Gam It is evident that any attempt to adjust the tariff so as greath favor the products of the home country would be neither profit G nor practicable. But the negative provision that the tariff shall be framed in any way injurious to the trade of Holland or her c colonies applies here as it does in Surinam. E The colony of Curaçao imported in 1918 goods valued at 7,308 florins and exported in the same year 2,686,000 florins worth H total revenue derived from imports, exports, and excise duties £2. certain other taxes was estimated for the year 1914 at 711,2345 tis while the total expenditure was estimated at 1,045,774 florin. Tr difference was to be supplied by the mother country. In the 1 budget the corresponding revenues and expenditures were estima at 1,067,674 florins and 1,647,427 florins, respectively.78 BIBLIOGRAPHY. [See also the general works listed on p. 835 and the texts of treaties listed on p. 834.] Abbott, Wilbur Cortez. The Expansion of Europe. New York, 1918. Anton, Günther Kurt. Neuere Agrarpolitik der Hollaender auf Java. Leip 1899. Australia, Parliamentary Papers, 1914-1915. Report on the Netherlands East lar by the Hon. Miles Staniforth C. Smith. Victoria, 1915. Barker, J. Ellis. The Rise and Decline of the Netherlands. Belgium. Recueil des Rapports des Secrétaires de Légation. èconomique des Pays-Bas en 1887. Berg, N. P. van den. The Financial and Economical Condition of Netherla India since 1870. 3d ed. The Hague, 1895. London, 1906. Rapport sur la situat Berg, N. P. van den. Munt- Crediet- en Bankwezen Handel en Scheepvaar Nederlandsch-Indië. The Hague, 1907. Blink, Dr. Hendrik. Nederlandsch Oost- en West-Indië. 2 vols. Leiden, 1907. Boulger, D. C. The Life of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles. 1892. London, 1899. Pioneer Press, Allahıs Brakel, D. Het Administratief, het Geldelijk, et het Materieel Beheer en Nec landsch-Indië. 3 vols. Batavia, 1912. Brown, J. Macmillan. The Dutch East. London, 1914. Cabaton, A. Java, Sumatra, and the Other Islands of the Dutch East Indies. Lo 1911. Cleland, Herman F. Curaçao, A Losing Colonial Venture. American Geographi Colquhoun, Archibald R. The Mastery of the Pacific. New York, 1902. Day, Clive. The Policy and Administration of the Dutch in Java. New York, 19 Dutch East Indies, Division of Industry and Commerce of the Department of Agr culture, Industry, and Commerce. Some Facts and Figures about the Dutc East Indies. Buitenzorg (Java), 1917. 78 Statesman's Year-Book, 1914 and 1929. Le I Berlin, 1910. Annales du Commerce Extérieur. Indes-Orientales Néerlandaises. Légison Commerciale. Paris, 1873, 1887. an, L. R. The Dutch in Malaysia. Contemporary Review, April, 1914. ce, J. Esdaile. Dutch Guiana from a Mining Standpoint. Engineering Magane, June, 1900. ■, J. L.. The House on Piles: A History and a Warning. Fortnightly Review, nuary, 1907. ud, Pierre. La Colonisation Hollandaise à Java; ses Antécédents, ses Caracres Distinctifs. Paris, 1905. em Colonial Museum. Bulletins, 1892-1908. sius, J. H. A. M. van Bosveld. Tarief van Rechten op den Invoer deventer 914. Wet van 15 Aug. 1862, Staatsblad 170, bijwerkt tot 1 Dec. 1913. nga, Dr. A. Free Trade and Protectionism in Holland. London, 1914. elink, Gerritt. Die Kolonialpolitik der Niederländer in Ostindien und deren Finanzielle Ergebnisse. Berlin, 1903. che Mercuur. Amsterdam, 1910-1917. nd, Alleyne. nd, Alleyne. she Courant. er, Albert G. Henri H. van. Tropical Colonization. New York, 1899. New York, 1905. Officieel Nieuwsblaad. Batavia, 1910-1915. Nederlandsch-Indië in de Staaten-Generaal van 1897 tot 1909. Koloniale Politiek in Nederland. Batavia, 1911. ercq, Jules. Le Pouvoir Effectif dans le Gouvernement Colonial. Bulletin de la Société Belge d'Études Coloniales, February, 1914. by-Beaulieu, Paul. De la Colonisation chez les Peuples Modernes. 2 vols., 5th ed. Paris, 1902. nstitut Colonial International. Les Lois Organiques des Colonies. Brussels, 1906. cGregor, John. Commercial Tariffs and Regulations. yer, A. Holland als Kolonialmacht. Deutsche Rundschau. Berlin, 1906. ney, James W. B. Java; or How to Manage a Colony. London, 1861. rris, H. C. History of Colonization. New York, 1900. rrison, J. D. The Land of the Dutch Blacks. Travel, April, 1912. therlands East Indies. Yearbook (English edition). Batavia, 1916, 1920. therlands Customs Tariff up to September 1, 1916. The Hague, 1918. therlands-East-Indian-San Francisco-Committee. Pamphlets. The Hague, 1914. therlands-East-Indies. Ministry of Finance. Statistiek van den In- Uit- en Doorvoer (up to Jan. 1, 1917). therlands-East-Indies. Ministry of Finance. Maandstatistiek van den In- en Uitvoer en van het Entrepotverkeer (after Jan. 1, 1917). etherlands, Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Jaarcijfers voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden (Koloniën). ffles, Thomas Stamford. History of Java. avestyn, W. van, Jr. Niederländer Kolonialpolitik. Die Neue Zeit, 1907. ecueil International de Législation Coloniale, October, 1911. einsch, Paul S. Colonial Administration. New York, 1905. oot, J. W. Colonial Tariffs. Liverpool, 1906. heltema, J. F. The Writing on the Wall. Westminster Review, April, 1910. cidmore, Aliza Ruhamah. Java, The Garden of the East. New York, 1897. mith, Adam. Wealth of Nations. now, Alpheus H. The Administration of Dependencies. New York, 1902. taatsblad van Nederlandsch Indië. (Batavia.) taatsblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden. he Americas. January, 1919. Curaçao, "The Hongkong of the Caribbean." New York. Jnited States Bureau of Insular Affairs. Certain Economic Questions on the English and Dutch Colonies in the Orient, by Jeremiah W. Jenks. Washington, 1902. Jnited States Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Manufactures. Tariff Series No. 20, Export Tariffs of Foreign Countries. Washington, 1909. United States Treasury Department, Bureau of Statistics. Colonial Administration. Washington, 1900. Waerden, J. van der. America's Interest in the Netherlands East Indies. The Americas, January, 1919. Walcott, Arthur S. Java and Her Neighbours. New York, 1914. Zimmermann, Alfred. Die Kolonialpolitik der Niederländer. Berlin, 1903. THE PORTUGUESE COLONIAL EMPIRE. The Portuguese were the original colonizers among modern nation The brilliant explorations carried on under the direction of Prie Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) resulted in the colonization Madeira and the Azores and the establishment of various settleme Br S. 479 the coast of Africa as well as the discovery of the Cape Verde In the reign of King Emanuel I, who assumed the title of of the Conquest, Navigation, and Commerce of India, Ethiopia, a, and Persia," Bartholomew Diaz rounded the Cape of Good Vasco da Gama pressed on to India; Portuguese settlements established on both the west and the east coasts of Africa; I reached the coast of South America; the Cortereals visited land; and the Pope gave Portugal a title to all lands discovered Cape Bojador "ad Indos." e record of Portuguese discovery, initial overseas trading, and steps in the founding of a colonial empire is one of the most ant chapters in modern history. Albuquerque was not only a military leader; he was an able administrator. In him was nd the climax of Portuguese power and glory in the East," 'already in his lifetime decline had set in, never to be seriously rupted." By 1540 the Portuguese possessions extended along coasts of East and West Africa, Malabar, Persia, Ceylon, the y Archipelago, Indo-China, even the coast of China proper, and il. The Portuguese settlements were established mainly for the ose of carrying on trade. The Portuguese did not, except in il, carry their dominion far into the interior. Navigation was forte, and preponderance of sea power was the basis of their to empire. The principle was established and was for some time ntained that no ship might sail in the Indian Ocean without nission from the King of Portugal. There was nothing conciliy either in their treatment of European rivals or of the natives i whom they traded and among whom they settled; and even ng themselves their commercial policy was that of preferences monopolies. When the Spaniards, the Dutch, the British, and French became strong enough on the sea to contest their domin, the Portuguese settlements fell away. 2 Sefore the end of the sixteenth century the Portuguese were almost planted in the East, retaining only a part of Timor, Macao on the na coast, and unimportant regions in India. The Napoleonic era ught them nothing but losses. It was during this period that the rtuguese court emigrated to Brazil, and for a period the relationship ween the colony and the mother country was inverted, the latter coming to all practical intents the dependency. Brazil was made "realm," and when the court returned to Lisbon Dom Pedro nained as "regent of the realm." The colonial bond was finally ered and Brazil became independent in 1825. 3 By 1844, there remained to Portugal but three insignificant dependcies in India. Only in Africa and in the Atlantic has she retained tensive territories, and recently the integrity of some even of these s been threatened. 4 PRESENT EXTENT. At the present time the Portuguese Colonial Empire consists 1 Keller, A. G.: Colonization, 1908, p. 106. Seimobos, Charles: History of Mediaeval and Modern Civilization, p. 244. Keller, A. G.: Op. cit., p. 161. See p. 484, footnote. treated rather as outlying parts of the Republic than as colo are but as they have some special tariff provisions they may advised am be discussed in connection with the colonies. In this study, howe oof unless otherwise specified, the term "Portugal" always inclu chi Madeira and the Azores and the term "colonies" always exclam them. TABLE 1.—AREA AND POPULATION. The areas and populations of Portugal and Portuguese territ are shown in the following table: of 8 ( Area. 1 Based on the Statesman's Year-Book 1920, pp. 1167, 1174, except for the area of Mozambiar which a Manual of Portuguese East Africa issued in 1920 by the Naval Intelligence Division é British Admiralty has been followed. The Statesman's Year-Book gives 426,712 square miles. The indigenous population of Angola is given in figures for 1914 as 2,124,000. The difference bet this figure and that which appears in the table is a difference in the estimates. SITUATION AND COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE. Portugal's colonies have a total area of over 800,000 square mi with a population of 8,735,000. They are thus in area more than times as extensive as the mother country and their population nearly 60 per cent greater. The African colonies, totaling 795,600 square miles, include Ang (Portuguese West Africa), Mozambique (Portuguese East Africa and Portuguese Guinea, on the mainland; and the Cape Verde Isla and Sao Thomé and Principé off the west coast. Angola, the largest of these colonies, has an area greater than combined areas of Germany, France, Holland, Belgium, Denmar and Switzerland. It lies on the west coast of Africa, south of t Belgian Congo and north of (former) German Southwest Africa, a is entirely within the tropical zone. It has a coast line of 1,000 mile In an area of 484,000 square miles it has a population of perha 4,000,000, of whom about 4,000 are whites. The chief products are coffee, rubber, wax, sugar, vegetable oils, coconuts, ivory, oxe and fish. The rubber supplies are now becoming exhausted. Co ton growing, formerly remunerative, has been neglected but is now increasing. Tobacco is grown and manufactured for local consum tion. Petroleum and asphalt are worked to some extent. Then • Except a small detached area. New International Encyclopedia, 1917. |