RURAL ECONOMY. TIMBER AND FENCES-how best economised. The drains are cut much in the same manner A. or partial; and if those who have bestowed so much B. describes; only, instead of stone, old turf is used pains to show the injustice with which the agricul-and herein is the saving of expense. The turf is tural poor have been treated, have the opportunity dug of the thickness of six inches, sloping on both of seeing this journal, and will take the trouble of sides, so as to be about four inches broad at top, turning over its pages, they will find their sympaDear Sir,-As I sat in my porch I could but and eight at bottom. It is laid in the drain with the thy and their labours no longer necessary, for our remark the clouds of smoke issuing from the neighgreen or top side downwards, being formed so as county reports continue to testify the improving bouring farms, and the consequent destruction of to fit the drain close as a wedge, leaving a space of condition of country affairs; and if intermeddlers timber, for the tobacco crop, the only crop that about six inches under the turf for the drain water. be not allowed to arrest the good in progress, a few now rewards the farmer for his toil and labour, vet In furrow-draining, the rule is to make the drains years more may render the renovation complete. MONEY PREMIUMS. I could not but regret the loss of our forests, they 18 inches deep; i. e., 6 inches below the turf, 6 inches are so rapidly disappearing. On my mind it profor the turf, and 6 inches above the turf, which is to duced this enquiry: what are we to do for rails, on be covered with the earth taken out of the drain, so Sir, I wish every success to the patriotic exer- of about 360 acres of arable land, divided in nine our present system of farming? My farm consists as to prevent the plough from catching and displacing the turf. The top of the drain is made ten inches tions of my brother farmers in Frederick county, fields which are cultivated on this system, (in whick wide, gradually sloping on both sides, so that the Their cattle show, on the 26th and 27th inst. will I have greatly changed a poor farm to one of conbottom may not exceed an inch or an inch and a be a good one; but, I had wished, for the honour of siderable productiveness,) viz. two fields in corn, half in width. The turf is generally cut about a the state, that no society in Maryland would offer three fields in wheat, (one a fallow,) and four fields foot long. The prices here are from 10d to 1s. the premiums in money; for I thought no Maryland in clover, two of which are for pasture and two for chain of 22 yards. farmer would accept of one in the shape of sordid the scythe. To save timber, time, and labour, I am Draining every furrow is the universal practice in lucre. Would not a man of true refinement sooner about to pursue a plan that I have been deliberating this quarter, and I have heard it asserted, that it have some little trophy, however trifling in amount, upon, and by which I think I can not only save has, in many instances, repaid the expense the first that he might hand down from father to son, than labour, but bestow the labour on the land that the year. The turf must be a firm soil-a clayey soil fifty dollars in money? fencing now requires, which, with the cutting, maul♦ I remain, sir, your well wisher, A SMALL FARMER. G. is the best, for a soil of a loose texture is apt to It is a curious moral fact, that, in proportion as ing, hauling, and putting up, is considerable. It is break in. Hoping I have made myself intelligible the labours of husbandry are performed by slave simply this: divide the farm in four fields of 90 acres to your correspondent, population, this sentiment of preference for perma- each, one in corn, one in wheat, and two in clover. nent premiums, and indifference, if not contempt I would divide a grass field each year, to afford two for pecuniary rewards as the prize of excellence, shifts for pasture, which would be sufficient until will be found to prevail. after harvest. This fence of convenience, as I shall term it, can be moved and put up in three days complete. I address my brother farmers, more to call their attention to this object, and with a hope of producing, perhaps, some better plan. 15th March, 1825. ON THE VALUE OF CLAY ASHES. SIR, March 15, 1825. As your journal is ever open to the discussion of agricultural subjects, especially those calculated to HORTICULTURE. MALE PLANT, FEMALE PLANT, promote its improvement, I beg leave to give you Male organs predominating. Female organs predominating. the result of an experiment tried by a friend of mine with clay ashes, as a manure. In the year 1822, he worked a piece of land containing six acres, and drilled it thirty inches asunder: he manured six drills alternately throughout the field, with rotten dung and clay ashes, at the rate of twenty loads of dung and forty-five loads of ashes per acre. STRAWBERRY BLOSSOMS, From the Long Island Patriot. SIR, PARSNIP WINE. H. Newport, Isle of Wight, March 9, 1825. THE following extract is taken from "Phillips's History of Cultivated Vegetables." "Wine made from these roots, approaches nearer to the Malmsey of Madeira and the Canaries than any other wine; it is made with little expense or trouble, and only requires to be kept a few years, to make it as agreeable to the palate as it is wholesome to the body: yet fashion induces us to give pounds for foreign wines, when we can obtain excellent wines of our own country for as many shillings." Being in the habit of making a variety of wines, and giving the subject much attention, I willingly bear testimony to the correctness of Mr. Phillips's statement. Parsnip wine surpasses the other homemade wines in the same ratio of excellence that East India Madeira is superior to Cape. It was sown with Swede and common turnips; both were an excellent crop. The parts manured with ashes were quite as good as the other. The crop was carted off, and the land sown with wheat, and seeded down the following spring; the wheat crop was equally good, and the seeds a very heavy one, especially where the ashes were put. The field is now sown with wheat, and those parts manured with the ashes, look more luxuriantly at present than the Accompanying the communication of M., in last Farmer. others which had been dunged. The expense of coal and labour to burn the ashes, amounted to a little less than five pence per cubic yard: coal cost eight shillings per ton, exclusive of hauling. Where Mr. John Gage, of Union, a few years ago. coal cannot be obtained at a reasonable rate, turf, grafted a pear upon an apple scion, in his garden. with a small portion of wood, will answer every When it grew up, so as to bear, it bore, for two Under these circumstances, I ask leave, through purpose to burn the clay, except that it will cost a years, very excellent pears. The third and fourth little more in manual labour. My friend has fol- year, its leaves, which formerly were those of a pear the medium of your useful paper, to offer to the lowed the system of burning clay for the last six tree, changed by degrees, to those of an apple tree. public specific directions for the manufacture of years, and in no one instance has he ever failed The fifth year, and ever since, it has borne excel- Parsnip wine: there not being, to my knowledge, of having a good crop from it. I am quite con- lent apples. This has been related to me by at least one published receipt on the subject. vinced, that were the system of burning clay or soil fifty of the most respectable men on the spot, who more practised, it would greatly increase the pro- personally knew it to be true, so that I have no duce of the earth. Any further information may doubt of its correctness. JOB JOHNSTON. be had by directing a line, post paid, to A. B., Postoffice, Penkridge, Staffordshire. If you think this, Mr. Editor, worthy a place in your Journal, you are at liberty to insert it. The land where this experiment was tried, is very tenacious clay, and what is called poor land. a To every 4 lbs. of Parsnips, cleaned and quartered, put one gallon of water; boil them till they are quite tender; drain them through a sieve, but do not bruise them, as no remedy would clear the wine afterwards. Pour the liquor into a tub, and PRESERVATION OF SEEDS.-The late Dr. Rox- to each gallon add 3 lbs. of loaf sugar and half an burgh, when in India, appears to have been in the ounce of crude tartar. When cooled to the tempehabit of putting up the various seeds, which, among rature of 75 degrees, put in a little new yeast; let other things, he wished to send home to England, it stand four days in a warm room, then tun it.in an envelope of gum arabic; they were coated The mixture should, if possible, be fermented in a with a thick mucilage of gum, which hardened temperature of 60 degrees. September and March around them; and he was informed by Sir John are the best seasons for making the wine. When Pringle, the president of the Royal Society, that the the fermentation has subsided, bung down the cask, The Editor of the London Farmers' Journal, in seeds had been received in a better state of pre- and let the wine stand at least twelve months before a late number, remarks-"It is with great satisfac-servation, particularly the mimosas, than he had bottling. tion we perceive that the amelioration in the condi- ever seen the same kinds arrive from countries tion of the farmers, and their labourers, is not local equally distant. I remain yours, A. B. AGRICULTURAL PROSPERITY OF ENGLAND. If great delicacy of flavour be not indispensable, moist sugar may be substituted for loaf, and some No. 9.-VOL. 7.] L. S. I am, sir, yours, &c. P. S. If some scientific person would favour the public with a chemical analysis of the Parsnip, it would facilitate future experiments in the manufacture of the wine; and from which experiments great improvements might reasonably be expected. [Fariners' Journal. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. obstacles are frequently retained in the cavity. RAIL-WAYS, CANALS, ROADS, &c. near expense thereby avoided. But the wine may be drilled into the centre of this stone, admitted a and Wales, having been executed prior to the immade with good loaf, or crushed lump sugar, and wooden plug, into which the nail was driven as be-provement of 1815, are of the flat cast iron species. fore: this pier is always inserted to a depth greater In Scotland, the reverse prevails. The dawn of an invention, which promises renot cost more than 74d. a bottle! than the penetration of frost, and sufficient to insure sults far more important and beneficial than any appearance a solid foundation. Sometimes the railway-tracks are composed of heretofore attempted, first made its convex or concave bars; the wheels of the cars, to Newcastle, about the year 1798. A high pressure which a corresponding curvature is given, prevents steam engine, drawing in its train numerous cars, any deviation from the road; the flanges are conse-was at that period in successful operation. Others quently unnecessary: This form is more advanta- were soon constructed in various parts of England; geous than the flat rail. The concave rail is, how- but for seven and twenty years many unsuccessful ever, liable to this objection: water, soil and other attempts were made to improve this cumbrous vehicle. Very recently, these efforts have been crownAn attempt has been made to substitute a single ed with the most complete success in Great Britain. bar of iron in place of the two tracks usually re- This prodigious power can now be obtained, in a quired. The weight is suspended from the bar, great measure, divested of its unwieldy gravity, and the friction considerably diminished; but this for a very slight expense. The benefit arising from the locomotive engine in England, has occasioned MANKIND have long observed the facility with plan has not succeeded in practice. A very great improvement was effected in 1815, the remark, that a rail-road without locomotive enwhich bodies may be transported on smooth, hard, level surfaces. Ice, combining these properties, is by Mr. Jessup, the son in law of the celebrated Mr. gines, resembles a canal boat propelled by the agenfrequently used as an advantageous medium of con- Smeaton: this renders all treatises on rail-roads, cy of oars, unassisted by horses.* It is confidently expected by many persons that veyance. In the removal of excavated earth, a prior to this period, of comparatively little value in He increased their utility the Gas Vacuum Engine, recently invented by Mr. line of boards to facilitate the passage of the wheel- estimating their use. barrows, offers the most simple and primitive form forty or fifty per cent, by introducing a new form of Browne, will supersede even the steam engine, parRejecting the flat rail of four inches in width, ticularly on rail-roads; the great portability, safety of the rail-road, railway, or tram road, as it is va-rail. riously named, and appears to have been used from he placed a wrought iron* bar, one inch and a half and economy of this engine, would seem to aua very remote period of antiquity: the obstacles in thickness, edgeways, omitting the flange, for thorize this expectation. It is stated that a six horse from ruts, stones, and other inequalities being re- which a substitute was cast on the wheels of the power engine, if supplied with portable gas, will The advantage of this alteration was a con- weigh only one hundred pounds; and (in England,) moved, much is effected by this simple contrivance. car. Lord Guilford, in describing the collieries of siderable diminution of friction, from the narrow be maintained at the same expense now required surface to which the wheels were now applied; on for two horses alone. Sanguine expectations of Newcastle, in the year 1676, mentions the first parallel railway of which any description is on re- this edge, sand, stones and other impediments will success are entertained, and the sum of 200,000%. The rail was not as liable to break, vested for the purpose of testing it in practice.cord.* It was entirely composed of wood, viz. large not remain. beams of timber, placed parallel at the distance of and from this superior arrangement for strength, a Until the result of this experiment be accurately four feet, which space for the horse path is found to smaller quantity of iron was sufficient. The rails known, any calculations founded on this engine, be sufficient. The next improvement consisted in could now be made of great length, thus avoiding will be, if not visionary, at least premature. In plating the upper surface of these beams with iron, the necessity of joints at every pier, a clamped joint, Great Britain, rail-roads are more numerous than which not only contributed to their preservation, with rivets and washers, was used: this joint will canals; about 107 of the latter are at present finishbut diminished the friction. The carriage was of not unscrew, or work loose. Common bar iron, of ed, and nearly 200 of the former-the aggregate enormous size, and contained the whole load, the one inch and a half in thickness, three or four broad, length of which exceeds 1500 miles: and several wheels revolving on the smooth surface of the and eight or twelve feet in length, supported, every companies have recently been organized, four of wooden tracks, and the road to the river Tyne three feet by props, was ascertained to be well whom alone propose additions, which, when combeing on a declivity, a few horses easily dragged adapted for this purpose without alteration. Al- pleted, will almost equal 2,000 miles extra. These the car to the place of destination. In the year lowance is always made for the alteration in length speculations have excited great alarm to the holders *The locomotive steam engine, is high pressure, with 1766, the first rails of cast iron were made; the produced by the variation of temperature. This length of each rail was three feet; the weight was road was executed at Tindall Fell, in Cumberland.† enormous at first, as the load continued to be trans- The wheels are more subject to wear on this plan two cylinders; it requires no condenser: it re-acts by cast for the purpose, on the side of one or both of the ported in one carriage: sleepers of wood were than on the flat rail, but do not injure the road to means of the revolving cog-wheel on the protuberances placed under the junction of each piece, a flat an equal extent as they are more easily repaired rails; sometimes a third rail is cast for this purpose. headed nail, in the form of a reversed cone, being than the rail tracks, this objection has, therefore, The weight of the engine is supported by the smooth driven flush into an aperture left for that purpose little force. On a flat and level railway, the per-wheels alone; the cog wheels only propel the weight. at the end of each rail, secured it in the proper po- formance of horses varies extremely, ranging from The wheels of the carriage traverse the smooth and pasition. A flange or barrier at right angles to the four to eight tons, at the rate of four miles per hour. rallel rails; no fly is required, as the momentum of the horizontal rail, cast on each bar, prevented the On the edge railway, when level, from seven to ele-engine is substituted for this purpose. The number of car from deviating from the road, and materially ven tons have been drawn with the above velocity. cars which the engine is capable of drawing, varies, of contributed to the strength of the railway; some- On the level edge road of the Earl of Glasgow, a course, with its power. An eight horse power is caÖn a railway car, including the load, weighing 1 ton. times even an additional flange for the latter pur-horse draws ten ton and a half at this rate. In all pable of drawing fifty of the cars in the plates-each calculated for the locomotive engine, and which is pose was cast on the under surface of the iron, in these cases, the weight of the cars is included. made very strong to support the weight of the engine, the form of a segment of a circle, where it could (from 1 to 5 tons,) each car weighs from 3 to 4 tons. be of no other possible utility. It was soon discoA road of this description costs 100 to 200 per cent. more vered that it would be more economical to subdithan is required when horse power, or the light gas engine is vide the load among several cars, attached to each The treatises published in England generally under- used. It is probable that some recent improvements in other by chains or ropes, allowing one ton only to In consequence, the rate the advantages of railways; this is in consequence diminishing the weight of the steam engine, may rebe transported by each car. of the railways being usually of the flat species: the duce this expense. rails were reduced in size, preserving the original majority of books on this subject, were written prior Many erroneous accounts, relative to the advantages length of three feet, and the width of four inches, to the invention of the edge rail, and those in which of railways furnished with locomotive engines, or exclusive of the flange; one inch and a half in the edge rail is mentioned, were written prior to the horses, have been republished in this country, from the thickness was found amply sufficient to resist the great improvements which have been discovered. The English journals. Many of the statements made are contrary to the diminished pressure; one wheel only of the car now load of 11 tons, which was drawn four miles an hour resting on the rail at the same moment, it sustained on the improved and level edge railway, mentioned elementary principles of philosophy. These accounts the slight weight of one fourth of a ton only. The above, may be drawn on any other, constructed on the are to be distrusted, as they proceed from persons intewheels of the cars encountering no obstacles (which same principles. It has, therefore, been assumed as rested to deceive the public. Fublications of an oppoon common roads renders wheels of large dimen- the standard. sions necessary,) are from ten to eighteen inches only in diameter. The majority of rail-roads at present in England Sometimes cast iron is used in this form. This railway, composed of one set of tracks, cost only 6601. per mile. See the description by the engineer, in the Supplement to the Edinburg EncyclopæThe next improvement consisted in substituting dia. The bars, by an ingenious process, are, (although small stone piers or props, instead of those wooden many feet in length,) wrought into a series of consupports, which were very subject to decay; a hole tinuous segments of circles: the springing points are at the distance of every three feet, and are supported by piers-an admirable disposition for strength. See Stevenson's Essay on Rail Roads. site tenor, containing innumerable falsehoods, have been published by canal proprietors, and others in Great Britain, whose interests will be injured by the adoption of the railway system. The journals, on both sides, teem with falsehood and error, A few of the contemplated rail-roads will be mentioned: the first is to extend from London to Edinburg, the distance about 400 miles; by the rail-road near 600; branches are to communicate with the several towns of canal stocks, and a consequent depreciation of form, on all similar wooden structures. Small rail-weight by the power thus acquired-(this is effectthe shares has already occurred. One of the rival ways of stone also exist in front of several of the ed in many districts in Great Britain,) but in ascendrail-roads will be constructed parallel to a great houses containing fire engines in this city. A wooden ing, no road, or other contrivance, can possibly enaleading canal, and thus exhibit an excellent test of rail track, which has proved very efficacious, is at ble a horse to elevate a greater weight perpendicu their comparative advantages. Rail-roads are al- present in operation, under the direction of that larly, than 120 pounds, at the rate of three miles an most unknown beyond the limits of Great Britain. excellent engineer, Mr. Randell, for the purpose of hour, friction not being considered. By the agency On the continent of Europe, they are called, par removing the excavated earth of the Delaware and of a pulley, (a machine with the minimum of friceminence, the British roads. In the city of Milan, Chesapeake canal, below Philadelphia. A wooden tion) about 100 pounds, has been raised at this rate. however, I observed that a considerable number of railway, for the purpose of transporting ice from the Having before shown that a horse can draw on an the streets were provided with granite ways; the bank of the river, where the depot was established, improved and level edge rail-road, eleven tons, four species of stone used for this purpose, is the hard to the shipping in the Delaware, was introduced by miles per hour, which is equivalent to nearly fourteen and compact red granite of the Laggo Maggiore, our enterprizing citizen, Turner Camac, Esq. whose tons, at three miles per hour: therefore, his horizonlaid in masses of eight or ten feet in length, and early, repeated and successful efforts to promote in- tal draught is to his perpendicular draught, in effione foot or eighteen inches in width and thickness. ternal improvements, entitle him to our gratitude. ciency, as 280 is to 1; viz. as fourteen tons to 100 In the broad streets near the cathedral, four paral- A model of a railway several hundred feet in length weight. lel roads are thus formed; the intervening space is has been made by Mr. Stephens, (the gentleman Any angle in the road will alter the power of paved in the usual manner.* In the United States no who recently applied for permission to construct draught in proportion to the deviation of that anextensive railways exist; on some of our bridges in a railway from Columbia to Philadelphia.) It is gle from a horizontal line; and as the mere friction, Pennsylvania, a rude railway or track for the wheels scarcely necessary to remark, that the launch of independent of the power of gravitation, is the same of carriages, is provided; the uniformity of motion every large vessel, is an exhibition, on a large scale, at all angles; by the above data, the resistance, in thus produced, occasioning no concussion, ought to of the prodigious effects resulting from a species of any given case, may be easily ascertained; always recommend their adoption, in a more improved railway, viz. the ship's ways. observing in practice, that if the angle be consideraAdditional improvements in railways may be con- ble, a horse will be unable to raise any weight, and adjacent to the route. The proprietors are sanguine in fidently anticipated; perhaps the recent discoveries sometimes cannot even raise himself By these data we ascertain (what is confirmed in their expectations that coal may be carried by land of Sir Humphrey Davy, may succeed in preventing from Newcastle to London, cheaper than by the col- the oxydation of iron, in the same manner as he practice,) that if the elevation in a mile of rail-road liers plying on the coast. The capital of this company has already succeeded with other metals. In this be equal to the two hundred and eightieth part of is stated to be 2,500,000l. The second is from London event, the great advantage that would result from the length thereof, viz. nearly nineteen feet, it will to Liverpool, by Birmingham-capital 2,000,000l. The polishing the surface of railways, is obvious. Ano-require twice the power to elevate (on an inclined third is from Birmingham to Liverpool and Bristol-the ther improvement may be effected with the cars. In plane of this length and elevation,) the weight drawn capital (1,500,000l.) was subscribed in Birmingham in Great Britain, they are made of prodigious strength, on a level, by a given power, with the same velocipool—capital 400,0001.—distance nearly 33 miles. The frequently weighing half a ton, the load composing ty; or, the same power may draw half the weight expense required for these roads is much greater than the remaining half! The usual weight of the cars with the same velocity; or, the same weight with for the roads previously described and for these is one third of the whole. A common cart, weigh-half the velocity. Hence on a road, with this angle uniformly going, and one for the returning trade; and two for the transport three tons over a rough road, subjected to ascending, it will require two horses to draw the carriages conveying the mail and passengers, at a far great and unequal strains and concussion; although fourteen tons three miles per hour. six hours. The fourth is from Manchester to Liver reasons: four sets of tracks are required-one for the ing 700 weight, if strongly constructed, can easily more rapid rate than is convenient on the other tracks. this is much more than the usual load: on a rail- Hills, whose angle of ascent is moderate, are not The iron rails are much larger, and of course more ex-road the strain is always equal, and concussion ne- such serious obstacles in rail-roads, as many erropensive, than those usually employed-this is required ver occurs. If, therefore, a common cart can trans-neously suppose: this is apparent from this well to support the weight of the engine, (5 tons;) this additional expense may be stated, probably, at 100 to 200 port a load about eight times its weight, how much known law of gravitation, that bodies gain in deeasier could a railway cart support, perhaps, even scending, exactly the power expended in their elevaper cent. Locomotive, and stationary steam engines, near inclined planes, are also included in these esti- ten times its weight?* Wooden wheels may be ad- tion; hence a load which, on a level, requires two mates; and in some few cases, even land for erecting vantageously substituted for those of cast iron, now horses to transport it, will on an ascent of nine feet warehouses for the use of the company. The late ex-employed. Smaller axles, and, perhaps, friction and an half per mile, require three; but after artraordinary increase in the price of iron in Great Bri-wheels, will considerably diminish the friction. This riving at the summit, the descent to the same level can tain, (amounting to 100 per cent. and occasioned by diminution of weight in these vehicles, will add one be accomplished by one only: equal in the total disthe great demand in consequence of the new rail- third the effect of rail-roads. The heavy ring usu-tance to two constantly employed to draw the same roads, as stated in a letter to a respectable mercantile ally cast on the periphery of the wheels, used on weight the same distance, and with the same velohouse in this city, dated, Birmingham, Jan. 18, 1825,) edge railways, may be dispensed with; and a small city; or the velocity in ascending must be diminishexplains the expensive estimates for these roads. A rail-road is constructing near Edinburg, extending which will occasion comparatively less friction, will same proportion; being equal on an average to the metallic pointer attached to the body of the car, ed, but in descending it will be increased in the six miles, with an inclined plane, and a stationary This pointer velocity obtained from the same power on a level. twenty horse power engine, with four locomotive en- form an advantageous substitute. gines of six horse power each: the expense will amount consists of a spike or a small iron axletree, which is (See note 8, on the power of draught of horses at to 24,000l. deducting the engines-equivalent to 3,2001. perpendicular to the horizon and the main axletree different velocities.) This, for very obvious reaor about $13,400 per mile. it is parallel to the wheels, and at the distance sons, does not obtain in practice; but the variation *In consequence of this excellent arrangement, the of three inches from them, at the lower extremity, from the theory is extremely small, in favourable inhabitants escape that excruciating uproar, inflicted it is bent at right angles, (in a horizontal direction,) circumstances, on rail-roads. In other roads, the on us in such abundance in Philadelphia, by the pas- and terminates in a point, which is in contact with advantage in descending, by no means compensage of every cart. The facility with which one horse can transport the weight usually drawn by ten, the ab- the side of the edge rail; the elbow, or bend, may sates for the fatigue in ascending. How far it may sence in a great measure of dust and mud, the greater be omitted, and a small horizontal wheel, of seven be adviscable to deviate from a straight line in railduration of carriages of all descriptions, from the little inches in diameter, revolving on the side, instead of roads to preserve a level, of course varies with sewear and tear to which they are subject on these stone the pointer, will diminish the friction: both of these veral circumstances. On a level, the same moving railways, (which are adapted to every species of vehi- plans have been tried by the writer with models, power is sufficient for the whole distance, to comcle,) ought forcibly to recommend the adoption of them and have perfectly succeeded. municate an uniform velocity. Where hills of great to our city councils. Having now presented this historical sketch of elevation and steepness prevail, the changing of An improvement, in economically effecting this ob-rail-roads, it is proposed to explain some of their horses occasions delay and extra expense; the level ject, has actually been put in practice in Linlithgow, and other towns in the same district. in Scotland. It properties. Although on a level track a horse can railway will be longer, but it can accommodate consists in placing stones, of ten inches cube, in the transport eleven tons, four miles per hour;t or on thereby a greater extent of country; but it will be a descent much more, if the angle be great; in some more expensive. If the commerce transacted be only six shillings a yard, or 5281. per mile, for two courses, cases, the weight can be transported, not only withcomposing one set. See Stevenson's Essay on Rail-out the assistance of a horse, but even draw up On a hill in Glasgow, where the difficulty of ascent This experiment has been tried with success, with was great, an iron railway for ordinary carts, was a model, by the writer of this sketch. placed for the use of those ascending the hill; a weight † A weight much greater than this is reported to have can be drawn on this track up hill, with the same fa- been transported by the same power; but not having cility, as on the usual level stone pavement: this is a ascertained the accuracy of the experiments, it is not fact worthy of observation by the proprietors of hilly deemed advisable to insert them.-See the Report of turnpikes-and of those towns where hills occur.-See the Engineer on the Railway of the Earl of Glasgow, in Picture of Glasgow. the Edin. Supplement; also, Stevenson's Essay. usual direction of the wheel tracks. Roads. The expense is merely sufficient to yield interest on the capital rea quired for the shorter route, that should be adopted, If the trade be sufficiently great to defray the expense of the longer level route, as some labour will be saved thereby, it should have the preference. If the angle of ascent be inconsiderable, the shorter * On a McAdams turnpike, the effect of power applied horizontally is to the same when applied perpendicularly, as 30 is to 1. should be adopted. (It has not been found expe- Best willow work basket, 2 It is expected, that besides many other splendid 1 horses which, it is known, will be on the ground, Persons having any fine article of domestic manu- we shall be favoured with the view of Mr. LufboHaving now explained some of the properties of facture, of any adjoining county, are invited to pre-rough's horse Rob Roy, bred by the Hon. John Rana railway; it is intended to compare them with sent them for exhibition. dolph, and the celebrated imported hunter stallion roads and canals, in reference to the division made Ordered, That all subscriptions for the current Emperor, said to be one of the finest horses ever in the beginning of this essay, viz. 1. Expense, 2. Ex-year be paid on the first morning of the show, and brought to this country. Zembuca, a colt of pedition, 3. Safety, and 4. Certainty. any persons determined to withdraw from the society great promise, property of Mr. W. Wright, will also will signify it to the secretary, and pay their respec- be for exhibition and sale. This is said to be one of tive arrearages to the treasurer. the finest colts ever bred in Maryland; one year old; got by Silver Heels, out of Aurora; she was got by There will be ample time for the premium stock, Vingt-un. He is of iron grey colour, of great size, domestic manufactures, &c. to come down from and fine figure, and his blood, on both sides, of the best stocks. Frederick, and enter the lists, at the Maryland tavern on the 1st June. Their having taken the premium at Frederick will be, of itself, strong proof of their superiority, and give them a good chance of success THE FARMER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, MAY 20, 1825. FREDERICK CATTLE SHOW. JOHN M'PHERSON, Pres't. The Frederick County Agricultural Society will hold their cattle show, fair, and exhibition of domestic manufactures, &c. at the Monocacy Bridge at our show. Hotel, three miles east of Frederick, on the Baltimore turnpike road, on Thursday and Friday, the Last Meeting of the Trustees of the Maryland Agri26th and 27th May, 1825. $10 10 10 5 cultural Society, before the Cattle Show. BAKEWELL SHEEP.-We understand, that Mr. Barney, the enterprising grazier, of Delaware, will have for sale, at the Maryland Cattle Show, on the first day of June, a few of his best Bakewell Sheep. We are of opinion, that a few of the broad tail, crossed on the Bakewell or Merino stock, would bring good prices. THE TRUSTEES OF THE MARYLAND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY had a full meeting at Dalton, on ThursThe Union Steam Boat Line Company between day the 12th inst. On examination of Dr. Thomas's this and Philadelphia, with their usual liberality, wheat, it was found to be much infested with the have, we are informed, offered to bring and carry hessian fly, even the white flint wheat was far from back fine stock, gratis, for exhibition at the Cattle being exempt from this destructive pest. The whole Show. neighbouring country was suffering for rain. Some samples of beautiful corn were exhibited to the Board, by H. V. Somerville, Esq., brought by him from the shores of the Mississippi-one, as white as milk; the other, a very long grained, genuine and early gourd seed corn. These were distributed, for experiment, among the members of the Board. The Board adjourned to hold their next meeting 10 at the Maryland tavern, at eleven o'clock, on Saturday the 28th of May, to make final preparations for the cattle show. It is highly necessary that this meeting should be full, in number, and punctual, as 5 to time, and each member of the Board will do well 3 to make, in the mean time, memoranda as to any thing which may occur to him as necessary to be 5 discussed and regulated on that day. 8 COMMERCIAL RECORD. SUMMARY OF FOREIGN PRICES. [Our extracts are taken generally from the New York American.] Liverpool Markets, April 16, 1825. the week, we had large arrivals of Cotton, which caused The wind having changed at the commencement of a suspension of demand; but on Thursday we experienced a revival, and the transactions became very extensive-the total sales amount to about 31,900 bags. The business in Ashes has been small; 285 bbls. of Canada Pot have been sold at 32s. 6d. a 33s. per cwt.; 20 barrels of Pearl, at 37s. 9d. a 38s.; 10 bbis. Boston Pot, at 41s.; 30 bbls. New York, at 39s. 6d, and a few barrels of Pearl at 40s. Nothing done in Tar.-100 bbls. 5 It would appear by the letters received by the inferior Turpentine sold at 10s. 3d. per cwt.; 320 of corresponding secretary of the Maryland Agricul- The sales of Tobacco are about 100 hhds. of Virginia middling, at 12s. 3d.; and 300, three-fourths soft, at 13s. 5 tural Society, that the change in the time of holding and Kentucky leaf, the former description for home 5 the society's exhibitions, has been favourably re- consumption, and the latter for foreign export. There ceived. Of the number of gentlemen appointed was a better demand for Grain at Tuesday's market, judges, almost all have accepted; and it is under-which has since continued. No alteration in American 5 stood, that distinguished agriculturits will be in Flour. 5 attendance, from Virginia, Pennsylvania, Delaware, A postscript to a letter of the 16th says, "the same 3 5 3 THE HESSIAN FLY.-This destructive insect is 5 Decrease in the stock from exports and consumption, allowing for quantity imported, 1st March, 24870 bags. The imports into Liverpool for the first three months of 1825, were, of American 69,840; for the same period in 1824, 84,380-imports in March, 1825, of American, 38,020-in March, 1824, 41,330. Prices 4th April, 1825, Boweds, 13 a 16 d. The above account, from the Easton Gazette, is 4th April, 1824, do. 72 a 940. 3 confirmed by our own observation. On Elkridge, The sales from 4th March to 4th April, were, of Amelast Thursday, the wheat was obviously much african cotton 80,700 bags-other sorts 86,200 bags-total 166,900; of which the speculators are estimated to have taken 109,000 bags. Volunteer Premiums, by Ladies of the First District. For the best straw or grass bonnet, plate, the value of Best down bonnet, do. do. MORE SPLENDID HORSES, for exhibition and sale $12 at the cattle show, at the Maryland tavern, four 6 miles from Baltimore, on the first of June. The total sales in Liverpool during the first 13 weeks in 1825, were about 327,000 bags against the sales for these were taken on speculation, against 18 000 last the same period of 1824 of 160,000 only-184,600 of year. So that, it is calculated, notwithstanding larger sales, that manufacturers have actually lighter stocks on hand. From these, and similar data, it is calculated by the writer of the circular, that prices would be maintained, particularly, as trade was brisk at Manchester, and the consumption, great as at present it is, likely to increase. WHEAT. One lot of Lawler and other wheat, mixed, belonging to W. R. Durding, of Kent county, sold for $1.15 per bushel; one lot of Lawler, made by R. S. Gamble, of Kent county, was sold for $1.12 per bushel. TOBACCO.-Inspections in the city of Baltimore during the week: At Warehouse No. 1, Total, 600 hhds. 1,000 The subscriber being the only agent that Mr. Davis has in this city, confidently expects a liberal patronage J. S. E. THE BEAUTIFUL THOROUGH-BRED HORSE ROB ROY, PRICES CURRENT. ARTICLES. do. Common, Wheat, White,. Clover Seed,. Orchard Grass Seed, bour than a common one-spindle wheel, and do from three to five times as much work in a given time, and do it better, and more evenly, than it can be done in any other way. The art of using them is also very readily acquired, and they occupy only about one-third of the room of a common wheel-price $25. He would BEEF, Baltimore Prime, bbl. 10 likewise inform the public, that he is just commencing BACON, and Hams,. the manufacturing of Gideon Davis's highly improved COFFEE, W.I. Green,. Patent Ploughs. These Ploughs have recently been tested with five others of the most celebrated ploughs COTTON, Louisiana, &c. Georgia Upland,. ington-their report published (from under the hand of COTTON YARN, No. 10. in this country, by the engineer department at Washthe hon. John C. Calhoun, Esq., late secretary of war,) An advance of 1 cent in No. 50, 6th vol. of the American Farmer, copies of each number to No. 18. which can be had by calling at my shop in Pratt-street. CANDLES, Mould, Dipt, These Ploughs, besides making the almost incredible saving of 40 per cent in draft, are so simple in their CHEESE,. MILL BROOK-FOR SALE. construction, that they may be repaired on any farm, FEATHERS, Live,. without the assistance of a mechanic. FISH, Herrings,Sus. new bbl. 2 18 That most desirable seat and tract of Land, lying in Shad, trimmed, new, Halifax county, North Carolina, on Big Fishing creek, FLAXSEED, Rough,. 3 or 4 miles below the intersection of Little Fishing FLOUR, Superfine, city, bbl. 5 25 creek and Big Fishing creek, and about 30 miles above Fine, All communications (post paid,) will meet with due Tarborough the same distance below Warrenton and Susquehanna, superfi. Louisburg, 20 from the town of Halifax. and 60 miles attention; and orders, enclosing the money, promptly JONATHAN S. EASTMAN. executed FLAX, from Raleigh-containing 2,000 acres of Land, all adjoining, and the greater part well adapted for corn, cotWanted immediately-A quantity of good Plough Tim- GUNPOWDER, Balti.. ton, tobacco, &c. Mill Brook has a never-failing streamber, for which a part cash will be given, and the ba- GRAIN, Indian Corn, lance in work, as above. Also, a first rate blacksmith, and an extensive Mill House, with four pair of grists in a breast-one pair French burrs, one pair Cologne, and of sober habits and good recommendation, acquainted two pair Sopus; bolting screen and fan; one corn crush- with edge tool work, would find good employment, by er; two cotton gins; 50 and 54 saws; one saw mill-all making immediate application as above. under one roof. A tumbling dam nearly 100 yards long, with a pen of hewn timber, tithed across and filled in with rock, spoiled and sheeted, forming a tumbling dam Will be let to mares this season. at my Mill Farm, in perfectly safe in all freshets, having a permanent rock foundation. Within the distance of about 200 yards Montgomery county, about 4 miles above Georgetown, north of the mill, is an elegant situation, high and dry, and about 1 miles above Tenallytown, on the river with a very spacious two story Dwelling House, (built road, at the price of $15 the season for each mare, but in a modern and tasty style,) and all other necessary which may be discharged by $10, if paid by the first out-houses-a first rate well and spring of water attach-day of October next-$20 to insure a foal-$5 cash, the HEMP, Russia, clean, ed thereto, with the additional advantage of many fine single leap-and fifty cents in each case to the groom. springs on the premises. It is, no doubt, a very healthy ROB ROY is of a dark chestnut colour, full 15 hands HOGS' LARD,.. place, from experience of 24 years ownership and re-high; and in point of blood, symmetry of form, and ele- LEATHER, Soal, best, Eastern Tan,. sidence thereon-which renders it, in every respect, gance of figure and action, is not, it is believed, surtruly valuable, and justly merits the attention of any passed by any horse in this country. He was bred by MOLASSES, Havana, gentleman or capitalist who might feel a wish to erect the hon. John Randolph, of Roanoke, Virginia, and from MEAL, Corn, kiln dried, various manufactories, &c.-as for instance, carding his best stock, as will be seen by the following pedigree: NAILS, Sa20d. and spinning works, weaving, &c.-and many others, to ROB ROY was got by Mr. Randolph's thorough-bred NAVAL STORES, Tar, bbl. Pitch,. favour an adventurer; who, on such an occasion, might horse Gracchus; his dam (the imported mare lady BunTurpentine, Soft, find it greatly to his interest to view the premises, and bury,) by Trumpator, out of Theopha, by Highflyer; OIL, Whale, common, judge for himself; and who, I venture to assert, cannot Plaything, by Matchem; Vixen, by Regulus, &c. Linseed, fail of being pleased, as it is truly a romantic situation. Mill Brook will be sold low for cash, as the improvePORK, Baltimore Mess, bbl do. Prime, . ments cost me half the amount I might be disposed to take for the whole; or I would take part, or all, in NePLASTER, cargo price, POTATOES, groes, if the terms could be agreed on. Should I not RICE, fresh, sell at private sale, on or before the 4th of August next, Good pasturage will be provided, at 50 cents each. per it will on that day, be set up by me, at my house, to the week, for mares coming a considerable distance-and SOAP, Baltimore White, Brown, highest bidder, at which time further particulars will they will also be fed on grain, if required, at the marbe made known. All my stock, horses, cattle, sheep and ket price. Care will be taken of all such; but there WHISKEY, 1st proof, hogs, corn and fodder-household and kitchen furni- will be no liability for accidents or escapes in any case. PEACH BRANDY, 4th pr ture, and farming utensils, will be disposed of at private, Grain of all kinds, delivered at my mill, will be re- APPLE BRANDY, 1st pr ⚫or at public sale, on the day above named, if fair; and ceived in payment at the market price. if not, the next fair day, and to continue from day to The season will commence on the first of April, and day, until all may be sold. As I wish to move to the end on the 20th July, next. Western country, I would give immediate possession, with or without the advantage of the then standing crop of 200 acres, or more-and the better half in cotton, the other in corn and potatoes. April 28. DAVIS'S PATENT PLOUGHS, &c. REMOVAL.-The subscriber would inform the public A fine half-blood DEVON BULL, for sale at the Cattle JOHN GIBSON, that he has removed his manufacturing establishment Show, the first of next month, by from the head of Market-street to No. 36, Pratt-street, Manager at Oakland Farm, Falls Turnpike. between Charles and Hanover-streets-where he will keep constantly on hand, for sale, his patent Cylindrick CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Straw Cutter, at the following prices, viz: The smaller On Cotton-Culture and curing of Tobacco-Ticks in sizes, with a permanent bottom (but self-feeder,) at Sheep-Racing, as a means of improving the breed of $45; the same size, with a revolving bottom, $50- ex-Horses, condemned-On Draining Grass or Meadow tra knives. $5 a pair. His second size, with a revolving Land-On Draining-On the value of Clay Ashes-Agribottom, $55-extra knives $6 a pair; his largest size, cultural Prosperity of England-Money Premiums conwith two balance wheels, one on each side, $85-extra demned-Strawberry Blossoms, male and female-Apknives $10. a pair: these last machines are capable of ple and Pear tree-Preservation of Seed-Timber and cutting from 150 to 300 bushels per hour. He has also Fences, how best economized-Parsnip Wine--Railon hand, and will constantly keep for sale, Brown's Ver- ways, Canals, Roads, &c., No. 2-Frederick Cattle tical Spinner, for spinning wool. These machines run Shows-Maryland Agricultural Society--Editorialix spindles at the same time, and with much less la-Commercial-Advertisements Prices Current. 1 50 2 25 9 24 27 18 27 33 bbl. 2 37 61 7 7 1 50 I 75 1 50 1 75 2 3 gal. 25 27 |