The news of this Revolution created a enlightening its followers in regard to the great sensation throughout Italy, and character of the desired reforms, the prachastened the fulfillment of promises which tice of public dinners arose, at which they othes Princes had made to the People.- were freely discussed. These dinners The King of Naples resisted the demands soon grew into "banquets," which were of his subjects for a long time. Roberti, held in Paris and the Provinces, and atGovernor of Naples, and Statello, Com-tended by large numbers of persons.— mander of the Forts, having refused to The health of the King was purposely obey his command to fire upon the popu- omitted at many of these, and addresses lace, he was brought to terms, and on the of a bold and energetic character fre29th a Constitution was proclaimed, based quently delivered, reports of which found mainly upon the French Charter of 1830. their way into many of the public jourA general rejoicing followed this declara-nals. It was at length decided on the tion. Early in February, the Grand Duke part of the Government to suppress them, of Tuscany, who had previously given and a stormy discussion on this subject token of his liberal designs, granted a took place in the Chamber of Deputies on Constitution to his dominions, and the the 8th of February. It was again taken Dukes of Parma and Modena proposed to up on the 13th, when 100 Deputies of the do the same. left, many of whom had already taken Lombardy, whose example had partly part in the banquets, resolved to attend contributed to bring about these changes, them.

was now in turn sustained by them.- The Reform Banquet of the 12th ArronMartial law was proclaimed by the Aus-dissement of Paris, which was appointed trian Governor, and the most stringent to be held on the 20th, on a grand scale, measures taken to suppress the revolu- gave the Government the occasion they tionary feeling, but without effect. The desired. It was forbidden by the Minister Municipality of Milan addressed a request of the Interior, and in anticipation of any to the Government at Vienna, that they resistance, the fortifications of Paris were should grant a separate jurisdiction to the silently inspected and put in order. The Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom, that the Banquet was postponed to the 22d, and in Government be administered by an Aulic the meantime a body of 250 Deputies, with Council, independent of that of Vienna, Odilon Barrot at their head, went to the and that the Austrian employés be with- Minister and declared that his course was drawn, and the stamp and excise laws illegal. They obtained no satisfaction, abolished. This received no immediate however, and after some discussion, it was attention, and the troubles increased so resolved to abandon the Banquet and imrapidly that on the 15th of February the peach the Government. On the 22d the Austrian Government issued a manifesto city was filled with troops, between whom to the Italians, bidding them remember and the people there were several collithe fate of Poland, and admonishing them sions, though without bloodshed, and toto obedience. The activity of the Liberal ward night some barricades were erected. party, however, was not in the least dim- A charge of impeachment, signed by 50 inished, and the Government found it im- Deputies, was handed to the President of possible to suppress the manifestations of the Chamber, but not read. sympathy with the movements in other The next morning, several bodies of the quarters. The King of Sardinia proclaim- National Guards fraternized with the ed a Constitution in his dominions on the people. Barricades were again erected 8th of February, similar in its features to on the Boulevards, which were attacked that of France. The general rejoicing on by the troops of the Line and carried with this occasion was strongly expressed in considerable loss. Fighting also took Milan. The troops of Sardinia continued place at other points, and at 3 o'clock the to increase on the Lombard frontier, and it King was constrained to empower Count now evident that their assistance Molé to form a new Ministry. A tempowould not be denied, when the Revolution rary pause followed, but toward night should openly break out. the crowd before the Hotel of the Minister of Foreign Affairs were fired on, and the Revolution began in earnest. The dead bodies were borne along the Boulevards; the night was spent in arming and building barricades, and several companies of the Line having fraternized with the National Guards, the city was next morning in the hands of the people. At 12 o'clock the Palais Royal was attacked and taken

was

At this time, public sentiment was aroused in Paris, by a question involving the right of free assemblages of the people to discuss measures of political reform. The growing oppression of Louis Philippe and his Government had not been able to prevent the rapid spread of liberal principles among the people. As a means of organizing this opposition and

with great slaughter; at 1 o'clock the ab- extremity in case their hopes of a Repeal dication of Louis Philippe in favor of the of the Union should be frustrated. WithCount of Paris, was announced, but with- out preventing by force the assemblages out effect, and immediately afterward the of the people, the British Government opTuileries was taken and sacked. The posed them in every way, and all the King and Queen escaped at the last mo- military strength which could be spared ment, and after traveling several days in from other points, was ordered to Dubdisguise, reached Havre, and went on lin and the disturbed districts. Ireland board an English steamer, which landed thus wavered for a time in that position, them at New Haven, near Brighton. where a slight preponderance would have turned the balance either way.

The Duchess of Orleans appeared before the Deputies with her sons, accom- Germany was ripe for a change, and the panied by the Princes, but the Regency effect of a newly-created Republic of was refused, and the victorious mob hav- France was instantaneously manifested. ing invaded the Chamber, they were ob- The people rose up everywhere, and again liged to fly. After a scene of indescribable demanded those reforms which had been tumult, the people agreed that Dupont de so long promised and withheld. Their l'Eure, Lamartine, Arago, Ledru-Rollin, call was this time stern and peremptory, Marie and Cremieux should constitute a and their Kings and Princes found it conveProvisional Government, with Marrast, nient to listen. The first concessions were Pagnerre, Ferdinand Flocon and Albert made by the Grand Duke of Baden, who, as Secretaries. The announcement of on the 29th of February, granted his peothese names was received with loud cries ple Freedom of the Press, a National of Vive la République! and the Assembly Guard, Trial by Jury, and the Right of then proceeded to the Hotel de Ville, Public Assembly. On the same day, the where, after a sitting of two days and Canton of Neufchatel, which had previnights, surrounded by an armed and threat- ously had some misunderstanding with the ening mob, the Republic was finally pro- Swiss Diet, declared itself an Independent claimed by Lamartine. This was followed Republic. The Elector of Hesse Cassel, on the 27th by the opening of the National after a stubborn resistance to the wishes Workshops for those who were without of his people, was besieged in his palace work, and a decree for a National Assem- on the first of March, and obliged to grant bly of 900 Representatives, elected by the desired reforms. On the 2d the King universal suffrage, to meet on the 9th of of Wirtemberg proclaimed Liberty of the April. The Chambers of the Peers and Press, which was also promised to the Deputies were dissolved; the emancipa- people by the King of Prussia and the tion of Slaves in all French Colonies pro- Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar. The Duke claimed; the Liberty of the Press estab- of Nassau followed on the 4th by conceding lished; with many other reforms of nearly the usual reforms, and the King of Bavaria equal importance. The Republic gained on the 6th, after a violent tumult which strength with every day, and those fac-lasted two days.

tions which had held aloof from it in the The citizens of the two great German commencement, soon found it advisable to Capitals, emboldened by the changes in pronounce in its favor. other quarters, now assumed a firmer at

The effect of this startling and unex-titude toward their Governments, and pected Revolution was tremendous: its pressed their demands with urgency.— rebound came back from nearly every They received no satisfactory reply, and capital in Europe. The Italians, seeing a an insurrection broke out simultaneously war with Austria inevitably at hand, pre- in Vienna and Berlin, on the 13th of pared to face it with a confident courage; March. In Vienna, a body of 2,000 the Irish and Scotch celebrated the news Students, with the officers of the Univerwith enthusiastic public demonstrations, sity, marched to the Palace to demand and especially in the former country, the Freedom of the Press. Refusing to retire spirit of opposition to British rule rose to at the command of the Archduke Adalan alarming hight. Meetings of the Old bert, they were fired upon, and several and Young Ireland parties were held al- killed. Having been joined by 20,000 of most nightly, addressed by John Mitchel, the populace, they attacked the soldiers, W. Smith O'Brien, T. F. Meagher and captured some cannon, and barricaded the others, and the United Irishman, the organ city. The fight lasted till night, terminatof the Young Ireland or Physical Force ing in the triumph of the People, and the party, was filled with articles on the sub-granting of all their demands. The Villa ject of defence and military discipline. of Prince Metternich was destroyed, and The popular leaders openly avowed their that Minister was obliged to flee from determination to push matters to the last Austria:

con

In Berlin, an outbreak took place on the of troops held in readiness. But the meet13th, followed, on the 15th, by barricades ing on Kennington Common proved a failand a fight between the citizens and ure in point of numbers and sentiment, soldiers. The King retired to Potsdam, and the petition was presented without but returned on the morning of the 18th, violence. The objects of the movement and issued a decree granting the usual were comprised in the following six liberal measures. A collision with the points: 1. Universal Suffrage; 2. Vote by troops was again brought on, resulting in ballot; 3. No property qualification; 4. a bloody struggle, which lasted 18 hours. Annual Parliaments; 5. Payment of Mem Order was finally restored, but the dead bers; 6. Equal Electoral Districts. bodies were carried in solemn procession The French Republic was not inactive to the King, who was obliged to stand un- during these occurrences. The Proviscovered before them. The Ministry hav-ional Government labored hard to mold ing been changed, immediate measures the convulsed elements of France into were taken to call together a Constitu- their new form, yet, on account of physitional Assembly, elected by the people.-cal difficulties, the election of RepresentaSimilar revolts took place in Magdeburg, tives was necessarily postponed till the Halle and Erfurt. 23d of April, and the opening of the AsUp to this time Lombardy had remain- sembly to the 4th of May. Large deed in a highly inflamed and unsettled monstrations of the people were state. On the 18th, the Emperor of stantly held, and the Deputations of Irish, Austria issued a proclamation at Milan, Poles and Italians, who demanded assistpromising to grant a Constitution. Cas-ance from the Provisional Government, sati, the chief Magistrate, immediately considerably embarrassed its operations, hoisted the Italian tricolor, and a battle yet the country was preserved from seensued, which lasted till the 23d, when the rious difficulty by the admirable line of army of Radetsky retreated to Mantua, policy adopted by Lamartine. There and Charles Albert entered the city at the were also dissensions in the Government head of the Piedmontese troops. At the concerning the Organization of Labor, and same time this Monarch declared war on the 16th of April Paris was so violently against Austria. On the 1st of April he agitated on this subject, that the rappel was in possession of Lodi, and, gradually was beaten and the National Guard called advancing with his army, threw up a out. Nevertheless, the elections passed line of fortifications between Parma and over without serious disturbance, and on Piacenza, while Radetsky invested Man- the 4th of May the National Assembly, tua, Verona and Peschiera. Parma took about 800 in number, met together in advantage of this state of affairs, to force | Paris, and commenced the labor of organa liberal Constitution from its Duke, and izing a Constitution, Lamartine, Arago, in Modena a Provisional Government was Garnier-Pages, Marie, and Ledru-Rollin, declared.

having been elected as an Executive The King of Bavaria abdicated his Council, to administer the Government.throne on the 22d of the month, in favor The disturbances occasioned by the deof his son, Maximilian II. Four days af sign of the Council to abolish the National terward, the Duchies of Schleswig and Workshops, and other causes, increased Holstein declared themselves free of al- nevertheless, and on the 15th of May the legiance to Denmark, and were insured National Assembly was invaded by a of the protection of Prussia. In Ireland, large body of rioters headed by Barbes, as a means of checking the revolutionary Blanqui, and others. The Assembly was spirit, the Government caused the arrest declared to be dissolved, and the mob proof O'Brien, Mitchel and Meagher on the ceeded to the Hotel de Ville to form a 22d of March, on a charge of sedition.-new Provisional Government, where they These proceedings created a great ex- were surrounded by the National Guard citement among the people, who in many and arrested. This was the second crisis districts were in a starving and desperate in the history of the Republic. condition. The greatest anxiety at this In Italy, the army of Charles Albert, time, however, was felt in regard to the augmented by troops from all parts of Chartists' movement in England. Their Italy, continued to gain advantages over meetings had been revived, and a system the Austrian forces. By the 28th of April of organization adopted, which excited it had broken the Austrian line in three great alarm. The 10th of April was fixed places and advanced to Vallegio; on the upon for the presentation of their monster 4th of May the King crossed the Adige, petition to Parliament, and in anticipation and on the 18th commenced the siege of of an outbreak, upward of 50,000 Special Peschiera. Gen. Nugent, whose forces Constables were enrolled and large bodies had threatened Venice, now effected a

junction with Radetsky, and Vicenza was of the leaders of the Rebellion were arattacked, but without success. A grand rested and imprisoned. Smith O'Brien, battle between the united armies took Meagher, Dillon, O'Gorman, Doheny, and place at Goito on the 29th, and the Italians others, resisted the warrant of arrest and were victorious. Peschiera surrendered took refuge in the mountains of Waterthe following day. On the 9th of June ford. The headquarters of the Rebellion Lombardy was united to Piedmont by a was on the mountain of Slievenamon, in popular vote of 561,002 to 681. The other the neighborhood of which a camp of portions of Italy were nearly equally three or four thousand troops, under the agitated. Sicily declared herself inde- command of Gen. McDonald, was formed. pendent on the 13th of April, and the Toward the end of July, the state of the Neapolitan fleet immediately commenced country became very imminent, and the the bombardment of Messina. A most im- Government took every possible measure minent riot broke out in Rome on the 1st of precaution and defence, in momentary of May, which resulted in the establish- expectation of an outbreak. Lord Harment of a popular Ministry. dinge was called to the command of the Scarcely any part of Europe had by this forces in Ireland. The City of Dublin, and time escaped the effect of these great the Counties of Waterford, Tipperary and Revolutions. In Posen a fierce and san- Limerick, &c., were declared under marguinary warfare was carried on between tial law, and on the 29th of July a proclathe forces of Mierolawski, the Polish lead-mation was issued by the Lord Lieutener, and the German troops. Hungary and ant, offering £500 for the apprehension Bohemia were on the point of open rebel- of Smith O'Brien, and £300 each for lion against Austria; the Ban of Croatia Meagher, Dillon, O'Reilly and Doheny.summoned a Diet of the Sclavonic nations, On the same day a body of the constabu and the Principalities of Wallachia and lary, under the command of Inspector Moldavia, on the Danube, forced their Trant, attempted to arrest Smith O'Brien rulers to fly, and appointed a Provisional at Ballingarry, when a skirmish ensued, Government. The war between Den-in which several persons were killed.mark and Schleswig Holstein was prose- Riots also broke out at Kilkenny, Cloncuted with changing advantages, but the mel, and other places in the insurgent blockade of the German ports by Den- Districts, but no important conflict took mark rendered this quarrel very burden- place, the influence of the Clergy having some to Prussia, contributed greatly to prevent a complete The condition of Ireland grew more ex-union of the Irish. Many of the leaders citing and momentous. John Mitchel, escaped to France and America, and on from his cell in Newgate, continued to the 5th of August Smith O'Brien was ar write his bold and defiant epistles to Lord rested at the Railroad station of Thurles. Clarendon, which were published in the Meagher was soon afterward taken, but United Irishman. The organization, arm- the insurrection was not finally subdued ing and drilling of clubs was carried on until the latter part of September. The diligently in secret, and the population of State Trials, which opened at Clonmel in the Southern Provinces was ready at any the early part of October, have since remoment to break out in open rebellion.- sulted in the conviction of Smith O'Brien, The Irish Confederation addressed the Meagher, O'Donoghue and McManus, for friends of Ireland in America for assist- high treason, with a recommendation to ance in prosecuting the struggle. On the mercy. Sentence of death was passed 5th of May a union took place between upon them; but as a fiat on a writ of error the Confederation and the Repeal Asso-has been granted by the Attorney-General, ciation, and thenceforth a Revolution was there is a probability of their obtaining a considered almost inevitable. The trials new trial.

of Smith O'Brien and Meagher for sedi- In France, after the insurrectionary attion took place about the middle of May, tempt of May 15 had been overcome, the but the Juries could not agree upon a ver-dangerous position of the Government was dict. On the 27th, John Mitchel was by no means ended. The thousands of found guilty, and sentenced to fourteen workmen who were employed in the Nayears' transportation. He was immed-tional Workshops, seeing that they would iately put on board of a war steamer for soon be without regular means of support, Bermuda. The country continued in a furnished ready material for the designs highly excited state through the month of those parties who aspired to the asof June and July. The papers devoted to cendancy. For more than a month the the Irish cause were one by one suppress-city remained in a disturbed and anxious ed; small collisions took place between state, which increased from day to day, the peasantry and the police, and many until the 22d of June, when opportunity

The condition of France has since been comparatively tranquil. The discussion upon the Constitution was hastened by the Assembly, and the entire instrument was completed by the end of October.The 10th of December was appointed for the first Presidential Election, and public attention is, at this writing, taken up by the claims of the various candidates for the office. The main struggle will lie between Cavaignac and Louis Napoleon, and there is much reason to believe that the latter will be chosen.

was given for the long-gathering storm to complicity in those movements. These find vent, by the draughting of 3,000 men immediately made their escape to operatives to the Provinces. These men London. returned and large numbers of others joining with them, the eastern portion of the city was barricaded during the night and next day, so that by the morning of the 24th about 40,000 insurgents were armed for a struggle, protected by formidable defences. The National Guards were repulsed on the evening of the 23d in at tempting to force a barricade. The executive authority was confided to Gen. Cavaignac by the Council, and the Assembly appointed him Military Dictator on the 24th, and declared Paris in a state of siege. The bombardment of the barri- Turning back to Charles Albert, whom cades was commenced on the same day. we left in his victorious march against the On the 25th, after terrible conflicts at the army of Radetsky, we are obliged to Pantheon and the Clos St. Lazare, the change the character of our record. On insurrection was quelled on the left bank the 10th of June the Austrians appeared of the Seine, the Archbishop of Paris before Vicenza, which capitulated after having been killed in endeavoring to me- a bombardment of 18 hours. Padua surdiate between the opposing parties. The rendered on the 15th, Palma Nuova on the insurgents were finally subdued on the 25th, and notwithstanding partial victories 26th, after great slaughter in the Faubourg gained by the Piedmontese at Rivalta and St. Antoine, and at the Clos St. Lazare.Four Representatives and seven Generals were killed in the battle; the number of dead is variously estimated at from 5,000 to 10,000. About 8,000 persons were taken prisoners.

Rivoli, their course was completely checked. A month passed without any decisive action having taken place, but toward the end of July the Austrian army, reinforced by fresh troops, drove the forces of Charles Albert, after a series of severe engageThe Executive Power was confided to ments, beyond the line of the Mincio.Gen. Cavaignac, upon his resignation of Following up his advantage, Radetsky the Dictatorship, and he has since con- besieged Milan, which city capitulated on tinued to exercise it. The country has the 4th of August. The Sardinians, rebeen at times seriously disturbed, prin- treating constantly before the Austrians, cipally through the endeavors of the Le- reached the frontier after great losses, and gitimists and Bonapartists to advance the by the 9th of August Lombardy was reinterests of their leaders. The Legitimist occupied by its old rulers. The loss of the riots were mainly confined to the South Austrians was set down at 2,700, and that of France, where the support of the peo- of the Italians at 2,500; but the actual ple was relied on. The National Guard, number who perished from their wounds however, proved true to the Republic, and and from sickness, must have been much the attempts were soon quelled. A great greater. An Armistice of eight weeks deal of apprehension was felt, on account was immediately negotiated, to give time of the election of Prince Louis Bonaparte for mediation. England and France unitto fill one of the vacancies in the National ed to settle the question of Italian indeAssembly, and the Government prepared pendence, and within a short time the itself to subdue any violent demonstra- central power at Frankfort has also offertion. The crisis passed over, neverthe-ed its interposition. The Armistice has less, without disturbance, and the Prince been renewed from time to time, and the quietly took his seat in the Assembly.- terms which it is stated will be finally The measures of Cavaignac, in suppress- accepted, are, that Lombardy shall coning a number of the journals belonging to tinue an Austrian province, yet with a the Legitimists and Bonapartists, and in separate legislature, and that she shall at prolonging a state of siege, drew upon the same time be represented in the him much censure, and his situation was Italian General Diet.

for a time not without danger. The re- The condition of Rome, Naples and port of the Commission of Inquiry con- Sicily has not materially changed since cerning the Insurrections having been laid the expulsion of the Neapolitan troops before the Assembly by M. Bauchard, that from the latter country. Calabria was for body decided on the 26th of August to some time in a state of insurrection; a prosecute Louis Blanc and Caussidière for Provisional Government was appointed by