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but at the same time to avoid, as much as possible, giving any offence to individuals.- -By command of his Royal Highness, the Commander in Chief, HARRY CALVERT, Adjutant-General.

Horse-Guards, Oct. 22, 1803.

GENERAL ORDERS issued after the REVIEWS of the VOLUNTEERS on the 26TH and 281 H of OCTOBER. Dated Horse-Guards, Oct. 29, 1803.

His Royal Highness the Commander in Chief has received the King's command to convey to the several Volunteer and Associated Corps which were reviewed in Hyde Park on the 26th and 28th inst. his Majesty's highest approbation of their appearance, which has equalled his Majesty's utmost expectation.His Majesty perceives, with heartfelt satisfaction, that the spirit of loyalty and patriotism, on which the system of the armed Volunteers throughout the Kingdom was originally founded has risen with the exigencies of the times, and at this moment forms such a bulwark to the constitution and liberties of the country, as will enable us, under the protection of Providence, to bid defiance to the unprovoked malice of our enemies, and to hurl back, with becoming indignation, the threats which they have presumed to vent against our independence, and even our existence as a nation.-His Majesty has ob served with peculiar pleasure, that, amongst the unprecedented exertions which the present circumstances of the country have called forth, those of the capital of his United Kingdom have been eminently conspicuous. The appearance of its numerous and well-regulated Volunteer Corps, which were reviewed on the 26th and 28th inst. indicates a degree of attention and emulation, both in officers and men, which can proceed only from a deep sense of the important objects for which they have enrolled themselves, a just estimation of the blessings we have so long enjoyed, and a firm and manly determination to defend them like Britons, and transmit them, unimpaired, to our posterity.--The Commander in Chief has the highest satisfaction in discharging his duty, by communicating these his Majesty's most gracious sentiments, and requests that the Commanding Officers will have recourse to the readiest means of making the same known to their respec tive corps.

FREDERICK, Commander in Chief.

General Return of the Volunteer Corps reviewed by his Majesty in Hyde Park, on the 26th and 28th of October, 1803.

On Wednesday the 26th-Loyal Londen Volun. Cavalry; Lieut.-Col Anderson, 217 in the Field

Hon. Artillery Company; Col. Paul Le Mesurier, 994-Ist. Royal East-India Volunteers; Col. Sir L. Darrell, 640-2d do.; Col. Sir Hugh Inglis, 636-3d do.; Col. John Roberts, 585-1st Reg. Loy. Lon. Volun. Infan.; Lieut.-Col. Birch, 737 -2d do.; Lieut.-Col. J. Smith, 657-3d do.; Lieut.-Col. Kensington, 804-4th do.; Lieut.Col. Price, 790-5th do.; Lieut.-Col. T. Smith, 501-6th do.; Lieut.-Col. Wigram, 647-7th do.; Lieut. Col. Shaw, 404-8th do.; Lieut. Col. Canning, 777-9th do.; Lieut.-Col. Sir W. Curtis, 651-10th do.; Lieut.-Col. Combe, 587-11th do.; Major Seddon, 293-1st Reg. Tower Hamlets do.; Lieut. Col. Mellish, 350-Whitechapel do.; Lieut.

Col. Craven, 445-Mile End do.; Major Liptrap. 333-St. George in the East do.; Major Splidt, 230-Radcliffe do.; Major Boulcott, 183-Shoreditch do.; Major Marshall, 294-Bromley St. Leonard do.; Major Stodard, 175-Bethnal Green do.; Major Carrick, 166-St. Catharine do.; Captain Jenkins, 121-Claistchurch Volunteers; Major Stevens, 184Total 12,401.

On Friday the 28th.-London and Westmin. Light Horse; Col. Herries, 727-Westmin. Reg. of Volunteer Cavalry; Lieut.-Col. Elliott, 225— Southwark Troop of Yeomanry; Captain Collingdon, 69-Clerkenwell Cavalry; Captain Sellon, 46-Lambeth do.; Captain Watson, 40-St. George's Reg. of Volun. Infan.; Col. Earl of Chesterfield, 663-St. James's do. do.; Col. Lord Amherst, 954-Bloomsb. and Inns of Court do.; Col. Cox, 929-Royal Westminster do.; Col. Robertson, 961-Prince of Wales's do.; Col. M. P. Andrews, 640-St. Margaret's and St. John's; Hon. Lieut.-Col. Eden, 625-Loyal North Britons; Lieut.-Col. Lord Reay, 286-Mary-la-bonne; Col. Lord Duncannon, 905-Law Association; Lieut.-Col. Hon, T. Erskine, 335-Duke of Gloucester's; Col. Lord Chetwynd, 462-The Somerset Place; Col. Tierney, 380-The St. Giles's and St. George's; Lieut.-Col. Sir J. Nicholl, 605The Clerkenwell; Major Magniac, 701-Loyal British Artificers; Lieut.-Col. Burton, 542-The Loyal Britons; Lieut. Col. Davison, 127-St. Andrew and St. George's; Lieut.-Col. Reader, 514

1st and 2d Bat. Queen's Royals; Col. Lord Hobart, 926-The Knightsbridge; Major Eyre, 124 -The St. Clement's Danes; Major Blake, 2451st Surrey; Lieut.-Col. Gaitskill, 515-The St. Sepulchre; Major Ford, 174-The St. Saviour; Major Potts, 151-The Loyal Southwark; Col. Tierney, 545-Lambeth; Lieut.-Col. Edwards, 555-Christchurch, Major Tollman, 171-Saint John's; Major King, 138-St. Olave's; Captain Shaw, 116-Rotherhithe; Major Wells, 158-The Duke of Cumberland's Sharp Shooters; Captain Barber, 84-Gray's Inn Corps of Vol. Riflemen; Captain J. K. Cooke, 38- -Total 14,676.

HARRY CALVERT, Adjutant-General.

The total number of the troops inspected amounted to 27,077-In many instances a considerable part of the corps were absent on business or otherwise; and we understand that the returns of the effective strength of the several battalions, rendered some weeks since, made the number of Volunteers within the City to exceed 35,000. The Corps in the vicinity of the Metropolis-the Hackney, Pancras, Fulham, Hampstead, Islington, Camberwell, Wandsworth, &c. exceed 11,000, making in the whole a force of 46,000 men.

Most of the members of the Royal Family attended the Review, but his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales was absent on both days. Among the attendants upon his Majesty were upwards of forty General Officers: and among the foreigners of distinction who were present were Monsieur, the Prince of Condé, the Dukes of Orleans and Berry, and almost all the foreign Ambassadors. Colonel de Faire, who so particularly signalized himself in the army of the Prince de Condé attended the Prince on the ground.

LONDON,

We therefore rely on his Majesty's paternal wisdom for a watchful and unremitted attention to the "situation and future conduct of the power, with whom we have negotiated: and we think it ne"cessary more especially to assure his Majesty of our ready and firm support in that determination, which we trust his Majesty will henceforward steadily pursue, of resisting every fresh encroachment, which shall be attempted on the maritime, commercial, or colonial rights and interests of. "the British Empire. This our solemn declaration must, we believe, materially conduce to prevent the necessity which it is calculated to meet: and we trust, that his Majesty will also approve of our desire to support it, by a scale of naval and military difere adequote to the extent of our danger."Address proposed by the New Opposition on the 13th of May, 1892.

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TO THE EDITOR.

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as are unequal to the latter (and they are
not few) be compelled to retire and avoid an
useless sacrifice of their lives. If an exa-
mination of this kind is proper in the regu
lars, surely it cannot be less so in the volun-
teers, and independent of humanity and po-
licy, which independently require some
such measure, the spirit which ministers give
them credit for, demands in return that due
care should be taken it be not made the
means of sacrifice without a chance of bene-
fit to their country.I care not what me-
thod government pursue, but if it is neces
sary to have recurrence to a volunteer force,
some plan should be speedily adopted for as-
certaining that the men will be able to live
beyond the comforts of their own homes,
and march farther than to a review, or mi-
nisters are amusing the country while it is on
the verge of destruction.- I am, Sir, your
obedient servant,
R. S.

TO THE EDITOR.

London, 8th Nov. 1803. SIR,-Notwithstanding the check you have given to the vanity and ridiculous self importance of some of the volunteers, I believe that the reflecting part of them, and of the public at large, admit the force of many of your observations, and only regret your attention had not been more frequently applied to the improving a system with the imperfections of which you seem so well acquainted; for, I consider you as admitting, that under proper regulations the volunteers may become useful in defending the country, and that your objects are, 1st to prevent the danger of relying upon them for assistance which they cannot afford; and, 2d. to render them effective as far as they are capable of being made so.—— In fartherance of the latter object, I shall, with your permission, offer a few remarks to the public. You have justly observed, that all the volunteer-corps are composed ge"nerally of men of all ages, of delicate con"stitutions, and not a few of decrepid "limbs."--" Lisping infancy and totter"ing old age in the same rank."That such is the fact cannot be denied, and that corps so composed can be of no service against an enemy, few men of common sense will venture to expect. Many of the members no doubt, are capable of bearing the fatigue and hardship of a soldier's life, and of performing a soldier's duty; but, before any benefit can be derived from their spirit and exertions in this great cause, they must be selected, or, to use your own appropriate expression," sifted", from the chaff with which they are mixed. I would, therefore, propose, that every member should be required to undergo an examination by a com-through life been accustomed to daily fipetent surgeon in the same manner as the regulars, and that such as are found fit for active service should be classed together, those who are deemed equal only to garrison duty, be set apart for that purpose, and such VOL. IV.

Temple, 6th Nov. 1803. SIR,As I perceive in some persons a disposition to suppose that the volunteers of this country, as they are at present constituted, will be capable of offering a successful resistance to the French invaders, if unfortunately they should effect a landing on our coast, I beg leave to send you my sentiments on that subject, and on the immea-. surable distance, which in point of military ability necessarily exists between the volun-. teer and the soldier of Great Britain.-The regular troops of this country, Sir, are taken from a class of men, who from their very birth have been inured to hardships of almost every description, whose bodies have

tigue, and whose limbs have been strength-
ened by constant and babitual exercise.
The volunteers on the other hand, have been
for the most part from their cradle nursed
on the lap of comparative indolence, and

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vernment would permit in defence of their country.So far from it, Sir, I applaud their spirit, and I reverence their motives to action. But the fault is in the whole system and original establishment of volunteer corps.

A commercial nation ever has been, and ever must be, defended by regulars; nor can it be expected in a country, where, as in this, gold is the universal idol, that men will devote their whole attention to military pur suits, unless they are encouraged to do so by an adequate and a pecuniary remuneration; and unless their whole attention is directed to military pursuits, they never will be of any use in the military capacity.-In this point of view, Sir, I cannot but lament that the great sums of money which have been lavished by volunteers upon their cloathing, and upon their arms, together with the subscriptions which have been raised in the different counties and parishes throughout the

their effeminate occupations have generally incapacitated them from active and vigorous exertion.--And, I believe, Sir, that a man, who up to the age of twenty has not been habituated to considerable bodily fatigue, will very rarely acquire that vigorous elasticity of fibre, and that strength of muscle which is absolutely necessary to the constitution of a good and an active soldier.--But let us for a moment, suppose the soldier and the volunteer set out upon their military career upon equal terms; and let us consider the very different modes of life which are pursued by each of them.--The soldier is employed at exercise daily throughout the year for three or four hours; when he quits the parade he still continues cloathed in his military dress; and he is emphatically instructed that his most incumbent duty is to turn his whole mind to the duties and employments of his profession.-- His food is of a simple, but at the same time of an in-kingdom, have not been applied towards the vigorating nature, and he reposes his limbs at night on a bed which has not been made in a manner to pamper and enervate the human frame.He has seldom the cares of a family to distract his attention or harrass his mind, and he has never the occupation of any trade or profession to divert his thoughts from the strict performance of his various military duties. On the other hand, the volunteer is, perhaps, in the field for about two hours on three days in a week, that is for about six hours out of the 168 (and have, perbaps, I allow, a greater portion of time than is usually allotted by him to the purposes of military instruction); as soon as he returns to his home, he throws aside bis uniform, which from the little time he wears it is always cumbrous, irksome, and incon-ligion is the Roman Catholic one, there was

venient to him; and together with his dress, he generally lays aside gladly all military ideas, and returns with alacrity to the exercise of a laborious trade, or of an active and busy profession.He continues to live as usual on a comparatively luxurious diet, and he retires to rest on a soft and relaxing couch.--I ask it with confidence, Mr. Editor; can it be for a moment believed by any rational man that such a person is by a sort of magic, more wonderful than any of which we read in the Arabian Tales, and by a metamorphosis more unaccountable than any selected in the Fables of Ovid, to be transfprined into a soldier capable of being opposed to the disciplined and hardy veterans of Buonaparte When I say this, Sir, I would wish to be understood, as not wishing to throw any reflection on a body of men, who have in a period of unexampled danger come forward in the best mauner which

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increasing of the regular forces on the establishment, the only measure which, in my opinion, can in times like the present be of any service in promoting the security and honour of the country.

TO THE EDITOR.

I am, &c.
A. B.

Bristol, 5th Nov. 1803. SIR,- I own I have been surprised, that you should never have noticed in your Register, among the absurdities which the volunteering system, as it now stands, has produced; the ceremony of consecrating. their colours. I own I have formerly un-. derstood, in Foreign services, where the re

something of the same sort; but, in the Church of England, I am quite at a loss where to look for such an office. In the Newspapers, we are continually reading pa ragraphs, announcing the presentation of colours by Lady Somebody, to her husband, who commands the corps, with neat and appropriate speeches, and elegant breakfasts in marquees, afterwards, &c. &c Surely this ought to be quite sufficient, without our feelings being insulted, and our common sense outraged, by a clergyman of the Church of England being brought into the farce, to consecrate these colours. I believe no troops in the world ever fought more bravely under, or have gone greater lengths after, their colours, than the English army; and when a regiment of the line is raised and completed, and their colours are sent to them, they do not need consecration, to follow them to the East or to the West.

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November 7, 1803. SIR,-Having seen in your paper, in a letter from Ireland, signed Juverna, an attack on the character of a man, who will long live revered in the memories of such as value integrity and religious virtue, I must beg leave to remark upon it very shortly, that, even were the attack for political incapacity just, it ill becomes any man, who has a sense of the value of uprightness and religious zeal in a judge, whose chief object was ever to make the religion which he cherished and professed the rule and guide of his decisions, and to impress it on his hearers with an eloquence, because it arose from the hearts, more irresistable than can be credited by those who never heard or knew not how to feel the value of such a character. As pride is, perhaps, an essential in the character of a statesman, it may not be inexpedient to hint, that in the character alluded to it was a quality which did not exist. The writer of the Pursuits of Literature and Juverna may please themselves with their acumen, in finding blots in characters however luminous, though the former mest handsomely, and to his honour in private, testified his respects to the character he only named to lower in his publication. But to the point. In public, the late most respectable Chief Justice always professed himself not to be a political man Wit was a gift he never claimed. He felt as much as any man, the force of it in others, and the tenacity of a memory nearly self taught in classical and Latin writers would occasionally from its fulness produce quotations, which, however uninstructive critical wisdom may be disposed to consider them, were surely harmless, and, to those who have pleasure in witnessing the attainments of the human mind, undoubtedly, were pleasing. As to politics, except in the instance of the regency, to support the cause of his virtuous and beloved Sovereign, he rarely ever meddled with them, conceiving the situation of Judge to be one which claimed his first attention; the strict application of which, at last, destroyed a life, which the law in general acknowledge, and the public, finally, will find a public calamity. I did not hink I should have intruded so long, but the respect amounting to filial reverence

which I delight in bearing to the memory of one, so deservedly claiming it, calls for this from me. Skilful and instructive as [ acknowledge the writings of Juverna to be, I am sorry to have my respect much lessened for the author, from his unnecessary attack on a virtuous character, now unhappily no more. He should remember that at last without virtue the wisdom of the wise is vain.--I am your humble Servant, CAMBRICUS.

Remarks, extracted from the Moniteur, relative to the Accommodation between England and Sweden, as also on the Explanatory Convention between England and Russia, concluded at St. Petersburgh, 20th of October, 1801.

The third article of the last treaty excepts enemy's property from the exemption. stipulated in favour of merchandize under a neutral flag. Thus, with one dash of the pen has been thrown into oblivion the most important of the principles proclaimed by the convention of 1780, and consecrated by the general assent of the continental na tions. The fourth article subjects convoys to the right of visit, and regulates the details of the mode in which it is to be exercised.--Sweden and Denmark acceded in 1802 to the Convention of 17th June, 1801. The Emperor adhered to it by the 7th article of his declaration of the 7th of August last. It is lamentable that the powers of the North should be obliged to ́ abandon a principle which hitherto had appeared to them so important for the interests of commerce and the navigation of neutral states-that by which the flag covers the merchandize.--We may suppose, that when these powers consented to the visiting of convoys, they resolved no longer to send their ships of war to escort the merchant vessels of their subjects. The escort being in itself a proof that the vessels it protects have nothing on board that is prohibited by the treaties and regulations, it would be contrary to the dignity of those powers, that, notwithstanding this guarantee proceeding from themselves, the conveying ships should be subject to being visited, and that a mere English sloop of war should be able to stop their ships of the line as long as it pleases to protract the visit of their convoy.--In permitting the English to seize the property of their enemies on board neutral ships, they have neglected to reserve, in favour of the latter, a right which was secured to them by the Consolate del Mare, the only law which the English

can cite in favour of their pretensions. This law, which originated in times of ignorance and barbarism, while it declared enemy's property found in neutral vessels good prize, enacted that the captor should pay the out-fitter the stipulated freight.At present the English seize enemy's property, without paying the freight.-England, however, did not think that the advantages given her by the Convention of the 17th of June, 1801, were sufficiently great; and Sweden was compelled to grant her an additional benefit, by authorizing her to retain, according to her caprice, a part of the maritime supplies which certain States of the Continent might endeavour to procure by the channel of Swedish ves-els. This is the result of the convention concluded between England and Sweden on the 25th of July last.The Moniteur baving then given the text of the Convention with the Court of Stockholm, concludes its animadversions in the following terms:]England thus exercises the right of preemption with respect to the reserved articles of merchandize; that is, retains them for her own use, not only when found in vessels bound to an enemy's port, but also when found in such vessels bound to neutral ports as appear to be in danger of falling into the hands of the enemy.—From the establishment of this hitherto unheard of right, the new creation of maritime despotism, it is evident that the merchandize subject to pre-emption cannot arrive on board Swedish vessels in the ports of the Continent but at the pleasure of the EngJish. England bas exacted this new treaty of Sweden as the price of the tardy and partial justice which she is pleased to give her with regard to the value of the convoys detained for five years, and for which she at length pays her C000 crowns of Hamburgh currency. Not having the same bargain to make with the other pow ers, England will probably not obtain from them the same concessions; but there can be no doubt that she will make every effort 10 induce them to adopt the Convention of the 17th of June, 1801. It does not hitherto appear that the Court of Berlin, that of Naples, or even that of Lisbon, have departed from the principles of neutrality universally received in 1780. Besides a few variations in policy cannot alter principles. There are, doubles, situations in which governments are influenced by combinations which,, depending only on the calculations of the moment, suggest only dispositions according to circunstances, and thus prodace nothing more than temporary conven

tons. We cannot suspect the Northern Powers of being indifferent upon questions which interest the civilization of Europe and the liberty of the seas. Every state must see that these questions depend upon the event of the present war; and in this view also, as in so many other respects, the cause of France is the cause of all nations.

PUBLIC PAPERS.

NOTE delivered to the FOREIGN MINISTERS at CONSTANTINOPLE, on the 20th of September, 1803; d.claring the intention of the SUBLIME PORTE to preserve a STRICT NEUTRALITY during the war.

In the war by sea and land, which began between France and England in the year of the Hegira 1207 (1792), the Porte which was in friendship with both powers, and neutral, signified its resolution by a note, that the ships of the said powers should not molctor attack each other on the coasts of the Ottoman Empire, under the cannon of the fortresses of Asia or Europe, or the Islands of the White Sea, or at a less distance from lard than three miles; and that the respective Consuls should use every exertion to restrain those who would make such attacks in the vicinity of the harbours. It was then resolved, and the ordinance is now renewed, that the strictest inquirics should be made to arrest and punish such subjects of the Porte as should engage to serve on board privateers. No Mussulman, who is a subject, shall embark any commodities on board the ships of the said powers, without being provided with the necessary documents from their respec. tive Consuis.

When an engagement shall take place between the ships of the Belligerent Powers, no Captain of a Turkish ship of war, or any other Turkish subject, shall interiere in favour of either of the parties. And as the Sublime Porte, in the new war which has commenced between Fiance and England, has determined to abide by the same system of neutrality between the English Count and the French Republic, it has transmitted the ordinance necessary for that purpose to his Highness the Capitan Pacha; and it will also be com municated in writing to all the Foreign Ministers. CONVENTION between his BRITANNIC MAJESTY and the KING of SWEDEN. Conc.uded at Longo i on ite 24th of July, 1803. His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and his Majesty the king of Sweden, being equally desirous of promoting the good understanding which happily subsists between them, and of preverting the recurrence of thore differences which have heretofore arisen respecting the eleventh article of the treaty of alliance concluded and signed at Whitehall, on the 21st day of October, 1661, have named and authorised for that purpesc, viz, his Britannic Majesty, the Right Hon. Robert Banks Jenkinsen, Lord Hawkesbury, one of his said Majesty's nourable Privy Council, and his principal Secre tary of State for the Foreign Department, and his Swedish Majesty, George Uldric Baron de Silverh jelm, his Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to his Britannic Majesty, and knight of the order of the Polar Star, who after having duly communicated to each other their respective full powers, have agreed upon the following artis des: Art. 1. In the event of one of the cons

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