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MILITARY ACADEMY, WEST POINT.

Ten Professors or Teachers.
Cadets. First Class 42; Second do. 46; Third
do. 80; Fourth do. 79. Natives of U.S. 245, of
Turkey 1, of Italy 1.

Pay of Cadets, in artillery and infantry, per month $24.

Congress voted $143,472 to uphold the Academy for 1848-9, viz.: Pay of officers, teachers, cadets and musicians, $79,764; barracks for cadets; contingencies $30,155, &c., being about $580 per annum for instructing each of the 247 military scholars. It would be well to inquire what proportion of the boys thus taught, go into and remain in the army.

In 1846-7, the pay of officers, cadets, &c. at W. P. was $81,740, their subsistence, forage, &c., $8,043, expenses, barracks, visiters, $41,971. Barracks for the Cadets are in progress, at a cost of $186,000, exclusive of out-buildings.

half pay, enjoy it twenty, thirty, or even forty years, and then sell out to younger men; merit, if unconnected with rank and standing in society, is quite apt to be overlooked, though it is not always

80.

Fuller, a distinguished English author, early in the 17th century, wrote a book called "The Holy State," wherein he thus describes "TheGood General:" He shows in what a General "loves and is beloved by his soldiers." "1. By giving them good words." "2. By partaking with his soldiers in their painful employments." "3. By sharing with them in their wants." "4. By taking notice, and rewarding of their deserts; never disinheriting a worthy soldier of his birthright, of the next office due unto him. For a worthy man is wounded more deeply by his own General's neglect, than by his enemies' sword; the latter may kill him, but the former deads his courage, or, what is worse, mads it into discontent; who had rather others should make a ladder of his dead corpse to THE UNITED STATES' ARMY-PROMOTIONS. scale a city by it, than a bridge of him while alive, In the British Army, old deserving non-commis- for his punics to give him the go-by, and pass sioned officers do not, as in France, get often over him to preferment. For this reason chiefly, promoted; young lads of the man-milliner' (besides some others,) a great and valiant English species, are put over the heads of the oldest, General in the days of Queen Elizabeth, was hated steadiest sergeants, over men whose practical of his soldiers, because he deposed officers by his kuowledge of discipline, and great military ex- own absolute will, without respect of orderly adperience, ought to entitle them to promotion. vancing such as deserved it, which made a great Senator Pearce of N.H. thinks that we follow the man once salute him with this letter: 'Sir, If you English practice too closely. One day he told of will be pleased to bestow a Captain's place on the "a sergeant who performed a service at the bat-bearer hereof, being a worthy gentleman, he shall tle of the Whithlacoochee, for which, had it been do that for you, which never as yet any soldier under Napoleon, he would have got a baton. But did, namely, pray to God for your health and in ours what did he get? Three times did that happiness."" gallant fellow, with his arm broken and hanging at his side, charge the Indians and drive them from PAY OF THE ARMY, YEAR 1846-7. their hammocks, where they were entrenched. The following particulars are taken from Ex. The poor sergeant stayed in the service until his Doc. 7. Dec. 1847, pp. 123 to 214 and 282 to 295; time expired, and that was all he got for his gal-what little insight they give us as to the system of lantry and disinterestedness." An opinion gains strength, that the honors of the Army and Navy ought to be thrown open to free competition. Very many commissions and promotions are the reward of official trimming and truckling in Congress, &c., by the relatives of parties thus placed over the heads of more deserving men.

accountability to Congress and the public, through clearness of statements and a publicity of facts, those who can may profit by; we really cannot.

Pay of the Army, (deducting repayments,) $1,725,992. Of twenty-three paymasters named, T. P. Andrews was intrusted with $395,391; T. J. Leslie with $547,546; G. H. Ringgold $231,306; and the others with sums varying from $642 to $116,605. Pay of ten regiments $80,000.

Subsistence of Officers $545,467; of which $422,823 passed through the hands of Paymasters Leslie, Andrews, Townsend and Ringgold.

Subsistence Department, $1,763,566; of which $900,800 were paid through Commissary Seawell, $121,000 through Shiras, $400,000 through Grayson; $120,000 through Lee.

Subsistence, ten Regiments of Regulars, $220,832; of which $150,000 paid per Seawell.

Quartermaster's Department, $1,473,030; of which per Vinton $140,000. E. Mackay $76,000, T. F. Hunt $108,234, H. Stanton $100,000, Dusenberry, $55,100; Morris S. Miller $32,459; M. M. Clark $348,752, D. D. Tompkins $504,508.

Von Müller tells us in his Universal History, that "The degrees in the Roman Army were very numerous. From the last centurion of the last manipulus of the first line to the primipilatus, there were sixty steps. The choice of the Generals did not depend on the number of years of service; often the leader who had triumphed served under his successor, and the father under the command of his son; indoler.ce and want of ability were the only obstacles to promotion." "The Romans did not consider it necessary that the soldiers should be of great stature large bodies cannot easily support so much fatigue as those of smaller bulk. The Barbarians disdained the small stature of the Roman troops. The love of their country, and the great interests that were at stake, gave to the armies of the Romans an im- Same Department-Incidentals, [no items or expulse very different from the motives of the Carth-planations given,] $1,025,337; of which, per Hunt aginian and Asiatic soldiery, who fought only for $251,000, Clark $656,235. pay." Sir James Mackintosh considered a Standing Army dangerous to the institutions of a free State; De Tocqueville thinks that "a restless and turbulent spirit is an evil inherent in the very constitution of Democratic armies;" and that odd compound of monarchy, feudalism and aristocracy, Sir Walter Scott, told his son that "a democratical soldier is worse than an ordinary traitor by ten thousand degrees, as he forgets his military honor, and is faithless to the master whose bread he eats." Under the Government which Scott so greatly admired, Commissions in the army are bought and sold like stocks or acres; officers who have served some two to ten years are allowed to retire on

Same Department-Transportation and Supplies, $971,331; of which $1,126,680 in hands of Michael M. Clark, $939,500 in hands of David H. Vinton, $411.000 H. Stanton, $155,550 E. Mackay, $796,809, T. F. Hunt, $70.000 Dusenberry, $166,920 M. S. Miller, $117,000 F. R. Loper.

Transportation of the Army, including Officers' baggage, $3.314,125; per hands of T. F. Hunt $889,934, D. D. Tompkins $503,956. M. M. Clark $1.479,196, E. Mackay $168,200, D. H. Vinton $281,700. Clothing Department, $597,119; of which $565,975 per H. Stanton.

Of $405,036 on hand for three months' extra pay to privates, sergeants, musicians, &c., and expenses of recruiting, $291,858 were paid. $40,294 for

services of private physicians, of which $24,500 per Mower." Barracks, Quarters, &c.," $266,078; of which per M. M. Clark, Assist. Quartm'r. $116,919. "Providing for the comfort of Discharged Soldiers," $500,000, through Dy. Quartermaster Gen. Hunt-no details. Repairs of Roads and Bridges for armies, $39,000.

MEXICAN HOSTILITIES, &C.

In addition to the above, and other expenditures, we find in page 163 to 168 Executive Docu ments, 7, Dec. 1847, that $16,344,397 were paid in 1346-7, under the head of Mexican Hostilities.'Reference is made to the act of July 20, 1846, but no details are given of the expenditure. The money was expended on volunteers and other troops; and appears to have passed through the hands of-T. F. Hunt $3,266,224, A. Mackay, $641 540. H. Stanton $410,000, H Whiting $300,000, A. R. Hetzel $249.000, D. D. Tompkins $476 615, S. B. Dusenbury $159 000, D H. Vinton $782,918, M. M. Clark $1,336,592, R. E. Clary $190,000, W. Seawell $200,000, Amos B. Eaton $195,000, J. B. Grayson $510,000, J. P. Moore $194,043, Paymaster T. J. Leslie $1,799,450, B. Walker $200,000, Timothy P. Andrews (ex-Col. Voltigeurs) $352,000, Christ. Andrews $122,000, Roger S. Dix $100,OCO. A. D. Steuart $567,950, Benjamin F. Larned $546,400, G. H. Ringgold $384,700, H. C. Wayne $146,000.

&c., at Springfield and Harper's Ferry Armories, $151,053; Arsenals, $103,915; Bought Saltpetre, Brimstone and Gunpowder, $150,000; Laid out in Fortifications and Barracks, $1,363,245-no details, but a reference to the amount paid the lieutenant, captain, or other military man who drew the money. Light-houses, Harbors, River Improvements, $84,308; Removal of Choctaws from Mississippi, $41,995; Expenses of Mission to Wild Indians of the Prairie,' $51,723, M. G. Lewis and P. M. Butler, Commissioners-an expensive mission this. For carrying into effect Indian Treaties, or payments to Indians in money or in kind, immense sums are charged, but beyond a reference to the statutes and stating who expended the money, little information is given to the public. On the military establishment votes, $8,204,218 appears to have been in the hands of public accountants on July 1, 1846, and $8,365,318 on July 1, 1847.

While many pages of the Blue Book are filled up with such items as "New-York Daily Express, for advertising meeting of Army and Medical Board, $14," the American Reader will look in vain for any complete and intelligible account of the year's receipts and expenditures; indeed bills to enforce the payment into the Treasury of all the revenue have met with quite as little favor at Washington as at Westminster.

Five or six years since, Mr. Meriwether rePay of Volunteers, $614,481.-Charged as in the ported, from the committee on public expendihands of B. F. Larned, Deputy Paymaster-Gen.tures, in the House of Representatives, a bill pro$1,100,000, from which said payments were made. Subsistence of Volunteers, 11 Regts. $257,453, of which $200,000 per Commissaries Lee and Seawell.

Preventing, Suppressing and Repressing Indian Hostilities, $51,322; but no act is referred to, nor is it clear to us who got the money.

MILITARY EXPENDITURES.

viding, "That no officer of the army or navy shall receive any other compensation than the pay or emoluments of the office which he holds, notwithstanding he may perform the duties of any other office or appointment." Also, "That no payment shall be made to any officer of the army or navy, by way of pay or emoluments, who may have been or shall be restored to rank, for the time he may have been or shall be out of service." A majority in Congress, who have Democracy' continually upon their lips, and

Armament of certain Fortifications, $203,773.No particulars given, but act of May 15, '46, referred to. Ordnance Service,' $93,994. Ordnance, Ord-the public plunder' in their eye, would have nance Stores and Supplies,' $560,633; Horses lost or destroyed, $20,252. National Armories,' $369,506; of which, per E. Ingersoll, storekeeper, $217,000. and Richard Parker $142,475. Repairs,

passed a bill to double the national taxation for the especial benefit of idle and useless officials, the lumber of the public service, rather than adopt such real reforms as the above.

THE NAVY.

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It were indeed a vain and dangerous illusion to believe, that in the present or probable condition of human society, a commerce so extensive and so rich as ours could exist and be pursued in safety without the continual support of a military marine; the only arm by which the power of this confederacy can be estimated or felt by foreign na tions, and the only standing military force which can never be dangerous to our own liberties at home. A permanent naval peace establishment, therefore, adapted to our present condition, and adaptable to that gigantic growth with which the nation is advancing in its career, is among the subjects which have already occupied the foresight of the last Congress, and which will deserve your serious deliberations....The rules and regulations by which it is governed urgently all for revision, and the want of a naval school of instruction, corresponding with the Military Academy at West Point, for the formation of scientific and accomplished officers, is felt with daily increasing aggravation.-JOHN QUINCY ADAMS-Message, Dec. 1825.

Reason shows, and experience proves, that no commerc al prosperity can be durable, if it cannot be united in case of need, to naval force. This truth is as well understond in the United States as anywhere....I cannot refrain from believing that the Anglo Americans will one day become the first maritime power on the globe.-ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE.

VESSELS OF WAR-Oct. 1848. In the Pacific.-Ohio, 74 guns; Congress, 44; Independence, 54; Warren, 20; Fredonia, 4; St Mary, 20; Dale, 16; Lexington, (store) 6; Southampton, 4. Commodore T. Ap. C. Jones, commanding.

Mediterranean.-United States, 44 guns; Marion, 16; Taney, schooner, 3; Princeton, steamer 9; Alleghany, do.; Erie, (store) 4; Supply, (store) 4 Commodore W. Bolton, commanding.

Brazil Coast.-Brandywine, 44; St. Louis, 20; Perry, 10. Commodore G. W. Storer, comman'g. town, 20; Decatur, 16; Porpoise, 10; Bainbridge, African Coast -Portsmouth, 20 guns; James10. Commodore Ben. Cooper, commanding.

Home Squadron.-- -Raritan, 44 guns; Saratoga, 20; John Adams, 20; Albany 20; Germantown, 20; Flirt, 2; Iris and Waterwitch, (steamers) each 1; Electra, (store) 2. Commodore Wilkinson, commanding.

Coast Survey.-Wave, 1; Phoenix, 1; Vixen, (steamer) 3. Lake Service-Michigan, (steamer) i. European Seas-St. Lawrence, 44. East IndiesPlymouth, 20; Preble, 16; Dolphin, 10.

Preparing for Sea.- (At New-York) Relief, store; (at Boston) Constitution, 44; (at Norfolk) Columbia, 44; Vandalia, 20.

Receiving Ships in Commission-Pennsylvania, 120 guns; Franklin, 74; North Carolina, 74; Ontario, 18; Union, (steamer) 4.

Vessels in Ordinary.Columbus, 74; Delaware, | Epervier, April 29, 1814,) $3,500; Six Clerks, &c., 74; Potomac, 44; Savannah, 44; Cyane, 20; at $700 to $1,200. Constellation, 36; Macedonian, 36; Vincennes, 20; Falmouth, 20; Fairfield, 20; Levant, 20; Yorktown, 16; Petrel, 1; Mississippi, (steamer) 10; Fulton, (steamer) 4; Cumberland, 44.

BUREAU OF CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT, &C. Chief, Charles W. Skinner, Me., $3,000; Ten Clerks, &c., at $700 to $1,400. Engineer, C. W. Copeland, Con. (at New-York) $2,500.

Chief Naval Constructor, Francis Grice, N. J., (Washington) $3,000.

Tenders.-Steamers Engineer and Gen. Taylor. On the Stocks.-Alabama, 74 guns; Vermont, 74; Virginia, 74; New-York, 74; New-Orleans, 74, (at Naval Constructors, $2,300 each-S. M. Pook, Sacket's Harbor, Lake Ontario,); Santee, 44; Ms., (Boston); Benjamin F. Delano, Ms., (PortsSabine, 44; Saranac, 44; Susquehanna 44; Pow-mouth); Samuel Hartt, Ms., (New-York); Samuel hatan, 44; also 4 first-class steamers at Kittery, T. Hartt, (Norfolk; C. G. Selfridge, Ms., (PensaMe., Brooklyn, Philadelphia and Gosport. cola); J. Lenthall, D. C., (Philadelphia.) They By comparing the above list of war ships with estimate the expenses of repairs for 1849, and fuel, annexed lists of officers, a pretty correct judg- at $2,500,000; and for the 4 first-class steamers on ment may be obtained as to the proportion they the stocks $1,200,000. They value the stores on bear to each other. In 1842, in Congress, Mr. hand at the Navy Yards, July 1, 1847, at $6,158,858, Fillmore "believed that there was no limitation besides stores, value $1,940,558 under the care on the appointing power with reference to the of the Ordnance Bureau. number of officers, or the grade to be given them; of course there was but little responsibility."There are some limits now.

We have been unable to find any official list of the officers, crews, &c. of the several ships. The Bureau of Construction estimates the pay of officers and seamen for 1849 at $2,600,000, but says nothing as to the number of men and boys, nor how many are in each ship.

Secretary of the Navy-JOHN Y. MASON, Virginia, $6,000.

Chief Clerk, Robert W. Young, $2,000; other 11 Clerks, at $1,000 to $1,500. Estimate of expenses of the Secretary's office for 1848-9, $24,790.

BUREAU OF NAVY YARDS AND DOCKS.

Chief, Commodore Joseph Smith, Ms., $3,500.Civil Engineer, W. P. S. Sanger, Ms., $2,000.Five Clerks, &c., $700 to $1,400; Six Civil Engineers, at New-York, &c., at $1,500 to $2,500 each; Six Agents, for preserving live oak, at $200 to $2,000 each. They asked a supply of $1,837,155 for 1849, including another $350,000 for the Dry Dock at Brooklyn.

BUREAU OF ORDNANCE AND HYDROGRAPHY.

ENGINEER CORPS.

Engineer-in-Chief, Charles H. Haswell, N.Y.,
Assistants, at $350 to $973 each.
$3,000. 7 Chief-Engineers, at $1,200 to $1,573. 49

each-at various stations.
Naval Storekeepers, &c., 13 at $1,400 to $1,700

NAVY AGENTS AND THEIR STATIONS.

Prosper M. Wetmore, Con., New-York; Joseph Hall, Boston; S. D. Patterson, Pa., Philadelphia; Joseph White, Ire., Baltimore; John M. Bell,

Tenn., New-Orleans; W. Anderson, Va., Pensa

cola; O. Cohen, S.C., Savannah; Geo. Loyall, Va.,
Norfolk; S. Cushman, Me., Portsmouth, N.H.;
W. B. Scott, Md., Washington; J. S. Watkins,
Va., Memphis.

BUREAU OF PROVISIONS AND CLOTHING.

Chief, Gideon Welles, Con., $3,000. Six clerks, &c., $700 to $1,400 each.

Although Secretary Mason states that there are but 8,000 men in the Navy, this bureau makes estimates of provisions for 10,000, also for 1,018 officers in the sea service, and 1,113 marines,-total, 4,427,815 rations at 20 cents, $885,568.

BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

Chief, Thomas Harris, Pa., $2,500. Surgeon, Chief, Lewis Warrington, Va., (who took the clerks and messenger, $700 to $1,400 each.

SIXTY-EIGHT CAPTAINS.

NAVY LIST.

Jas. Barron, Va.; Chas. Stewart, Pa., (who took the Levant, Cyane, &c., 1814.) Jacob Jones, (who took the Frolic, Oct. 18, 1812.) Charles Morris, Con.; Lewis Warrington, Va; C. G. Ridgely, Md.; John Downes, Ms.; Stephen Cassin, Pa., (of the Ticonderoga, battle of Lake Champlain;) A. S. Wadsworth, Me.; George C. Read, Ire.; H. E. Ballard, Md.; Jesse Wilkinson, Va.; T. Ap Catesby Jones, Va; W. Compton Bolton, Eng.; W. B. Shubrick, S. C.; Chas. W. Morgan, Va.; Lawrence Kearny, N.J.; F. A. Parker, Va.; E. R. McCall, S.C.; Dan. Turner, N.Y.. (who commanded the Caledonia on Lake Erie, 1813;) David Conner, Pa.; *W. M. Hunter, Pa.; J. D. Sloat, N.Y.; Mat. C. Perry, R.I.; *C. W. Skinner, Me.; John Thos. Newton, Va.; *Joseph Smith, Ms.; Lawrence Rousseau, La.; *George W. Storer, N.H.; F. H. Gregory, N.H.; Philip F. Voorhees, NJ.; Ben. Cooper, do.; David Geisinger, Md.; R. F. Stockton, N.J.; Isaac McKeever, Pa.; J. P. Zantzinger, do.; W. D. Salter, N.Y.; C. S. Macauley, Pa; Th. M. Newell, Ga.; E. A. F. Lavalette, and T. T. Webb, Va; John Perceval, Ms.; J. H. Aulick, Va.; W. V. Taylor, R.I.; B. Dulany, Va.; S. H. Stringham. N.Y.; Isaac Mayo, Md.; W. Mervine, Pa.; Thomas Crabb. Md; Thomas Paine, R.I.; James Armstrong, Ky.; Jos. Smoot, Md.; S. L. Breese, N.Y.; Ben. Page, Eng.; John

hugh, Va.; W. K. Latimer, Md.; Hiram Paulding,
N.Y.; U. P. Levy, Pa.; Charles Boarman, and
Francis Forrest, Md.; W. Jameson, Va.; Chas.
Gauntt, N.J.; W. Ramsay, Va.; Henry Henry,
Md.; S. W. Downing, N.J.

$67,500

In Sept. 1847, Captains 68; natives of Va. 14, Md. 11, Pa. 10, N.J. 6, N. Y. 6, N.E. 12, S.C. 2, Eng. 2, Ire. 1, La. 1, Ga. 1, Del. 1, Ky. 1. Of the above, there were, senior Captains, 15 in Sea service, commanding in Navyyards or other duty, at $4,500... Nineteen on leave or waiting orders, (that is, doing nothing,) at $3,500.. Five Captains of Squadrons, at $4,073. Nine other Capts. at sea, &c., $3,500. Twenty other Capts. on leave, &c., (that is, unemployed,) at $2,500..

66,500

20,365

31,500

50,000 $235,865

NINETY-SEVEN COMMANDERS. Of whom ninety-six are natives of the U.S., and one of Ireland. Twenty-nine in Sea service, at $2,573. $74,617 Twenty-three in Navy-yards, &c., at $2,100 48,300 Forty-three waiting orders, or absent on leave (on shore, doing nothing,) at $1,800 77,400 $200,317

327 LIEUTENANTS-Oct. 1847. Of whom 320 are natives of the U.S., three of

Gwinn, Md.; T. W. Wyman, Ms.; Andrew Fitz- the W.I., two of Ireland, one of Eng., one of Spain

Was appointed Lieut. in March, 1798, and Capt. May 22,1799.

* Were appointed Lieutenants, July 24, 1813.

39

Seventeen Lieutenants Com'ing, at $1,873..$31,841 | Va., Adjutant; G. W. Walker, D. C., Paymaster; 154 do. in Sea service, $1,573... 242,242 A. A. Nicholson, S. C., Quartermaster; S. Miller, 61 do. in Navy-yards, &c., $1,500........ 91,500 Ms., Lieut. Col.-4 Majors, 17 Captains, 24 First 93 do. waiting orders or on leave of absence Lieutenants, 23 Second Lieutenants. Natives of (that is, ashore and unemployed,) $1,200..111,600 the United States, 72; Ireland, 1.

$477,183 Now that the quarrel with Mexico is settled, the number of idle Lieutenants, at $1,200 a-year, will have greatly increased.

SURGEONS-Oct. 1847.

Surgeons 69; Passed Assistant do. 33; Assist

ant do. 40.

Of whom, 134 are natives of the U.S., 4 of Ire., 2 W.I., 1 Scot., 1 Spain.

There are some 20 rates of income, from $650 a-year up to $2,700, with $73 for a ration, if on sea service. Suppose the average of the 142 to be $1,600, and we have $227,200 a-year of pay. Of the surgeons 14, and of the assistant do. 14, were unemployed, waiting orders' or absent on leave.

This was in war times. Some were sick.

TWENTY-FOUR CHAPLAINS.

The pay of the Colonel is $75 per month, with 19 rations and allowances; and the sums paid under the name of rations vary. Ex. Doc. 1, Dec. 1847, has the estimate for 1848-9; 75 commissioned officers, pay and allowances, $66,746; 324 ser2,000 privates, at $7 per month, $168,000; 81 offigeants, corporals, drummers and fifers, $40,296; ing, $8,262; extra rations to officers five years in cers' servants, at $8 50 per month, food and clothofficers in this corps, for a year, exceeds the inarmy, $13,724. The income of the 75 commissioned come of 1,000 of the privates by $7,732.

NAVAL PENSIONS.

Dec. 1847, these allowances are given in full Amount for 1846-7, $123,232. In Ex. Doc. 1, detail. A seaman's widow gets $6 a month; a Commander's widow, $30; a Lieutenant's widow,, $25; a Captain's widow, $50; a Marine's widow, $350. Invalid seamen, $1 50 to $8 50 per month; & Commander, $30; a Lieutenant, $25. It is just 3,500 to uphold those who are maimed and broken 3,000 down in the naval or military service.

3,000.

3,000

3,000
3,000
2,500

NAVAL EXPENDITURE.

18 at $1,200, on duty; 6 at $800, ashore, &c. SIXTY-FOUR PURSERS-Oct. 1847. Samuel Forrest, D.C., Ohio, 74 guns........$3,500 Edw. T. Dunn, D C., Columbus, 74.... Wm. Sinclair, Ms, Cumberland, frigate... Joseph H. Terry, N.Y., Brandywine, fr.... Dudrey Walker, Ms., Columbia, fr.. Wm. Speiden, D.C., Congress, fr. Horatio Bridge, Me, United States, fr.... Edw. Fitzgerald, Pa., Pennsylvania, 120 gs. B. J. Cahoone, R.I., North Carolina, 74..... T. P. McBlair, Md, Franklin. 74...... Sterrett Ramsay, Pa., Navy-yd., Pensacola.. 2,500 H. W. Greene, N.H., Razee Independence 3,000 blended in one item, and all we can learn is, that "Pay and subsistence of the Navy;" both are Other Pursers-16 at $2,000-$32,000. 14 at $1,-$2,847,445 were paid out, through certain pursers 500-$21,000. On shore, unemployed, 18, at $1,- and navy agents, and that $1,523,253 remained in 000 to $1,800 each. the hands of, we know not who, unexpended.Natives of U. S. 63; of Ireland 1. (Erie, 8 guns.) How the public can judge of accounts thus pre216 PASSED MIDSHIPMEN-Oct. 1847. sented we see not. Pay of Superintendents, $67,131, is next; then $746,329 for provisions; $144,848 $62,599 for clothing; Surgeons' necessaries $49,9,000 772;" increase, repair, armament and equipment 16,800 of the navy," $1,601,325; fuel for steam vessels. $170,648 $12,955. Navy Yards $727,278, of which $325,000 Natives of the U. S. 214; of Eng. 1, [Madison were laid out in New-York. Contingent expenRush]; of S. A. 1. ses of the Navy, $541,000 (no particulars); books and maps, $34,811; relief bills, $113,881; Mexican hostilities, expended $2,450,095, or the Marine pay, provisions,

From pages 314 to 321, of Ex. Doc. 7, Dec. 1847,

2,500 we select the following particulars of payments 2,500 made in 1846-7:

176 at Sea, at $823...

12 various duties, at $750..

28 unemployed or sick, at $600........

223 MIDSHIPMEN-Oct. 1847.

If in sea service $473 a-year; land do. $350; on subsistence, clothing, stores, shore unemployed $300. There were 65 at a corps," $294,052. Fuel, transportation, recruiting, naval school; 24 were "waiting preparatory ex-barracks, and contingencies, marine corps, $44,amination." On an average, probably, 223 were 572 In all $9,832,883 were paid out, and $3,receiving $380 each, including one ration to those 409,052 remained on hand, to another year's credit. at sea. $84,740.

Natives of the U.S. 221; S. A. 1; Fr. 1.

In Ex. Doc. 1, Dec. 1847, Secretary Mason adThe Act of Aug. 1848, provides for the appoint- 10,000 men, and says its numbers in 1847 did not exIverts to the Act of 1846, increasing the navy to ment of 464 midshipmen, who are to be taken as ceed 8,000. equally as possible from each Congressional Dis-ment of the men on board each ship, but a We nowhere find an official statetrict, [many of which are far inland!] Whether clear account is given of the Marines and their this is the best mode to encourage and reward capable young seamen, wherever born, is a mat- pay. ter of opinion. More than 180 passed-midshipmen may receive pay, under a suspension of the Act of March 3, 1845.

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Votes in Congress, August 3, 1848, for year 1848-9.-Improvements and repairs at Navy-yard, Portsmouth, Va., $55,551; do. at Boston, $97,351; do. at New-York, $106,000; Brooklyn Dry Dock, $350,000; for land to be bought near the Brooklyn &c., Philadelphia, $14,500; do. at Norfolk, Va, Navy-yard and the Wallabout, $285,000; repairs, $144,136; do. at Pensacola. $209,625; do. at Memphis, $174,038; at Sacket's Harbor, $2,000; $477,826 to uphold the Marine corps, on the peace establishment, which had it been 915, as in 1817. officers included, would make the cost $522 per man; improvements to naval school, Annapolis, $17,500; towards erecting floating dry docks at Philadelphia, Pensacola, and Kittery in Maine, $400,000.

NAVAL RANK AND SERVICE.

Secretary Upshur, in his report of Dec. 4, 1844,

says:

would be umpires. But the hardy sailor, to whom all hope of promotion is denied, is tried by a jury, not of his equals, but of his officers, who monopohonors. This sort of trial, occasionally subjects lize power, preferment, large incomes and high seamen, the citizens of this Republic, to be publicly flogged like a disobedient hound, but no commissioned or warrant officer is ever flogged for any offence.

"Additional ranks in the Navy would be eminently useful as an instrument of discipline. The post-captain of to-day is precisely equal in rank to the oldest post-captain in the service. He feels his equality from the first moment that he attains it, and at the same moment the disinclination to be commanded and controlled by his equal rises with him. He will not willingly submit to learn as a scholar, what his own position authorizes him to teach.find He looks to a separate command for himself; he begins to lay down systems of his own, and turns a deaf ear to the lessons of experience imparted by older heads, because they cannot claim any higher rank."

The New-York Courier & Enquirer proposed one Admiral, four Vice-Admirals, and eight Rear Admirals, in 1842, to begin with, at an average increase of pay, each, of $2,000, or $26,000 additional, yearly. Are $6,500 a-year, in addition to higher rank, essential as means of securing respect, or of supporting the incumbent and his family! Soon after Congress declared our independence of Europe they resolved (Nov. 15, 1776) that the higher grades of rank of the naval officers be Admiral, Vice-Admiral, Rear-Admiral, and Commodore, equal to those of General, Lieutenant-General, Major-General, and Brigadier-General, in the land service; but they never appointed an Admiral.

In 1842, Mr. Sprigg, in House of Rep. said, that "The case, as he had learned from officers of experience, was this: A midshipman, after receiving his appointment, went to sea for two or three years, and then had to wait on shore five or six years before he was made a Lieutenant. The consequence was, that when he went to sea again, he had nearly forgotten what little he had learned. There were upward of 250 officers waiting orders' in 1841, and at that very time, when there was not enough to do for those already in commission, 140 more were appointed."

Mr. Elihu Burritt states, that from 1815 to 1823, EIGHT YEARS, there were 28 Captains whose average term of service was less than two years; 30 Commanders, a little over two; 172 Lieutenants less than three and a half. In 1845, three hundred and sixty-nine naval officers were on shore, unemployed, waiting orders.

On Dec. 22, 1835, Judge Vanderpoel, in the House of Representatives, said, that

In the N. Y. Evening Star of July 16, 1840, we part of a note, written on board the North Carolina, 74:

"Respecting that man who was flogged here yesterday, he was seized up in the gangway and took 120 lashes with the cats, used by three boatswain's mates, without a flinch, and afterwards vowed revenge upon the authors of it, clenching his fists at the time and laughing as if nothing had taken place, and I think he is a very likely person to fulfil his promise. He has had, altogether, since his six years in the service, 1020 lashes."

A few years since, a commander in the Navy, now a post-captain, and in the receipt of $3,500 a-year, was tried on charges of oppression and cruelty, for striking the men with his fists, knocking them down and stamping upon them, and inflicting illegal punishments with the cat and other instruments of torture. There were eight specifications, and ample proof, through the evidence of officers of undoubted reputation. His brother captains, of the Naval Court, sentenced him to three years' suspension without rank, which the Executive reduced to a year, through the influence of some members of the Court that found him guilty. Is this just and equitable?

When Mr. Calhoun was Secretary of War, Congress caused some inquiry to be made relative to cases of wanton cruelty in the Army, and the publication of their Report produced for a time the best effects. Mr. C. greatly improved the practice in that Department. The case of the Somers is still fresh in the public mind, although the principal actors in that tragedy are no longer numbered with the living, and the floggings there proved, as well as in other trials of great interest, ought to have produced a change from a partial system to one that would duly check both officers and men.

From sentences by Courts Martial, or proceedings like these on board the Somers, even if un"Commissions in the Army, in the time of peace, were, just, the U. S. District Court at New-York decidcomparatively, sinecures. Barring the toilsome and honed, in 1843, that parties aggrieved had no remedy orable expedition against Black Hawk, and an occasional by an appeal to the Civil Tribunals, and refused chase after a few retreating and predatory savages, what to "arraign the parties accused on a matter has your army done, or rather, what has it had to do, touching their lives;" nor did Congress interfere. since the peace of 1815 ? It had done all that had been Our naval system copies British usages not in acrequired of it, but it could, in the nature of things, have cordance with our Republican Institutions. Even but little or nothing to do. Not so with the Navy-our in the division of prize money, the whole of the vast and growing commerce must be protected, the pirate" seamen, ordinary seamen, marines and boys,"

must be driven from the ocean."

Our commerce would be none the worse protected, were merit made the passport to naval promotion, and the sons and other relatives of persons in office allowed to take their chance as naval apprentices, instead of being nearly the only class allowed to rise in the service.

NAVAL PUNISHMENTS AND REWARDS-COURTS
MARTIAL-FLOGGING.

get but $35,000 among them, while the officers divide $65,000 where the prize taken is $100,000.

The Act of April 21, 1806, reduced the Navy to a mere handful-13 captains, 9 commanders, 72 lieutenants, 150 midshipmen, with enough of surgeons, pursers, &c.; no officer to get more than half pay unless on actual service; also 925 seamen and boys. The Navy now bears a far larger proportion to the whole population, and requires the utmost attention from Congress.

"The soldier who had saved the life of a citizen, who

The law allows a citizen-sailor to receive 100 Were rewards more plentiful and punishment lashes for an offence not capital, and any number less unequal in the Army and Navy, especially the more lashes for a capital offence, on the verdict latter, both services would be gainers in efficienof a Court composed of 5 to 13 officers, without a jury; and although the Court happen to be divid-CY. Von Müller, in vol. 1 of his Universal Hised into 7 ayes and 6 noes. The Act of Aug. 1843, tory, tells us, that in ancient Romerequires an annual Report of the number of sailors flogged in each ship, stating the offence and how many lashes were inflicted. There would be more equity in such sentences were MERIT the only passport to naval promotion; for, in that case, officers who had once been common sailors, suffered their privations, and felt as they feel,

had killed his enemy, or maintained his post as long as the contest continued, obtained as his reward the civic crown. It was intended that each man should exert himself as much for his comrade as for the highest officer, and therefore the same crown was the only reward for saving the life of the General. This badge was worn during life, and when a plebeian entered the theatre with it on his head, the sena

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