realm in such manner that persons conversant with the said knowledge and skilled in the trade to which the invention relates could work it. The publication by printing or by ordinary exhibition within six months prior to the application for the patent, however, is not to be considered fatal to novelty. Norway has joined the Union for the Protection of Industrial Property, so inventions protected by citizens of any State of the Union in their State are protected for twelve months in Norway. Rights conferred by Patents.-Patents confer substantially the same privileges in Norway that British and United States patents do in their respective countries, but both public authorities and private firms can obtain compulsory licenses at fair rates, to be decided, if necessary, by arbitration. If, however, the rate be a sum down, that sum must be paid before the license is granted. If it be a royalty, the licensee is required to give sufficient security that he will duly and faithfully pay the instalments as they come due. Precedure. All applications for patents are decided upon by a scientific patent commission, and an appeal from the examiner's decision can be had to a higher court, and from that again to a special commission appointed by the King. When a patent application is allowed it is advertised for inspection, and any one may, during the next following eight weeks, oppose the grant. Patents are issued about eight weeks after the opposition period has expired, and about six months afterwards are published in the Norsk Patentblad. A non-resident patentee must appoint an agent to represent him, who shall be registered at the Patent Office (this agent is usually the correspondent of the Patent Agent through whom the application is made). If the agent dies or leaves the country, another must be appointed, or the patent will, after due notice, be declared void. Working. A patent can be declared void if it be not worked or the patent or patented article offered for sale in the realm within three years of the date of the patent, so that persons requiring the use of the invention could have it by paying, or if working, or offering for sale, be wholly abandoned in the realm for one year. This period can be extended by the authorities on reasonable ground being shown. Infringements.-The penalty for infringement is -first offence, £3 to £60; second offence, about £300. Also the counterfeit articles are confiscated and all damages compensated. If the defence be invalidity of the patent, the action for an infringement can be stopped till the infringer can bring a suit to have the patent declared void. Average costs: Patent of Invention, £13; Patent of Addition, about £12. Annual taxes, including agency, LI 10s. the first year, 1 16s. the second, and so on, increasing 6s. each year. Taxes can, however, be paid within ninety days after date on payment of a fine in addition to the amount of tax. Proving working exclusive of actual cost of manufacture, first year, £3 10S., each subsequent year, I IOS. First appeals against examiner's decisions, £4. Appeals to special commission, £15. Registering a trade mark, £7. ORANGE RIVER COLONY. (Population, white, 144,000.) (Population, coloured, 240,000.) This State when independent passed a law extremely similar to that of the Transvaal, of which it is in large part a copy. In this country there is no advantage in obtaining provisional protection. Average costs: Provisional Protection, 10. Completing Patent, 14 years, £29; or complete patent at start, £37. Taxes, including agency, end of 3rd year, £8; end of 7th year, 13. Registration of trade mark, 13 to £18. PAHANG. (Population, 57,000.) be Inventions patented in Great Britain can patented in Pahang for the remainder of the term of the English patent. Publication in any part of the British Dominions or Pahang prior to the date of the first patent (Pahang or British) is fatal to the validity, except it have been made only during the immediately preceding six months by the inventor or his representatives, or persons who have obtained the knowledge of the invention by fraud. There is a tax at the end of seven years. With these exceptions the law is substantially the same as the British. Average cost: £17 10s. Tax at end of seven years, £8, including agency fee. PANAMA. (Population, 330,000). Patents are granted for any number of years up to twenty. Usual cost: £15 at application for the first year; and £4 55. a year for each subsequent year to be paid on the grant of the patent in one sum, or they cannot be afterwards extended. The Columbian law is re-enacted otherwise. Trade marks, manufacturers' marks, £20; merchants' marks, PARAGUAY, (Population, 600,000.) By a convention with Argentina, Uruguay, and Peru, a patent granted in any of these countries can be extended to Paraguay within one year of its date. Paraguay has made a similar arrangement with Great Britain. Except this there is no patent law in Paraguay. The Government, sometimes independently, grant exclusive privileges for useful inventions. Average costs: Extending patent to Paraguay, £45. An original grant is usually more than this. Registration of trade marks, £17. PERAK. (Population, 330,000.) Inventions patented in Great Britain, or any British possession can, during the lifetime of such patent, be patented in Perak for the remainder of such "lifetime." Average costs: £19. PERSIA. (Population, 7,600,000.) Has no patent law. PERU. (Population, 3,000,000.) Peruvian patents granted for inventions unpublished anywhere, last ten years subject to annual taxes. Working must be proved within two years, and importation from abroad is not allowed even by the in ventor. The grant is independent of foreign patents Average costs to a non-resident, patent, £52. Registering a trade mark, £15. PORTUGAL AND HER COLONIES. Only the true and first inventor, or inventors, can now obtain a patent. For a patent to be valid, the invention at the date of the patent must not have been published in print anywhere or publicly used in the realm before the date of the patent, or (if obtained under the rules of the Union for the Protection of Industrial Property, see page 194) before the date of the original patent abroad. Medicines and chemical products cannot be patented, but processes for making the same can be. There are four kinds of patents. Patents of invention granted for any number of years up to fifteen, and, if granted for a shorter period, renewable up to fifteen; patents of addition for improvements on patented inventions, granted to the owners of such patented inventions, and to expire with the original patent; patents for designs, or models, granted for five years and renewable indefinitely; and monopolies for new industries. Patents are granted first for Portugal only, these can be extended to the colonies by a special application and on paying further fees. Applications for patents are published before grant, and then open for three months for any one to oppose. There is an appeal from the decisions of the Patent Office. Patents must be worked in the realm within three |