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ests in Persia, they would need protection, and as the treasurer-general is an American acting for Persia, the United States Government was involved. The United States explained that it would require the persons of American citizens be held inviolate, even if Russia determined to coerce Persia by force. Dec. 2 Great Britain officially urged Russia to modify the ultimatum, both in the desire for peace, and for retaining American approval of that course. Persia was in a patriotic ferment. The cabinet was inclined to yield to Russia's demand for the dismissal of Mr. Shuster but was unable to prevail over the Mejliss, which supported him enthusiastically. Russian troops were concentrated at Kasbin, 96 miles from Teheran, and on Dec. 21, an immediate advance on the capital was threatened unless the terms of the ultimatum were complied with. Further resistance was useless, and the Mejliss accepted the proposal of the cabinet to appoint a commission of five with plenary powers to deal with the Russian ultimatum. A reply conceding all demands was transmitted to Russia on the 22nd. The formal dismissal of Mr. Shuster took place Dec. 25.

THE REVOLT IN CHINA

foreign missionary stations are maintained throughout the empire, and the concessions for railway and other developments may be endangered. May 8 a responsible cabinet was announced, but in August a revolt of equal gravity broke out in the Province of Sze-Chuen, and the government at Peking began to regard it as threatening. The Manchus felt that the Celestial throne was threatened. Sept. 24 Chinese government and rebel troops clashed, with slight advantage to the former; Oct. 14 the commander of the revolutionary forces at Hankow told the foreigners that they would be safe if they remained neutral; Oct. 16 a loan asked by the Government was refused by foreign bankers; Oct. 17 German sailors were landed at Hankow and attacked by a mob, and thus to the end of the month the fury of the revolt increased. The generalissimo of the rebels had demanded that the foreign consuls stationed at Hankow recognize his authority in that vicinity, so in this way also the international aspect was intensified. American marines at Manila were ordered (Oct. 16) to Peking, and by Oct. 26 more cities were in the hands of the rebels. The Manchu rulers, against whom much of the rebellion was directed, seemed ready to flee to Shanghai, and the mass of the people were willing to see the overthrow of the dynasty. Concessions were offered by the throne, and peace negotiations between the imperialists and the revolutionists were set on foot. Oct 30 the demands of the National Assembly for a constitutional government were seemingly granted, and a cabinet without nobles was promised, while one edict was issued that Chinese and Manchus were to be considered equal. By Nov. 3 the city of Shanghai (except for the foreign concessions) was in the hands of the revolutionists with practically no resistance, the Chinese soldiers, the police and the firemen apparently sympathizing with them. The British held the railway by the British volunteers of the city, but conditions were unsafe for all foreigners and foreign investments, so that the British admiral telegraphed his government that more troops were needed in

The unrest in China has been growing for more than a year past, and to the western world its significance has not been very plain nor has the desire of the people of China been understood. Discontent has been manifested for quite the opposite reasons from those that actuate the people in Europe and America. In China resentment is felt against the spirit of modern progress rather than inclination in its favor; while it is accepted as inevitable, opposition is based upon the inequal distribution of its advantages. (See also VI, China.) April 27-May 1 a revolutionary outbreak occurred in Canton against the throne, which, as Manchu, was hated in that southern metropolis. The rebels took cities and destroyed property, and in so doing introduced the international problem that may lead to serious consequences to the world, because many

the Hankow district. By Nov. 7 mand there. The foreign powers also unconfirmed rumors of the fall of asserted the right to protect their Peking were spread, followed by interests. It was not until late in others that the royal family had sur- December, however, that signs of forrendered or were fleeing in despair; eign intervention began to appear. Canton and Foochow fell (Nov. 9) On Dec. 18, Wu Ting Fang, representwhile at the same time the provinces ing the revolutionists, and Tang north of the Yang Tse River were Shao-Yi met at Shanghai to discuss declaring for the revolution. A sur- terms of peace. Dec. 20 the repreprise to all foreigners was the ap- sentatives of Great Britain, Japan, pointment of Dr. Wu Ting Fang, for- France, Germany, Russia, and the merly Chinese minister at Washing- United States formally expressed to ton, to the post of Director of For- the conferees the hope that the negoeign Affairs in the reform government tiations might lead to the establishin the province of Kiang-su. He an- ment of peace. The demand of Wu nounced that he had joined the move- Ting Fang for the granting of a rement and would help to establish a public, with which Tang Shao-Yi exrepublican form of government in pressed his sympathy, was repudiated China. He claimed that 99 per cent. by Yuan Shi-kai, who announced of the population of China were his intention to save the dynasty at supporting the revolution, and he all costs. On Dec. 21, it was rumored wished to secure peace for the coun- that the monarchy would be saved by try, if possible, sending a stirring ap- foreign intervention, but no move had peal to the American people to sup- been made up to the end of the year port the republican movement. Nov. to justify the report. On the con8 it was reported that Hankow was trary, Yuan Shih-kai had been obliged destroyed, the loss being $50,000,000 to consent to refer the decision as to and 400,000 people destitute. Foreign residents were spared. In Nanking imperialist troops killed Chinese. Peking did not fall, as Yuan Shih-kai, the "strong man" of China, took com

the future form of government to a national convention, and the abdication of the Empress Dowager and the Emperor was expected to be only a question of days.

INTERNATIONAL NOTES

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The Nobel Prizes.-Toward the end of the year it was announced that the Nobel prizes for 1911 had been awarded to Mme. Curie, of France (Chemistry); M. Maeterlinck, of Belgium (Literature); Wilhelm Wien, of Wuerzburg, Germany (Physics); Prof. Allvar Gullstrand, of Upsala, Sweden (Medicine); Prof. T. M. C. Asser, of The Netherlands, and Alfred Fried, of Vienna, Austria, jointly (Peace).

10), who made an extensive tour of the country on the same mission; Admiral Togo of Japan, (Aug. 4) who crossed the continent as a guest of the nation and who in a quite informal discussion with President Taft expressed the hope that an arbitration treaty between the United States and Japan, similar to that pending between the United States and Great Britain, might be negotiated; Admiral Goni of Chile, (Sept. 30) who was present at the launching of the Chilean battleships in United States construction yards. A Chinese war-ship, the first ever to be seen in American waters, anchored in New York harbor Aug. 26.

Bibliography.-Particular thanks are Distinguished Visitors to the United due to the American Monthly ReStates. Coming on official visits to view of Reviews for permission to the United States during the year, use its columns and its tables, on were Count Apponyi of Hungary all matters relating to international (Feb. 9) to address the public on relations. It is impossible for the the logic of peace; Baron d'Estour- student of contemporary affairs to do nelles de Constant of France (March without them.

VI. FOREIGN HISTORY

ARGENTINA

LATIN AMERICA

ALBERT HALE

Plata; the agreement for the con struction of dry docks to accommoCentennial Exhibition. With the date the largest Dreadnoughts, in the end of the year 1910 the celebrations port of Bahia Blanca; the enlargeconnected with the one-hundredth ment of the harbor in Buenos Aires anniversary of the Republic's inde- and several other ports; the compendence were concluded. The Rail- mencement of the underground railways and Land Transports Exhibi- way in the same city (Sept. 14); and tion lasted into 1911, and the results the completion of the new Capitol. from it were far-reaching. Great Commerce and Industries.-Comimpetus was given railway building mercially the Republic's business inin South America by what was on creased even over that of 1910, which view there, and foreign exhibitors was one of the largest in its history, gained materially by their increased the foreign trade reaching a total of knowledge of construction possibili- $702,664,810 (gold) in that year. Adties, as well as by actual orders for

new equipment. British manufacturers, it is reported, received orders for $10,000,000 of supplies. Considerable attention was attracted to the exhibits from the United States, and a greater intimacy in regard to the remarkable field for railway activity in that part of the world should result to the advantage of manufacturers here. As the railways in operation at the beginning of 1911 had 18,166 miles (28,636 kilometres of track), 2,140 miles (3,445 kilometres) of which were added in 1910, and as about the same amount of extension has been opened for service in 1911, the great advances the country is making are evident.

verse weather conditions had lowered the totals of the agricultural products of Argentina for 1910, but in 1911 the crops were much larger, and the expansion in amount of acreage cultivated was noticeable. Argentina in 1911 sent more meat to England than did the United States, and its proportion of exports of food stuffs will increase from now on. North American interests acquired control of the meat-products industry in the Republic during the year, and an international combination was organized to handle the tobacco business. Industrially, there were reported in 1911 practically 32,000 establishments, in which about 330,000 persons are employed and 230,000 h. p. Public Works.-In other ways Ar- used, of which 10,000 was hydraulic gentina benefited from the centen- power, 950 animal, 3,850 naphtha, nial exhibition. The city of Buenos 4,400 gas, 189,000 steam, and 21,800 Aires was enriched by many parks, electric. Of the employees, 203,000 monuments and public buildings, and worked in factories, 127,000 at home. throughout the country similar addi- Petroleum fields were further develtions were of a substantial charac- oped during the year, and the oil supter. Among the improvements of plied from the fields of Comodoro 1911 were an electric railway be- Rivadavia was utilized in locomotween the capital and the city of La tives.

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124,459,318 pesos should more than balance the outgo. (paper), which This economy is the more urgent, because of scandals about mismanagement of funds in the Department of Agriculture, and of frauds in the custom house, which were corrected, but cost the government considerable money.

Immigration. Immigration into Argentina averages annually close to 200,000 individuals (about 40 per cent. returning), mostly from Europe, Italy furnishing a large proportion; to accommodate them, a magnificent new immigrants' hotel was inaugurated in 1911 by the President of the Republic in Buenos Aires, with all arrangements as sanitary as science could make them; another in Bahia in many Departments Scientific Missions.-Scientific work Blanca was also opened, as the gov- was carried on during 1911. A com(Provinces) ernment endeavors to divert the tide mission from Amherst College (U. S.) of immigration toward the southern was sent to Patagonia to make a regions through this port. In order biological survey; another commisto regulate the health of these new-sion from Germany explored the Arcomers, the government instituted gentinian Andes for geologic data, certain reforms in examination for noting also the possibilities of com1911; these consisted in physical and mercially exploiting the region visitother examinations to prevent the ed. Careful plans were made for irriintroduction of disease, and seemed gation in many of the arid places of to bear with particular hardship the Republic. At the Turin Exposiagainst the Italians. Italian government, as retaliation, fine pavilion of the natural and inIn July the tion (Italy), the government had a established rules restricting emigra- dustrial products of the country. In tion from home ports, which no- order to carry on an active propaticeably reduced the number Italians coming to Argentina to work attraction for settlers and investors, of ganda concerning Argentina and its during harvest times; the two governments were on that account in government (Department disagreement, and international friction resulted. As a consequence, efforts were made to induce farm laborers to go out from England during harvest time, the railways acting in coöperation. This proposed source of supply of laborers may have a decided influence in changing the character of Argentina's rural population. The immigrant law in 1911 demands that only able-bodied individuals may enter the country, and lars. that some one must be responsible large cities, but these labor difficulfor them; the burden of responsi- ties were bility for transportation violating affairs the nation remained at peace soon settled. In foreign this law is, as in the United States, with the world. One of the great thrown upon the steamship com- events of 1911 was the launching of panies. (Aug. 26) and Moreno (Sept. 23) the two dreadnoughts, Rivadavia 27,000 tons each, which the government had ordered constructed in United States yards.

the

of

Agriculture)
bodies and museums abroad exhibits
sent to commercial
of resources, with abundant litera-
ture on opportunities, and proposes
in this way to attract general atten-
tion.

passed with only slight disasters or
Minor Events.-The year at home
disturbances. In Buenos Aires a se-
vere fire destroyed a portion of the
customs warehouses and caused dam-
age to the extent of millions of dol-
Minor strikes occurred in the

The Budget. The budget for 1911 has been accepted for expenses at 27,490,965 pesos (gold = about 193,000,000 pesos $0.965) and 0.44 of a gold peso), and as there (paper was a deficit in 1910, the revenue not administration of the Republic ocAdministration.-No change in the being sufficient to meet the extraor- curred. President Roque Saenz Peña dinary expenditures of the centennial | (inaugurated October 12, 1910) reyear, every effort was made to carry mained in office and carried out the out a rigid economy in the cost of principles of progressive administragovernment. The income is estima- tion with which he had begun his ed at $7,066,681 pesos (gold) and term.

BOLIVIA

therefore 1911. At the very beginning of his term a revolt (the second, No change of administration took the first occurring in Nov., 1910) place in the Republic during 1911, broke out in the navy (Dec. 9-10) in but the cabinet was reorganized. The the harbor of Rio de Janeiro; it was government gave continued attention suppressed with vigor after some loss to developing the material resources of life, but martial law for Rio, and of the country, and the financial sit- the unusual measure, for Brazil, of uation was very favorable. The gov- press censorship, were adopted. ernment decided to create a new De- Public Works, Communication, and partment on the Upper Paraguay Transportation. Among the imRiver, to be known as the "Departa- provements for the year were the mento de los Chiquites," its capital completion of the (German) transbeing Puerto Suarez, a prosperous atlantic cable, from Monrovia to city on that river. An extra session of Pernambuco, opened to use April 1; congress was held early in January to the preparation for establishing in discuss a treaty of commerce and addition to the already extensive sysnavigation with Brazil, increase of tem, 15 new wireless telegraph stabank facilities, and national finances. tions in the Republic, especially in The Bank of the Bolivian Nation was the Amazon and Parana basins, authorized with a capital of 25,000,- where ordinary communication is ex000 bolivianos (£2,000,000 gold), tremely difficult; the modernization one-half taken by the government. of the harbor at Pernambuco (ReGood crops in agricultural products cife), continuation of the plans for were reported at the end of the year, and Bolivia's chief source of mineral wealth, tin, commanded high prices. The government arranged for the employment of five officers and 13 subordinates from the German army to give instruction for three years to the Bolivian army. Diplomatic relations with Argentina were resumed early in the year.

the harbor at Rio de Janeiro, where work is still progressing, and the approval of similar plans for other harbors along the coast; the opening for traffic of further lines on the Madeira and Mamore Railway, so that about 300 kilometres (about 185 miles) out of a total of 346 kilometres (214 miles) is commercially available; the completion of arrangeRailways.-The most noticeable ments with the Mississippi Valley feature of the year was the develop- and South American Steamship Comment of the railway system of the pany to run regular steamers becountry. The Arica-La Paz line tween New Orleans and Rio de Jamade such progress that it was ex- neiro; new steamship lines also bepected to be opened by the end of tween Brazil and Antwerp and Brazil 1911. The line to Potosi from the and Stockholm; and the completion station at Rio Mulato, 170 kilometres of a railway connection which now (106 miles) was provisionally opened permits of through travel overland to passenger traffic. Steady work between Rio de Janeiro and Montewas done on the Oruro-Cochabamba video (Uruguay), which can now be line, 200 kilometres (125 miles). A extended toward the north as far as separate entrance to La Paz for the Antofagasta and Bolivia Railway was granted by the National Congress, so that the distance from the coast, coming from the south, will be shortened.

BRAZIL

Victoria. A misfortune was the loss by fire (Sept. 15) of the National Printing Office in Rio, with great destruction of official documents.

Scientific Missions, Education, and International Relations.-May 3 the Leland Stanford Expedition to Brazil, for the purpose of studying the geology and natural history of the Naval Revolt.-Marshal Hermes da northern states, arrived at Para. Fonseca was inaugurated as Presi- The Brazilian Department of Agrident of the United States of Brazil culture sent to the United States two on Nov. 15, 1910. The first of his special commissioners to study confour years of administration covers ditions in North America, with a

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