intended to make reference easier by subdividing material into departments, by putting cognate subjects into close association, and by liberal cross references, making it easy to turn at once to the discussions relating to any subject. A full and carefully analyzed index is also provided in order to open up all remote connections and relations of a topic. This arrangement by groups of affiliated subjects, instead of haphazard or alphabetical succession of topics, is more convenient, and at the same time more scientific."

A few changes have occurred in the makeup of the Board as will appear in the accompanying list of members and constituent societies. Mr. S. N. D. North, who edited the first volume was, soon after its issue, called into a different field of activity, and Mr. Francis G. Wickware has been duly chosen by the American Year Book Corporation to carry on the work. The directors and other members of the Corporation have constantly kept the YEAR BOOK in mind, and have aided with suggestions and criticisms.

The year has been eventful in many fields of science, and particularly in politics and government; but many of the great changes going on will not be registered by months or years. For instance, the alteration of state constitutions and city charters, so as to bring in new principles of government, is a long and slow process. Such an annual as this can normally register only the part of the movement which happens to fall within its chronological bounds. No apology is necessary for the treatment of foreign politics and international relations. In Europe, Asia, Africa and America there have been stirring events which must be recorded.

The association of learned societies which is behind the YEAR Book expects to improve it from year to year and, therefore, welcomes criticisms from any source, either upon the selection of material, on the method of treatment, or on the formal side of the typography, make-up and conveniences for users.

In this work the societies as such, have no official part and take no official responsibility. The whole system is very elastic, the object in view being simply that the great fields of learning shall be adequately represented by persons who are known by the national societies to be interested in and competent for a share in such work.

SUPERVISORY BOARD AND CONSTITUENT SOCIETIES

THE AMERICAN YEAR BOOK was established in 1910 by conferences of members of national learned societies, acting officially or unofficially in behalf of their societies, and organized as a Supervisory Board. During 1911, the Supervisory Board was incorporated as The American Year Book Corporation, the officers of which are: President, Albert Bushnell Hart; VicePresident, Calvin W. Rice; Secretary and Treasurer, George W. Kirchwey; Directors, Albert Bushnell Hart, William M. Davis, Hastings Hornell Hart, George W. Kirchwey, Alexander Lambert, Calvin W. Rice, John C. Rolfe. The material in this issue of the YEAR BOOK has been prepared under the personal supervision of the following Board:

Edwin W. Allen, Department of Agriculture, Washington. Member of SoCIETY FOR THE PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

Elmer E. Brown, Chancellor, New York University. Member of NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION.

Francis Marion Burdick, Professor of Law, Columbia University. Member of AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION.

Edward Caldwell, New York. Member of AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS.

Charles Gilman Calkins, Captain, U. S. N. (retired). Member of UNITED STATES NAVAL INSTITUTE.

Edwin G. Conklin, Professor of Zoology, Princeton University. Member of AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE and AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ZOOLOGISTS.

Daniel H. Cox, Consulting Engineer. Member of AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NAVAL ARCHITECTS AND MARINE ENGINEERS.

William M. Davis, Professor of Geology, Harvard University. Member of GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN GEOGRAPHERS and NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

James C. Egbert, Professor of Latin, Columbia University. Member of ARCHEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA.

Henry W. Farnam, Professor of Political Economy, Yale University. Member of AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABOR LEGISLATION.

E. Porter Felt, New York State Entomologist. Member of AMERICAN ASSoCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS.

Henry Gannett, Washington, D. C. President of NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY.

Franklin H. Giddings, Professor of Sociology, Columbia University. Member of AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Albert Bushnell Hart, Professor of Science of Government, Harvard University. Member of AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION.

Hastings Hornell Hart, Sage Foundation, New York. Member of NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHARITIES AND CORRECTION.

A. V. Williams Jackson, Professor of Indo-Iranian Languages, Columbia
University. Member of AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY.

Emory R. Johnson, Professor of Commerce, University of Pennsylvania.
Member of AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE.
George W. Kirchwey, Professor of Law, Columbia University. Member of
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINOLOGY.
Alexander Lambert, Professor of Clinical Medicine, Cornell University Medi-
cal School. Member of AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

Waldo H. Lincoln, Worcester, Mass. Member of AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN
SOCIETY.

George Grant MacCurdy, Professor of Archæology, Yale University. Member of AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.

H. Van Buren Magonigle, New York. Member of AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS.

Samuel J. Meltzer, Rockefeller Institute, New York. Member of AMERICAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

George T. Moore, Professor of Applied Botany, Washington University. Member of BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA.

Edward L. Nichols, Professor of Physics, Cornell University. Member of
AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY.

Edward C. Pickering, Director of Harvard Observatory. Member of the
ASTRONOMICAL AND ASTROPHYSICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA.
Calvin W. Rice, Consulting Engineer.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERS.

Member of AMERICAN SOCIETY OF

John C. Rolfe, Professor of Latin Languages and Literature, University of Pennsylvania. Member of AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. James Brown Scott, Secretary, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Member of AMERICAN SOCIETY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.

Edwin R. A. Seligman, Professor of Political Economy and Finance, Columbia University. Member of AMERICAN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION. Alexander Smith, Professor of Chemistry, Columbia University. Member of AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY.

Bradley Stoughton, Consulting Engineer.

FOR TESTING MATERIALS.

Member of AMERICAN SOCIETY

Wendell M. Strong, Mutual Life Insurance Company. Member of AMERICAN ACTUARIAL SOCIETY.

Joseph Struthers, New York. Member of AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS.

Walter F. Willcox, Professor of Economics and Statistics, Cornell University. Member of AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION.

W. W. Willoughby, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Member of AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION.

Edwin B. Wilson, Professor of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Member of AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY.

Clinton Rogers Woodruff. Secretary and Member of NATIONAL MUNICIPAL LEAGUE.

James J. Wyer, Albany, N. Y. Member of AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION.

CONTRIBUTORS

THE AMERICAN YEAR BOOK is arranged in thirty-seven departments, under each of which are grouped sections and subsections, treating of related subjects. There is a complete index to the volume, where references to a particular topic will be found grouped together. This index should be consulted freely.

In departments contributed by one author, the name of the contributor appears under the department title.

In departments contributed by two or more authors, the contributor's name appears under the first title of the sections contributed.

A finding list of the contributors to the YEAR BOOK follows:

Adams, Cyrus C.: CARTOGRAPHY.

Editor Bulletin American Geographical Society. Author of "Textbook of Commercial Geography."

Allen, Edwin West, Ph.D.: AGRICULTURE.

Assistant Director, Office of Experiment Stations, United States Department of Agriculture; Editor of Experiment Station Record; Executive Secretary, Federal Commission on Country Life; Secretary, Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science. Author of reports on agricultural experiment stations in the United States and of the world.

Alsberg, Carl Lucas, A.M., M.D.: BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY.

Chemical Biologist, Bureau of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture. Author of many technical articles reporting the results of researches in biochemistry and pharmacology.

Andrews, Irene Osgood, A.B.: LABOR LEGISLATION.

Assistant Secretary, American Association for Labor Legislation.
Author of "Women Workers in Milwaukee Tanneries." Contribu-
tor to American Political Science Review; The Survey; and
American Labor Legislation Review.

Appleton, William Worthen: COPYRIGHT.

President American Publishers' Copyright League.

Austin, L. S., Ph.B.: COPPER.

Late Professor of Metallurgy and Ore Dressing, Michigan College
of Mines; now Consulting Mining and Metallurgical Engineer.
Author of "Metallurgy of the Common Metals," "The Fire Assay."
Special contributor to the Mining and Scientific Press and “The
Mineral Industry."

Baldwin, James Mark, Ph.D., Sc.D., LL.D.: PSYCHOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY. Foreign Correspondent Institute of France; Professor of Philosophy, National University of Mexico; formerly Professor of Philosophy and Psychology, Princeton University and Johns Hopkins University. Author of "Mental Development," "Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology," "Genetic Logic," etc. Contributor to various journals.,

Bates, William N., Ph.D.: CLASSICAL ARCHEOLOGY.

Professor of Greek, University of Pennsylvania. Editor of the department of "News and Discussions" in American Journal of Archeology; author of numerous papers in archæological and philological periodicals.

Benjamin, Marcus, F.C.S., Ph.D., Sc.D., LL.D.: NEW COLLEGE PRESIDENTS. Editor, United States National Museum. Editor of "Appleton's New Practical Cyclopædia." etc.

Berg, Charles I.: PHOTOGRAPHY.

Architect. Former President, The Camera Club of New York.

Bien, Morris, Ph.B., LL.B., LL.M.: PUBLIC LANDS.

Supervising Engineer, United States Reclamation Service, in charge of land and legal matters. Author of draft of Irrigation Code, adopted in several states. Contributor to North American Review. Blakeslee, George H., Ph.D.: AMERICAN HISTORY.

Professor of History, Clark University, Worcester, Mass. Editor of The Journal of Race Development and China and the Far East. Bostwick, Arthur E., Ph.D.: PUBLIC LIBRARIES.

Librarian St. Louis Public Library; President, American Library Institute since 1909. Author of "The American Public Library." Contributor to periodicals on physics, science, literature, etc. Browne, Arthur Wesley, B.S., M.S., Ph.D.: INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEM

ISTRY.

Professor of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Cornell University. Contributor to American and European chemical journals. Burdick, Francis M., LL.B., LL D.: LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE.

Dwight Professor of Law, Columbia University; Commissioner on
Uniform State Laws for New York. Author of "The Law of
Sales," "The Law of Partnership," "The Law of Torts," "Es-
sentials of Business Law," "Cases on Partnership," "Cases on
Torts," etc. Contributor to legal and other periodicals.

Burgess, Charles Frederick, LL.D.: ELECTROCHEMISTRY.

Professor of Applied Electrochemistry and Chemical Engineering,
University of Wisconsin.

Calkins, Carlos Gilman: THE NAVY.

Captain, United States Navy (retired). Contributor to the Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute, 1881-1911.

Cameron, Frank K., Ph.D.: AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY.

In charge of Physical and Chemical Investigations, Bureau of Soils, Department of Agriculture, Author of "The Soil Solution," etc., and scientific communications to technical periodicals. Carroll, Henry King, LL.D.: RELIGION AND RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS. Secretary, American Executive Committee, World Missionary Conference, 1910; Secretary, American Executive Committee, Ecumenical Methodist Conference, 1911; Author of "The Religious Forces in the United States."

Chamot, E. M., Ph.D., B. Sc. Chem.: SANITARY CHEMISTRY.

Professor of Sanitary Chemistry and Toxicology, Cornell Univer-
sity. Author of "Analysis of Water for Household and Municipal
Purposes." Contributor to "Reference Handbook of Medical
Sciences."