MISCELLANEOUS. THE NORTH AMERICAN SYLVA, which they are exported; the different kinds of wood completely covered, and our march to-day was very employed for fuel, for enclosing fields, and in the me- fatiguing. We passed the remains of two red deer chanical arts; the sorts of bark used in tanning, &c. lying at the bases of perpendicular cliffs, from the I have endeavoured, also, to impress on the summits of which they had probably been forced by Or a description of the Forest Trees of the United American farmers the advantage of preserving and the wolves. These voracious animals, which are States, Canada and Nova Scotia, by F. ANDREW multiplying some species, and of destroying others; inferior in speed to the moose and reindeer, are said MICHAUX. for, in my opinion, a bad tree should not be suffer- to frequently have recourse to the following expedi[This very elegant and valuable work has been ed to exist where a good one might grow, and in ent in places where extensive plains are bounded by presented to the Maryland Agricultural Society, by no country is selection more necessary than in North precipitous cliffs. America. Whilst the deer are quietly grazing, the wolves W. McClure, Esq. of Philadelphia, and has been deposited for the use of any member of the Society, It may not be improper to observe that the Euro-assemble in great numbers, and, forming a crescent, with J. S. Skinner, its corresponding secretary. peans have great advantages over the Americans in creep slowly towards the herd, so as not to alarm Mr. McClure, purchased lately in Paris, the whole the management of woods. The principal forests them much at first, but when they perceive that remaining edition of the work and the copper plates, are in the hands of the governments, which watch they have fairly hemmed in the unsuspecting creaat the moment they were about to be sent to Eng-over their preservation with a solicitude dictated by tures, and cut off their retreat across the plain, they land, and with the liberal design of distributing them imperious necessity. Experience has amply demon- move more quickly, and with hideous yells terrify gratuitously amongst agricultural and other useful strated that no dependance can be placed, for the their prey, and urge them to flight by the only open public service or the general supply, upon forests way, which is that towards the precipice; appearing societies. The text is illustrated and the book ornamented that are private property: falling sooner or later to know, that when the herd is once at full speed, it is with beautiful coloured representations of the leaf, into the hands of persons eager to enjoy their price, easily driven over the cliff, the nearmost urging on flower and fruit of all the trees described. These they disappear and give place to tillage. In Ame- those that are before. The wolves then descend at representations are executed with surprising truth rica, on the contrary, neither the federal govern- their leisure, and feast on the mangled carcases. to nature; and no adequate idea can be formed of ment nor the several states have reserved forests. One of these ferocious animals passed close to the the skill, perseverance and nice discrimination of An alarming destruction of the trees proper for person who was beating the track, but did not offer the author, without having reference to them. We building, has been the consequence--an evil which any violence. shall, however, as we can snatch occasional mo- with the increase of population. The effect is al- pedition) having the first watch, had gone to the is increasing, and which will continue to increase! Dr. Richardson, (the medical attendant on the exments of leisure, look it over and make extracts from the text, of such passages as may appear most ready very sensibly felt in the large cities, where summit of the hill, and remained seated, contemplatcurious and entertaining to the general reader. The the complaint is every year becoming more serious, ing the river that washed the precipice under his following are from the Introduction.] not only of the excessive dearness of fuel, but of feet, long after dusk had hid distant objects from the scarcity of timber. Even now, inferior wood his view. His thoughts were, perhaps, far distant BEFORE entering into any details concerning the is frequently substituted for the white oak; and the from the surrounding objects, when he was roused plan which I have adopted, it should be remarked live oak, so highly esteemed in ship-building, will by an indistinct noise behind him, and on looking that the species of large trees are much more nu-soon become extinct upon the islands of Georgia. round, perceived that nine white wolves had ranged merous in North America than in Europe: in the At the close of the work will be placed a com- themselves in form of a crescent, and were advancUnited States there are more than 140 species that plete and particular recapitulation of the various ing apparently with the intention of driving him into exceed 30 feet in height, all which I have examined kinds of wood used in different parts of the United the river. On his rising up, they halted; and when and described; in France there are but 30 that at-States in the mechanical arts and for fuel, with a he advanced, they made way for his passage down tain this size, of which 18 enter into the composi- general index of the vulgar and scientific names. to the tents. He had his gun in his hand, but foretion of the forests, and 7 only are employed in build- In this first English edition important improve-bore to fire, lest there should be Esquimaux in the ing. ments have been made, particularly by inserting neighbourhood. To collect information, it was necessary for me descriptions and drawings of several trees, such as to visit different parts of the United States. Begin- the yellow wood of Tennessee, and the Ohio buckning at the District of Maine, where the winter is as eye, of which I had not seen the flowers: of these [Further Extracts from Lawson's History of North long and as rigorous as in Sweden, though 10 de-species, the seeds which I brought from the United Carolina, published in London in the year 1706. grees farther south, I travelled over all the Atlantic States in 1803, have grown up and bloomed since Sent to the Editor of the American Farmer, by an states, in some of which the heat during six months the publication of my work. I have, besides, added unknown correspondent. Page 127.] is nearly as great as in the West Indies. Besides a descriptions and figures of the trees, which principaljourney of 1800 miles from north-east to south-west, ly compose the European forests, and which are the a THE ALLIGATOR. "This animal, in these parts, sometimes exceeds I made five excursions into the interior parts of the most commonly employed in building, pointing out 17 feet in length. It is impossible to kill them with country; the first, along the rivers Kennebeck and those which might be advantageously propagated a gun, unless you chance to hit them about the eyes, Sandy, passing through Hallowel, Winslow, Nor-in the United States. The chestnut, the beech and which is a much softer place than the rest of their ridgewock and Farmington; the second, from Bos- the hornbeam are omitted, because their perfect re-impenetrable armour. They roar and make a hideton to Lake Champlain, crossing the states of New semblance in aspect, foliage and fruit to the analo-ous noise against bad weather, and before they come Hampshire and Vermont; the third, from New York gous American species rendered a separate figure out in the spring. I was pretty much frightened to the Lakes Ontario and Erie; the fourth, from unnecessary. with one of these once! which happened thus:Philadelphia to the borders of the rivers Monongha- I flatter myself that the course I have pursued in "I had built a house about half a mile from an hela, Alleghany and Ohio; and the fifth, from the execution of this task will be found more prac- Indian town on the fork of Neuse river, where I Charleston to the sources of the Savannah and tically useful, and consequently more generally in- dwelt by myself, except a young Indian fellow and Oconee. In travelling along the sea-coast, I visited teresting, than if I had followed a more scientific bull dog, that I had along with me. I had not the principal ports to examine the timber employed path. I have been anxious to render my work ac- then been so long a sojourner in America as to be in ship-building, and entered work-shops of every ceptable to the great body of American agricultu thoroughly acquainted with this creature. description where wood is wrought. The know-rists, to the farmers of the northern, and the planters "One of them had got his nest directly under my ledge of which I stood in need was principally in of the southern states. It will afford me sincere gra- house, which stood upon pretty high land, and by a the possession of mechanics; accordingly, I con-tification if I succeed in obtaining the approbation creek side, in whose banks his entering place was; sulted the most skilful workmen, natives of the of the liberal and enlightened men by whom I was his den reaching the ground directly on which my country and Europeans, and by means of a series encouraged during my residence in the U. States. house stood. I was sitting alone by the fire-side, of questions previously prepared, collected, for the To the pupils of the late professor B. S. Barton, (about 9 o'clock at night, sometime in March:) the benefit of the United States as well as of Europe, professor D. Hosack, and Dr. Bigelow, animated Indian fellow being gone to the town, to see his rea mass of information which I trust will be found in like their masters with an ardent desire for the ad-lations, so that there was nobody in the house but the main correct. vancement of natural history, I leave the task of myself and my dog; when all of a sudden this ill-fa In proceeding southward, I noted exactly the dis- completing my work, and of offering to their fellow voured neighbour of mine set up such a roaring, tha t appearance of some species of trees, and the ap- citizens a treatise on this interesting subject more he made the house shake about my ears, and so conpearance of others, according to the changes of cli-worthy of their acceptance. tinued like a bittern, (but a hundred times louder, mate or soil. SAGACITY OF WOLVES. it possible,) for four or five minutes. I have pointed out the trees which form an obThe dog stared as if he was frightened out of ject of commercial exchange between the middle, his senses; nor indeed could I imagine what it was, northern, and southern states, or are sent to the having never heard one of them before! ImmediWest Indies and to Great Britain; the parts of the January 24th, 1824.-So much snow had fallen ately again, I had another lesson; and so a third. country which produce them, and the ports from this night, that the track we intended to follow was Being at that time among none but savages, I be 25 20 Military Academy, and Course of Instruction, concludWest Point, Regulations for the Government of the ed-Artificial Grasses, or Green Crops, concludedDiseases in Cattle, from the Complete Grazier-On Packing Cotton as practised in South Carolina, with an WOOL.-We have had frequent occasion to ob-engraving-Proceedings of Philadelphia Society for Pro-WOOL, Merino, full bl'd lb. serve how vague is the judgment of the generality moting Agriculture-Silk Worms in Philadelphia-Flies of farmers as to the quality of wool, arising, natu-on Horses-White Flint and Lawler Wheat-Wheat rally, from the want of experience, and the habit from Asia-Change of Wheat to Cheat-On Selection of minute observation. We allude to the middle Paris-Sagacity of Wolves-The Alligator, from Lawof Seed Wheat--North American Sylva, published in and southern states, where there are few neighbour-son's History of North Carolina, 1706-Match Race ing manufactories of great power and capital to over Tree-Hill course-Editorial, Maryland Cattle Show create demand, and to beget brisk and sharp-sight- for the Western Shore-Wool--Prices Current. Printed every Friday, at $5 per annum, for JOHN S. No. 24-VOL. 7. AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, SEPTEMBER 2, 1825. AGRICULTURE. UNION AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF AGREEABLY to a resolution (on motion of Mr. John "The task of working improvement on the earth, is much more delightful to an undebauched mind, than all the vain glory which can be acquired from ravaging it by the most uninterrupted career of conquest!" -The fall of kings, The rage of nations, and the crush of states, To Nature's voice attends, from month to month, 185 forests, forbid us much to apprehend; but we are you of what I have seen, and not of what I have told, or of ourselves we know, that beyond those heard. eit 20 vhat; n corn able p western hills, are deep loams, resting on beds of From Wilmington, in North Carolina, to St. Malime stone, teeming with fertility, that fills us with ry's in Georgia, along the coast, for that whole wonder and admiration at a first view, and we space, the climate is not only adapted to the culare too often won before we have deliberated.-ture of rice, but each of the rivers have an alluvial Yes, sirs, these fat and loamy soils, after a time, district of considerable extent, over which the tides will give out their fatness, as they are stripped of rise sufficiently high to water their fields, and to their vegetable covering, as their trees sink before command machinery for cleaning or beating out the axe, many of their rivers will disappear, as their their crops, and below which they fall low enough small streams now do in the summer; and they will to drain. This is an essential quality which is wanthave to sink deep 'n tr . for that water, ing in going either north or south from these limits. which, when found, ome nor plea-I doubt if the waters of even the Chesapeake, ever are these deep fall low enough to drain their low lands, and the sant to man. An loams fit for, but ' Indian corn tides of the Appalachicola river, and the rivers is one of the mos s of the earth; emptying into Mobile Bay certainly do not. Cotton but more of ever has been raised in the east- combines well with rice in the southern portion of ern states, than ever was produced in the west-this section. And hemp would, if it could ever beand while the corn of the east is vendible over the come an object to us, make, as it does in Piedmont, world, it can only in the west be employed in the an admirable rotation crop with rice in the northern fattening of cattle or the raising of stock. And this district, while each field would contain in its ditchat last will be the great pursuit of men, from the es, water enough to rot its own product. Allegany to the Rocky Mountains-for this wide Indigo was, before the revolutionary war, our seTakes what she liberal gives, nor thinks of more." region differs but little in soil, in climate, and in cond great staple. The emigration of an individuAt this first meeting of the gentlemen associated productions, from the steppes of Tartary, over which al, a Mr. Gray, to British India, the patronage of for agricultural purposes in Darien, it will be ex-Calmuc, and Cossac hordes, for these thousand the British government in its cultivation there, the pected, after doing me the honour of placing me in years and more, have trailed their flocks. "Perhaps introduction of cotton here, just as this country was the chair, that I should say something upon the ob- there may be, and perhaps there will be, at Pitts- rising from the desolations of war, occasioned it to jects of that association. Those objects are many, burg and at Louisville, at St. Louis, and at New be given up; but the time has arrived for our return nor in my humble opinion are the means of carrying Orleans, other Moscows rising up, where the men of to its culture, and it will be soon seen that we can them into effect, beyond our reach. the east, and the men of the west, the men of the drive competitors out of the market, as easily in Gentlemen, that independence that belongs to our sea, and the men of the wild, will meet together for indigo as we have done in cotton, with one only government, and that liberty which belongs to the exchange. Think you, gentlemen, this picture too precaution: that we use pure water in extracting individuals who compose it, in the mighty blessings highly drawn. Captain Lewis, and Captain Clark, the colouring matter from the plant. I now look which they bring in their train, bring too, perhaps, tell us, that in descending the Missouri river, though back to the recollections of my youth with astonishwith them, some moral feelings which had better flcating down its stream, such was the dryness of ment, when I remember having seen the contents far be left behind. The restless energy which li- the atmosphere, that their inkhorns were emptied of dirty puddles pumped into the steeping vats, all berty stamps upon the character of freemen, makes every twenty-four hours. Lieut. Pike, many years the mud of which was precipitated by the lime them look to their common country as their common since discovered, and Major Long and his comrades, water, and mixed with, and mingled into the cohome, and breaks down those local feelings, which, under the direction of the war department, have louring matter. From the mountains to the sea, under other forms, take deep hold upon the human since explored a desert of many hundred miles in this whole district is calculated to produce indigo, heart, and gives to man, perhaps, the sweetest hour extent, where the rivers, like the rivers beyond but particularly those fight sandy soils extending he knows; when, retiring from the oppressions he Mount Atlas, in Africa, are absorbed in the sand, from the ocean back one hundred miles. The indihas met with abroad, he seats himself down under and where nothing vegetates but prickly and poi- go now made in that quarter for domestic purposes, his own vine and his own fig tree, and then, and sonous plants Gentlemen, none of all these re- is the finest I ever saw. only then, feels that there is none to make him afraid. gions present aught to draw us from our homes. 'The same region embraces a climate, which proEach object around him, becomes dear to hm, be- True, they present to indolence, the mere necessa- duces all the fine wines of the world. It includes cause associated with his peace and his repose. ries of life cheaply procured, and in doing so, they the climate of Bordeaux, of Oporto, of Madeira, One of the chief objects then with al of us, take from man those higher impulses, which having and of Constantia. A great portion of the country should be to awaken in ourselves, and in those with given him enough by energetic means, make him consists of a gravelly superstratum resting upon a whom we are united, that local attachment, which seek for something more, something far beyond it. stiff clay, and every where that a few vines have the form of our government, the wide spread of You would not seek for wealth or fruitfulness in been tried, the results have exceeded all expectaour territory, the flattering but too often false de- Polish plains, or Hungarian vallies, along the banks tion. Whenever the culture is gone into, all diffiscriptions which are given of every newly explored of the Danube-but you may find both the one and culties will sink before it, and our five feet ridge region, is calculated to diminish or destroy. the other in Flanders, where their sandy soils have husbandry will be found the best adapted to it. Let us bear in strong remembrance, that it was been deeply saturated with manure, and highly im- When the plants are headed down to four feet, as not in the regions of the north, it was rot even in proved by human labour, so as to make a region they are in France, a single stake of no great length the temperate zone, as understood in Europe, nor once barren, the granary of France and Holland. will be sufficient between two plants, and it will be yet within the tropics, where the sun, rolling on his You may find them in the sandy and gravelly plains seen that grapes are as easily cultivated as cotton. path, sheds his vertic ray, but in the narrow region of Piedmont, where, by the labour of man, water It will require time, and it will require experience; which separates the temperate from the torrid zone, has been brought from their springs and mountain but if no tariff, if no monopolies, if no exclusive man was first awakened into civilization, he first be- streams, to give them rice crops even beyond our rights, shall damp our enterprize, the result cannot gan to spread the arts and sciences around him. own. Gentlemen, I wish you to understand me dis-be doubtful. Arthur Young states, that Frederick Gentlemen, we are in the climat of Chaldea, tinctly, upon this subject. I wish to impress you the Great, after forty years of effort, with difficulty and of Egypt, of Greece, of Tyre, and of Carthage. with my own convictions, that we combine more of produced in Prussia, eight thousand pounds of in We are in a land, where rice and wheat, and cane the advantages of climate, more of the advantages different silk. Now you may be surprised to hear and indigo, and cotton, and silk-where the olive of soil, and of local situation, than any other sec-it, but the year before the revolution, there was and the vine, not only grow, but vill find their fa- tion of the United States; and among those bene- shipped from Savannah, under the feeble efforts vourite home, if man will only lend his aid. fits, Arthur Young, who brought more of philosophy that had been made upon the subject, 8,000 lbs. of We are bounded by hills on the west, and by into agriculture than any other man, of this, or any good silk, as I have been informed by a mercantile four thousand miles of sea on the east, over which other age, makes climate the first great good; with gentleman of that day. the fogs and the vapours are fathered, and are it, no soil, but by proper application, may be made The upper district of this section embraces as drifted, until they break upon our trees and our profitable-without it, the best are dead and inert. fine a wheat country as any I know, and furnishes, hills, and let down their moistur. We may fondly And how, you may ask me, do I limit this region? perhaps, the heaviest wheat in America. I have hope, then, that nature, that des nothing in vain, By the Appalachian mountains on the west, and by understood from some experienced farmers, they and that Providence, who acts by general means, the sea on the east, by Wilmington in North Caro- have known 70 lbs. per bushel. And with very bad for universal good, will not leave us, for ages lina on the north, and by the river St. Mary's-for husbandry of wheat after corn, from fifteen to yet to come, to desolating dought, the greatest beyond that Florida is little more than drifted twenty bushels per acre. On this subject, I think enemy agriculture knows, thi our local situation, sand, thrown up like Cape Cod, by some great dis- the change might be advantageous of sowing as this our sandy soils, this ar wide-spread pine' ruption of the sea: and here, gentlemen, I speak to early as the first of September, as Dr. Pallas says 24-VOL. 7. they do in the Crimea, where they are subject to for his nourishment; they are what is to him as well by it, on a large scale, he has doubled his crops of the same evil we are, spring blights; and, if prac- his first great necessity, as his first luxury. These corn in a few years.-As it is in the eastern section ticable, sowing their wheat upon their growing cot- are plants with slender roots that ramify upon the of these states in universal practice, I mean not to ton, so as to make a kind of compound crop, as surface of the soil, and elaborate from its finer parts, enforce it upon you, except to invite you to experiwheat and clover are in England. But we are not that nourishment which is to produce thin and slen- ment how far it may be carried, and to urge you to in the immediate field of experiment; to those who der leaves, calculated to take but little from the at make it go hand in hand with some appropriate alare, I consign the idea. mosphere, but capable of drawing much from the ternation of crops. The olive is one of our enumerated articles, and earth, which they leave for a great while exposed It will not be expected, nor would it be desirable we must say something about it. The olive grows to the action of the sun, stiffened and bound toge- that I should go into details of agriculture to those vigorously, and without danger from frost, from ther by their roots, and these the farmer knows as that surround me, who are most of them at the least Charleston in South Carolina to St. Mary's in Geor- culmiferous, or grain, or grass crops. They are as well informed as I can be, but I will say somegia. That it has not been more generally cultivat- wheat and rice, rye and oats, barley and Indian corn; thing on the subject of manure, of which so much ed, has arisen from the difficulty of multiplying they are sugar cane, and all the grasses.-And it is has been written, and of which so little is known, for plants. But, as we have discovered, I conceive, a in the skilful arrangement of these two families of the purpose of introducing one idea, taken from a species of the wild olive, abundant along the sandy plants, that all agricultural improvements must at writer of great merit in Mr. Skinner's paper of Balshores of our coasts, ingrafting will, I trust, over- last end. They are light, and darkness; they are timore, on lime. This writer says that as well from come the difficulty, and the day be not far distant bane and antidote, to each other; the one breaks up what he has seen, as from what he has read, it would when oil will be added to the productions of our the soil, the other stiffens it; the one shades it from seem that the barrenness of soils in the north of Eucountry. the sun, the other exposes it to its action. I will re- rope, England and France, is to be in most instan Sugar has been slowly, but certainly, making its peat what I say, the more strongly to impress this ces, attributed to the too great quantity of lime or progress, and has now fixed itself in public opinion. great agricultural truth upon your minds. That in calcareous matter, while in this country barrenness The district is limited in which it may be cultivated the skilful alternation of green crops, and grain is most often, attributed to the total want of it, as in to the greatest advantage; but the space is large, crops, the whole theory of agriculture rests, and I our flat pine lands. over which it may be grown, for the making of fine invite your attention to the examples which confirm Having been at an early period of life both in syrup, which is the most abundant and most nutri- it. In this immediate vicinity, the change from a England and in France, the justice of this observatious feed for cattle that is known in the world. rice crop to a cotton crop, alternately, has produced tion was strongly impressed on my mind, for in both If I have succeeded in extinguishing in any one for many years the happiest results. Those who have of these countries there are extensive regions with bosom present, a desire to change his local situation; omitted it have neither made good crops of cotton, a substratum of chalk, which are covered over with if I have succeeded in awakening in any one bosom or good crops of rice. a thin coat of grass, that the agriculturist is cautionpresent, a better opinion of his home, I shall be gra- In Piedmont the greatest crops of rice ever known ed against breaking up, from the difficulty of ever tified; for until that restless desire to roam, is at an have been produced by alternating them with hemp again restoring it, yet to the eye the superstratum end within us, we will not call into action all our which is a green crop. Clover, a green crop, has upon those lands looked deep enough, and well faculties, we will not tax our energies to their maxi- within fifty years, been introduced into European enough, to be applied to many purposes. And along mum, to decorate our cottage, or to improve our husbandry, for the purpose of alternating with wheat, our own coasts, where large masses of oyster shells farm, and these things will always go together, the with the greatest benefit. But a still more favours have been thrown up by the Indians, and have been beautiful and the good, are both attributes of the ble result has followed from the introduction of the for a long time decomposing themselves, and opeone great monad, and cannot be separated. Norfolk husbandry in England, preceding wheat by rating upon the vegetable substances around them, The perfume of pleasure must dry the sweat upon turnips, a green crop. in most instances and particularly in those instances the labourer's brow,-he will not labour, or he will I have on my own plantation, witnessed an im- in which the shells appear to be the oldest and most sink under its pressure. It is the moral feeling, and provement beyond my utmost expectations, by al- in decay, the land instead of being bettered, appears that feeling alone, can buoy us up to great exertion. ternating my cane crops, with running potatoes. All obviously to be injured by them; this can only be Then be that moral feeling strongly stamped on you, the manure I have been able to apply, has fallen far from the redundancy of calcareous matter of which on me, on all of us. short of this cheap and simple process, and here- a small portion would be highly beneficial. It would And now with the feeble lights which experience after it is my intention to cultivate equal quantities seem then, that to make a fruitful soil, a small poror reading has afforded me, I will attempt to point of these two plants, though cotton would enter well, tion of calcareous matter was essentially necessary. out to you, what are the great leading features in into the alternation of cane, as plants totally dissi- to correct the natural acidity of all soils, and yet the every country of improvement. For we may, and milar in their character and growth. I trust gen- portion required is very small. Doctor Darwin, will again assert, that nature operates by general tlemen I have said enough upon the alternation of many years since recorded an analysis of the soils means, and what is good for one, is good for many. crops. Every soil has upon its surface some vege- of two fields, the one in Piedmont, the other in the The first step the agriculturist ever made in im- table or animal substance combined with it. The neighbourhood of Paris, which had long been known provement was the alternation of his crops, the change alluvia of rivers, the deposit of lakes, or the annual for their extreme fertility, the base of both were of one plant for another, the soil though wearied and fall of leaves or plants; these substances when turn- sand, with some vegetable mould, and a small, but exhausted in producing one plant, will be fresh and ed up, and exposed, become light and are liable to very smal, portion of lime and clay in each. Sir fruitful for some other. This truth had been pro- be blown away by the winds, to be washed away by Humphrey Davy cites the same cases, instead of claimed from every hill, it had been echoed through the waters, or even to be exhaled by the sun. The doing what he might have done, given us the exevery valley. The herdsman and the hunter had first object then with the agriculturist should be, to amination of five hundred fertile fields in England, marked it, they had both seen that from whatever preserve this precious deposit, by intermixing it with and left us to see whether the results were in any cause the woods were destroyed, whether by fire or the substratum, which being sand or clay is better degree the same. The writer in Mr. Skinner's pa the axe, some new growth sprung up, but never the able to resist these external accidents. It had long per aliuded to, strongly recommends the application same. The oak gave place to the pine, or the pine been known that the spade or garden culture sur- of lime to allour flat sandy soils, and where it can gave place to the oak This beautiful lesson passed passed all other, and instead of leaving the small be commanded at a moderate expense of home la unheeded by the ploughman, or at least he was the portions of land to which it was applied, (after con- bour. I shoud by all means recommend it, or at last to observe it. At length however, he did ob- tinued cultivation) impoverished, left them so im- least recommend experiment upon the subject. serve it, and all the improvement of modern times proved, that they became manure for other lands, From the tine of Lord Bacon, to the present pehave arisen from the application of this lesson to the yet few attempts were made to imitate or approxi-riod, much has been said, and more has been writfield; for experience soon taught man, that the world mate to this culture.-In Flanders, it was done with ten, upon the pabulum or food of plants, each partiof plants were divided into two great families. The the greatest success. That country where the soil cular age, has given rise to some new theory, to one with large roots calculated to penetrate deep into was originally light, became a great portion of it, some favourite menstruum, which has risen with the the earth, and to draw from its substratum, a strong the property of religious houses, the best landlords theory, and which has sunk with it, and at last we coarse nourishment, that would again shoot out large in Europe, for they had neither executors, or mi- are left to tread the path of experiment with inquisucculent and absorbent leaves, which would receive nors, among them, the spade culture was introduced, sitive but slow and cautious steps. The results of much from the atmosphere, while they shaded the and it is understood that even now, when their lands experiment as far as they have gone, would lead us soil and protected it from the sun. While they broke give them the heaviest crops in Europe, once in se- to believe that almost every matter extraneous to up the land to a great depth and ameliorated it, and ven years, they turn over the earth two spades deep. the soil, in small quantities will aid it, but that no these he arranged in his vocabulary as leguminous, This culture is quite too expensive for us, but we one substance posseses any marked superiority over or green, or root crops; and of this description we may approximate towards it by deep ploughing, or others. The delusi as of self-love have so powerful may place cotton, hemp, tobacco, clover, turnips, what is better by the ridge husbandry. And here an influence over thehuman mind, that some of the cabbages, potatoes, our running potatoes, pease, let me observe that the United States are indebted wisest men have been seduced into opinions which and vines of every species. The other great family to the cotton growing states for the ridge husbandry. have again through: their influence spread far and ●f plants, are what man is principally to depend upon That enlightened farmer colonel Taylor, says that wide their effects, andwhich many years have been scarcely able to shake. Gypsum has in the middle ed by the hollowness of their flanks, the roughness Various remedies have been tried and recomstates, for a long time, been a universal specific. It of their coats, the running or weeping of their eyes, mended for this malady, which, if not opportunely not only found the food the plant most wanted, but and the heat of their breath. Colds prevail chiefly discovered, inevitably proves fatal. Of these, the it brought moisture in its train, it drew from the in the brute creation, as among mankind, in those most common is to make an incision with a penatmosphere the very dew of heaven. The Europe- springs which follow mild winters: and as they be- knife beneath the short ribs, when a quill, or small an agriculturist who was acquainted with it, and used come contagious if long neglected, the diseased tube of ivory or smoothed elder, is introduced, in it in common with other substances of the same cha- beasts should be selected as early as possible, and order to give vent to the confined air; the wound is racter, without noticing any extraordinary effects, conveyed to a warm shelter or stable. Here they then covered with adhesive plaster, to prevent it was astonished to hear of its necromantic powers on must be supplied with wholesome food; and, if the from being affected by the external cold, and thus this side the Atlantic, but it has had its day, and its feverish symptoms increase rapidly, it will be neces- the danger is in general quickly removed. reputation is declining. it had its accompaniment sary to take about two quarts of blood from the ani The method here noticed appears to be the reclover, and that, it is possible, gave it its first repu- mal, except in the case of milch-kine. A warm sult rather of absolute necessity than of mature tation. In these sentiments i know I encounter the drink, consisting of one quart of ale, with ginger, thought, though sanctioned by custom; and, as it is opinion of the oldest and most venerable agricultu- and a small portion of laudanum infused in it, should liable to be attended with fatal consequences through rist of America, the friend of General Washington, be given the beast, and the dose be repeated at the the ignorance or inexpertness of the operator, it beand the friend of humanity, Judge Peters. But this expiration of six hours. The drink ought to consist comes necessary to resort to more easy remedies. article is a costly one, and has disappointed the ex- of warm water, in which nitre is dissolved; and Medicines indeed are seldom of any particular serpectation of all who have ever tried it, either near abundance of litter should be allowed. As the ani vice, on account of the distance to which country or distant from the sea, to the South. In the gene-mal recovers, it must be gradually exposed to the people are often obliged to go in order to procure ral I believe we may lay it down as a dictum, that air, till it becomes sufficiently hardy to be turned them; but the following recipe, (which we commu too much manure has been insisted upon, that a out among the herd. nicate from Mr. Young's "Annals of Agriculture,” much less quantity applied at the proper time, and 2. The Colic, or Gripes, may be ascertained by Vol. xxxiii.) being composed of simple, cheap, and upon proper occasions, in our warm climate, aided the restlessness of the diseased animal, which rises common ingredients, promises to be useful. Let by deep working and a regular rotation of crops, up and lies down almost incessantly, continually three quarters of a pint of olive oil, and one pint of will do all that can be accomplished. striking its head and horns against any object that butter, or hog's lard, be mixed together, and given Gentlemen, I hope I have not exhausted your pa occurs. Young cattle are chiefly affected by the to the animal by means of a horn or bottle; it no tierce by these details. I have deemed them neces-colic; which is attended either with a scouring, or favorable change be produced in a quarter of an sary, and the more so, because for one and twenty with costiveness, and which of course must be treat- hour, the same quantity may be repeated. This years past, the agriculture of our country has expeed according to those two circumstances. In the dose is calculated for neat cattle: for sheep, when rienced some depression. The very elements have former case, a warm draught should be given, con-hoven or blown, a wine-glass full and a half, or two appeared combined, with the acts of government at sisting of one quart of ale mixed with a few drops glasses, will be sufficient to be given in like manner, home and abroad. From 1752 to 1804, we had not of laudanum, and two or three ounces of oil of sweet And it is asserted in the communication above cited, known a hurricane; from that time to this, we have almonds, or, which perhaps is preferable, with half that this remedy is a specific for the malady in queshad eight or nine gales, sufficient to destroy our pint of olive oil, and sweetened with sugar. This tion, effecting a cure within the short period of half erops. The year 1803, was marked by the same draught is to be repeated at the end of twelve hours, an hour. Where, however, the pen-knife is resortphenomenon that distinguished 1823. Twenty-one or oftener, as the nature of the case may require. ed to, and necessity alone can justify it, the incision years have passed away amid seasons and accidents When the colic is accompanied with costiveness, ought to be made with a small pen knife, very sharp to which we were strangers; bu. let us turn with re-the following purge should be given as early as pos- at the point, with a sudden push, four inches from the novated energy, let us turn with renewed exertions, able: let four, five, or six drachms of fine Barbadoes hip bone, and four inches from the edge of the loin. to the repairing of the past, and the improvement of does, and half a pint of brandy, be mixed with two Various instruments have likewise been contrived, the future, remembering, that when God abandoned quarts of water-gruel, and be administered in a te- with the view of relieving hoven cattle, two of which man in paradise, to save him from despair, hepid, or lukewarm state. In both cases, great and merit to be particularly noticed. The first of these plucked from Eden's bower one flower, and painted speedy attention is necessary, to prevent inflamma-is a flexible, metallic tube, invented by the celebratit in his bosom, watered by love divine, it gree; and tion of the intestines, which must otherwise prove ed professor of anatomy at Edinburgh, Dr. Monro; grows there still, 'tis Hope. In every dark disastrous fatal, the beasts should also be kept warm and dry, by whom it was announced to the public in 1793. hour, look to this flower, for it has an amuleic pow-in order to promote perspiration. It consists of iron wire, about one-sixteenth of an or, far beyond the Lamp of Alladdin, far beyond the 3. Foul This disease affects the feet of cattle, inch in diameter, twisted round a polished iron rod Ring of Solomon. chiefly in consequence of hard driving, where they three-eighths of an inch in diameter, in order to give Darien (Geo.) May 13, 1824. travel through much dirt. The part affected must it a cylindrical form; the wire, after being taken off, be cleansed by washing, in order to discharge the should be covered with soft, smooth leather. To offensive matter contained in the clees, or claws; the end of the tube, which is intended to be passed DISEASES INCIDENT TO CATTLE IN GE-after which they should be dressed with a mild di- into the stomach, a brass pipe, two inches long, of gestive ointment, and kept perfectly clean from all the same size as, or rather larger than, the tube, is VARIOUS are the maladies to which cattle are lia-filth, or other extraneous articles. Sometimes, how-to be firmly connected; and, to prevent the tube ble: and, though constant and careful examination ever, the foul becomes horny, in consequence of neg. from bending too much within the mouth or gullet, of their health will greatly contribute tothe preven- lect, and, though no material discharge takes place, an iron wire, one-eighth of an inch in diameter, and tion of diseases, yet it will frequently happen that is yet very painful; such undurations may be disco- of equal length with the tube, is placed within it, they become sick, either from the effecs of our va-vered by pressure with the hand, and must be re- and withdrawn when such tube has entered the storiable climate, or from causes which all the vigilance moved with the knife, attention being paid to the mach. Dr. Monro has found, that the distance from the greatly swell the limits of the present work, were we 4. Hoven. No distemper is of more frequent oc-fore teeth to the bottom of the first stomach of a to enumerate every malady inciden to cattle: we currence among cattle than that of being swollen, large ox, is about six feet; the tube ought, therefore, shall therefore confine our attention to a few of those that is blown, or hoven, as it is usually denominated to be six feet, or two yards in length, in order that which are of most common occurrence, and for the by farmers. It is induced either by exposure to it may operate effectually with the largest oxen. rest can with confidence refer the famer to Mr. Cla- damp situations, by too sudden removal from an in- When the tube has entered the stomach, it may conter's useful work on the Diseases & Cattle-the re-ferior to a rich pasture, or by their eating too eager- tinue there for any length of time, as it does not imsult of forty years practice and experience. But it ly of turnips, clover, or any other succulent food; pede the respiration of the animal. The greater cannot be sufficiently impressed upon the owner of thus the stomach is loaded with food, and the pro- part of the confined air will be discharged through eattle, that in all sudden cases, it will be his real in-cess of rumination, or chewing the cud, being pre- the instrument, and, in case it should be thought terest promptly to call in the aid of some expert cat-vented, the animal becomes swollen with contined necessary, the remaining condensed air, or the sutle-doctor. air, which penetrates into the stomach and intes-perfluous moisture in the stomach, may be absorbed NERAL. of the farmer cannot possibly contpl It would directions above stated. 1. Colds are frequent attendaits in the rearing of tines. Its preventive is obvious, and consists simply thence, by fixing a bellows at the upper end of the numerous animals, and are too vell known to require in turning cattle into such rich pastures only when tube. with two valves, one at the muzzle, the other any minute description. In these affections, as in they are not pressed by hunger, so that their appe- at the side of it, and so disposed as to allow the air every other malady, prevenion is preferable to tite may be soon gratified; or they should be gently to pass in the direction from the stomach upwards. eure; it will, therefore, be necessary to preserve cat-driven about for a few hours, that the dew may not At the same time should it be deemed advisable to tle from undue exposure to sidden blasts of wind, only have time to evaporate, but also the animals inject any ardent spirits, or other liquor calculated particularly from the north-ast. When they be- being thus suffered to graze but a very short time to check the fermentation, that operation may be come confirmed, or settle on some internal part of at once, their stomachs will become gradually ac- performed with the utmost safety through this tube. the body, the affected cattle nay be asily discover-customed to it: [Complete Grazier. |