cotton than the following as probable means of diminishing its first splitting it open with a large trowel hoe-some any other. I made more than 1000lbs. per acre, ravages. The seed should be thoroughly dried, or flush their lands, and then bed it up by one or two cuts from a lot planted 5 feet by 18 inches, and where kept until they are old. Shift your land-keep it free TOPPING. The beneficial result of this, is as variof a mouldboard plough on each side-some cross there was any irregularity in the distance it exceed- from grass; but never accelerate its growth by too these beds at the distance they intend the plants to ed 18 inches. A good general rule is, to give it dis- much culture-give access to the sun and air, by the stand, and deposite the seed in the checks. My ex-tance one way and crowd the plants the other, to that distance you plant. perience and observation recommend the following distance which will afford stocks enough for the plan-Flush up your land as if intended for corn; strength of the land. Last year I saw a piece of ous as the experiments have been numerous. Many open a furrow by one cut of a trowel hoe plough, at rich second low ground, by the admission of the experiments have been made within the circle of wish to plant, spread your seed in proprietor, an advocate for thick planting, much in-my acquaintance, and the results differing. Some the distance you this furrow, and then cover it by a plough, without jured by being planted too thick. The rows were 3 gentlemen, whose veracity is unimpeachable, have apart in the rows;-he determined to give it much and weighing, and that there was no difference in any hoe, with two boards attached to the helve and feet 4 inches apart, and the stocks left 6 inches informed me, that they have attended the gathering greater distance in his next planting. May not the the product of the topped and untopped cotton; that the topped cotton yielded a much greater crop. extending forwards; thus, rot be promoted by the greater humidity preserved while others, equally respectable, have assured me, in the field by a crowded growth of plants? CULTURE. This should begin, as soon as the The topping is performed at different seasons; by plants are well up, with three or five tooth harrows, some, as soon as the 15th of July, in which case it

1-VOL. 7.

may be beneficial, but increases the labour, by cre- advantages of a division of labour, he might preserve
ating the necessity of removing the suckers, a very the perfection of his gins, and reduce his price, even
tedious operation;-by others, it is procrastinated below Davidson's. Nothing is wanting but greater
until the last of August, after which no suckering is competition, to bring down the price to $1 per saw,
required. Topping at this season is most expedi- which would be fully equal to the value of the la-
tiously performed with long knives, or with bits of bour expended on them. One of Davidson's 50 saw
old scythe blades inserted into pieces of wood which gins, with two horses, will pick from three to four
serve as handles, by the labourers walking briskly thousand weight per day. The only experiment I
along and chopping off as much of the top as is have made with the one I have in use, picked
thought redundant. The late topping I cannot be- 2000lbs. in 5 hours, and this without any effort to
lieve will add any thing to the crop, but it is service- increase the rapidity of the work, except the addi-
able in removing leaves which would be in the way tion of a second horse, for most commonly I work it
of gathering, and admitting more sun, thereby acce- with but one. It has been recommended to sun the
lerating the maturity of the crop; for, although the seed as fast as the cotton is picked, for reasons ap-
cotton will all be opened before it can be gathered, pearing under the head Seed.

yet the earlier it opens the better, as pods more PACKING. The most common practice, in this
widely expand when they open early, which much part of Virginia, is to pack it in round bags, six feet
assists the gathering, and topping may further be long, with iron or wood pestles. This is a tedious
serviceable, by curtailing the draft upon the fertility business, as a hand will not pack more than a bag a
of the soil.
day, the weight of which is generally 350lbs. Some
GATHERING Should commence as soon as the pack in boxes, called square, of unequal dimensions,
cotton begins to open; for let the planter be as in- 4 feet long, breadth and depth 3 feet by 18 inches;
dustrious as he may, the winter will far advance others impress it into these square boxes by screws.
upon him before he can finish, and will nearly expire, In this part of the country, we are much at a loss
if he have a full crop and be without extra hands to for the best mode of packing, and some of your
assist. The morning's gathering, for the first month southern correspondents would render an essential
at least, should be scaffolded for a half day. Some service by communicating the cheapest and most
hands in this part of the country pick out 158lbs. a expeditious mode of putting our cotton into square
day, but such cases are rare-an average of 50lbs. a bags. There are several disadvantages attending
day is thought good; however, the average should the round bags, some of which I will here enumc-
exceed that weight until the middle of November. rate:-The loss on bagging, more cotton being gen-
Some planters are in the habit, and it is recommend-erally put into 4 yards of square bags than into 6
ed to all, of weighing the gathered cotton once or yards of round bags-the loss of carriage to market,
twice a day, and keeping a book in which they set a wagon getting along with difficulty and danger,
down against each labourer's name the weight carrying 2400lbs. in round bags, and can with ease
gathered. The benefit of this course will be readily carry 3200lbs. in square bags-the loss on round
perceived without any further observation-and fur- bags from upsetting the wagon, which often hap-
ther of stimulating the exertions of the labourers by pens, and on our neglected roads is almost unavoid-
occasional premiums. This plan is highly advanta-able, and the greater extent of the bags exposed to
geous. There is no crop in which so much can be rain. In both cases, either by soiling the bags with
lost by negligence and indifference as in cotton, or mud or wetting with rain, the planter is sure to sus-
which can be so easily concealed; nor is there any tain a loss, for the merchant "knocks off" so much
in which so much depends on practice and habit. for mud and so much for water, generally taking off
By premiums you afford exercise in industrious ex-as many pounds as there are ounces added by either
ertions, excite pride and emulation, and what is of these causes. For some time a 4 or cent more
most important, lighten the weight of labour by the per pound was given in the Petersburg market for
playful cheerfulness with which the task is per- cotton in square bags; but I do not believe that that
formed.
difference is made at present. One great advantage
of square bags is, that more of the load is taken into
the body of the wagon, which does less injury to it,
and in a measure prevents its upsetting.

Box 18 feet long, 18 inches wide, 4 feet deep.

A

Fig. 2.

3

Fig. 1.

B

h

1. Trowel Hoe.

2. Base of helve.

3. 3. Mouldboard-6 inches

long, 2 wide and curving.

1. 2. 3. 4. Clamps, such as
is represented at 1.
H. End of box, into which
the cotton is pressed.
B. End of box into which
the follower r is driven
by the beam b.
7. Follower.

b Beam, 18 feet long.
hhh Rollers.

a Upright windlass, 18 in. diameter.

ceee Large posts confin-
ed by pieces as is repre-
sented by 8 8 8 8, in fig.
2 and 3.

D Chain attached to wind-
lass a, and to beam b, at
end E. The last 8 feet
of chain next to E,
should be links of iron
14 in. diameter; 1 in.
will break with ease.
c Represents the po-
sition of the wind-
lass and posts.

с

a

с

с

Represents 3 large pieces of timber, 5 5 5. upon which to set the windlass and posts, c c cc, 8 8 8 8 represents wide pieces to hold the windlass in an erect position.

GINNING. This should go on pari passu with the gathering, by which means the planter may get his crop early to market. This is doubly important, as it enables him to embrace any advance in the price I have recently heard of, in this part of the world, of the article, and gives him the early use of the a new mode of packing, although I have heard it fruits of his labour. Great care should be taken to spoken of as being old in others. It is effected by a prevent the motes from mixing with the cotton, as a chain of great substance attached, one end to a piece few will much injure the sale of the crop, and much of timber, say 14 inches square and 18 feet long, lying greater care should be extended to the preservation horizontally upon rollers, the other end to an upof the staple, upon which the value of the article right windlass, which is carried around by a 30 feet mainly depends. This can be regulated only by the sweep. As this turns it winds up the chain, which structure of the gins and the velocity with which thrusts the end of the piece of timber against a block, they run. The ribs which divide the saws should called a follower, and thus forces the cotton into the be wide, 3-4 of an inch or more, the teeth of the end of a box, which also lies horizontally. The box saws fine, and the velocity of the saws should not is 4 feet deep and 18 inches wide. The cotton is exceed two hundred and twenty revolutions in a driven into the last 3 feet of the box, which is conminute. The staple is apt to be injured by narrow fined by clamps, and opens. After the chain is ribs and coarse teeth, and too much velocity will wound up, the clamps are removed, and the bag certainly chop it. Carver's gins, manufactured near sewed up, which finishes the business. I have been Fig. 3. Boston, are the best I have ever heard of, but they informed. that two hands will pack six bags a day, are too costly for our limited crops in Virginia and with a machine of this kind. I wish I could give Carolina. A Mr. Miles, of Northampton county, you a good drawing of this machine, as I expect my N. Carolina, makes most excellent gins; but his ma- description will afford but an imperfect idea of it. nufacture is unequal to the demand. Davidson, of If you, or any of your correspondents, know any Mecklenburg county, N. Carolina, manufactures ex- thing of it, you will oblige us by some better account tensively, and his gins are cheap-2$ per saw. The of it. I would here ask you, or through you, of the only difference between Miles' and Davidson's gins, superintendant of the patent office, whether or not is, that Miles' have a mote box in the rear of the any patent has been granted to any person for any ribs, and they are made in better style; but they machine to pack cotton, and if any, what they are. The windlass in an erect posture. cost 1$ per saw more than Davidson's, a sum more I shall below attempt a drawing of this packing ƒ The sweep with the end g, 30 ft. from the windlass than equivalent to the greater perfection of the gin. machine, which if you can make intelligible by an

If he would extend his manufacture, embrace the engraving, may be added.

at k.

SA brace.

k

f

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