especially in the smaller ports which had suffered under the previ the régime. These smaller ports were now favored by having stagood import duties than those levied in the larger ports, namely, Spa cent on Spanish products and 3 per cent on foreign goods. In Spai larger ports these rates were 4 per cent and 7 per cent, respectiv ente In the nineteenth century the Spanish policy was little affected at le the great free trade movement. Differential tariffs prevailed in per colonies, giving preferences both to Spanish products and to go T transported in Spanish vessels. The importation of various portant Asiatic products into the Philippine Islands was entre thes prohibited. The general character of the tariffs of the first har ops the nineteenth century may be illustrated by the following f This applied also to the "Dependencies" of the Philippines-the Caroline, Pelew, and Marianna Is The Cuban tariff of 1879 had the same four columns as the Phi pine tariff of 1837, but the rates were specific and showed considera differences in the preferences. In general, however, the rates of four columns were approximately in the proportion of 1, 2, 3, and and they were thus four times as high on foreign goods carried -foreign vessels as on Spanish goods in Spanish vessels. The Philippine tariff of 1891 and the Cuban tariff of 1892 we much simpler and of quite a different character. There were on two columns instead of three or four. One column contained t rates of the general tariff and the other the slightly lower rates For the commercial restrictions of the old Spanish system, see Roscher, Wilhelm: The Spanish Calcat System (translated by E. G. Bourne); and, Moses, Bernard: Establishment of Spanish Rule in A From Sept. 1, 1891, to Aug. 27, 1894, Cuba and Porto Rico had a third column for the special r established in the reciprocity treaty with the United States. See U. S. Tariff Commission's Report Reciprocity and Commercial Treaties, pp. 152 et seq. conventional tariff. The intermediate preferences to Spanish 537 3 carried in foreign vessels and to foreign goods carried in ish vessels were dropped,' were dropped,10 and the only preference was on ish goods transported directly in Spanish vessels. These latter ed free so far as the general tariff was concerned, but in Cuba, ast, there was a "temporary" additional duty of 10 or even 15 ent ad valorem levied on all goods without distinction. e ports of the Canary Islands were made free in 1854 and Spanish s received no tariff favors there until 1914; but direct trade with › islands was considered coastwise trade and was confined to ish vessels. The tariff of Fernando Po, decreed in 1893 and ied later to the neighboring mainland, was essentially of the e-column type. Spanish goods in Spanish ships were admitted er free, or in the case of alcoholic beverages and arms, one-fifth ae maximum rate. Only a dozen articles were dutiable and the s ranged from 8 per cent to 100 per cent ad valorem under the imum schedule. Foreign goods in Spanish vessels or Spanish ds in foreign vessels received reductions of from one-fifth to -third, except on arms and munitions. There were similar differals in the export duties, but the maximum rate was 8 per cent. olonial products imported into Spain in the nineteenth century eived a corresponding treatment. High rates and large preferes were the rule, with further differentials for importation in nish vessels rather than in foreign vessels or overland. Thus Spanish tariff of 1849 levied" on each arroba of raw sugar, 2, 8, 116 reales de vellon12 on the products, respectively, of Asiatic sessions, of American possessions, and of foreign countries; and refined sugar, 12 and 30 reales, for the colonial and the foreign duct, respectively; and for all kinds, 8 reales additional13 if imrted under a foreign flag. The protection to the shipping interests s thus 1.6 cents a pound,14 to the Spanish refiners, four-fifths of a it a pound against Cuban refiners; and to the colonial producers, cents a pound. Later the character of the protection to national ipping was changed and the law of 1882 established in principle e free admission of colonial products of the major colonies, limitg it only by the formalities and requirements of the coasting ade, the chief of which was transportation in national vessels. is freedom, however, did not apply immediately to the chief lonial products; rum, sugar, cocoa, and coffee continued to pay ecific duties at rates which decreased by one-tenth annually atil-from July 1, 1892-they disappeared.15 Colonial products imported in foreign vessels became subject to the duties of the econd column of the tariff, i. e., the minimum rates.18 10 A law of 1882 provided for the unification of the rates of the different columns by changing the others dy 23, 1882, p. 271. Law of July 17, 1849, specifying certain bases for the reform of the tariff (Gaceta de Madrid, July 17, Eight reales per arroba (25 pounds) equalled 18.78 francs per quintal, i. e., the real de vellon was worth Dout 5 cents. 13 Execpt on raw sugar of foreign origin, on which the rate was only one-half of this. Gt. Brit., Parl. Papers, 1882, C. 3399. New Spanish Tariff. Tobacco continued to be subject to the 1st sess., p. 1209. 16 Board of Trade Journal, 1892, vol. 13, p. 407. sew As applied to the nearer and less important colonies, the p ciple of free admission of colonial products had already been res nized in theory, though except for the Canary Islands it was e practiced. Most of the products of the Canary Islands, accords to a list which has remained substantially unchanged, have be admitted free since 1854. By article 154 of the customs ordin of 1870 17 the importation of products of the Canaries. Fernando and its dependencies, Ceuta, Melilla, Alhucemas, and the Chafar enti was defined as coasting trade. Accordingly it must take place Spanish vessels and without touching at foreign ports, and products were admitted duty free. However, there were re nized as colonial products only those articles which were specif the tariff law. This general provision remains in the customs lations and applies equally to Penon de la Gomera;18 but the law of 1882 laid down the rule that "the merchandise, fruit the products, whatever their origin, coming from" Ceuta, Melilla Chafarinas, Alhucemas, and Penon de la Gomera shall be dutiable foreign products, except only the catch of the tunny fisheries the first three. In 1892 the agricultural produce of the region Melilla was added to the exception. Fernando Po and its depende cies received more consideration. The tariff of 1882 granted th products free entry except for the municipal and temporary dutis though it was not until 1892 that cocoa was definitely recognized one of the products of Fernando Po.20 In its lengthy preamble royal order of March 20, 1892, states that it has now been establish by the testimony of merchants, officials, and travelers that coco being produced on Fernando Po and that it is unjust that this produ shall pay duty on entry to Spain when other colonial products The not pay. Further, to aid the shipping connections between Fernand Po and Spain, all West African produce imported via Fernando P was admitted into Spain, at least from 1863 to 1899, at a reduction two-fifths from the rate of duty on other foreign products. From these evidences it may be seen that during the period which her colonial empire was extensive, Spain pursued a highe restrictive policy-for the benefit not only of the colonial trade bi also of Spanish shipping, though toward 1890 the policy of penalizi the importation of colonial products in foreign ships was temporar s abandoned. Differentials were the rule both in the import export duties and in the treatment of colonial products in Span T ports, and this system continued through the European free-tr period practically unaffected except for the establishment of th ports of the Canary Islands as free ports. TREATY LIMITATIONS. ET Spain has been a party to most of the general European treaties, but the only important limitations on her colonial tariff policy which they contain are found in the act of Algeciras and the other treaties relating is to Morocco. These general European treaties have been discussed 17 Ordenanzas Generales de la Renta de Aduanas Aprobadas por Decreto de 15 de Julio de 1870, Ed Oficial. This provision may antedate 1870. 18 Manual de la Renta de Aduanas, edited by Don Jose Vila Serra, Valencia, 1910, p. 170. 19 In Spanish, "campo". 20 Royal order of Mar. 20, 1892, official Gaceta de Madrid, Apr. 2, 1892, p. 14. 539 ere 21 and an account of the Moroccan treaties may be found in ction on colonial tariff policy of France.22 Here it need only ted that they guarantee the open door in Morocco and limit ties of the seaports to a maximum of 12 per cent. side of Morocco the Spanish colonial tariffs are little affected aty limitations. No Spanish territory lies within the Connal Basin of the Congo. The Brussels act of 1890 and its Iments 23 restrict the sale of liquors and arms only in Rio Muni ernando Po, as the other Spanish possessions lie outside of the Spain was also a party to the treaty of 1908 according to which l of the Central African powers prohibited, between February, and February, 1913, the sale of arms in certain regions which led Rio Muni. Few of Spain's treaties with single countries, · commercial treaties or those defining the boundaries of colonies, in provisions applicable to the present colonial tariffs. The es which guarantee most-favored-nation treatment, or in some national treatment,25 make exception of the colonies proper as e treaty of May 15, 1911, with Japan,20 or by excluding the ing trade they make clear that no equality of treatment as een foreign and Spanish trade is pledged for the colonies. PRESENT POLICY. PREFERENTIAL TARIFFS WITHOUT UNIFORMITY. e policy of Spain is to enforce differential tariffs in her colonies to give preferences to colonial products in the home market. general principle has indeed been expressed in legislation that nial products shall enter Spain free, but this principle has been ied only gradually in a succession of enactments which determine t articles shall be recognized as colonial products. In 1918 a list roducts of Spanish Guinea which enter Spain free-a list which already been extended to the other African possessions-was nded also to the Spanish zone in Morocco; so that at the present e the uniformity of the rules applicable to imports from the sessions is broken only by the separate legislation for the Canary nds and in reference to the coffee and cocoa of Fernando Po. To uniformity has as yet been introduced into the colonial tariffs. general policy contemplates the free admission of Spanish goods, this policy is modified in adaptation to the fiscal needs of the sessions. Spanish goods enter the "free ports"-the Canary inds, Melilla, and Ceuta-on payment of the usual fiscal customs 1 port dues except that Spanish sugar receives a special exemption the Canaries. Treaty limitations prevent the application of ferential rates in Morocco, though it may be noted that goods hether foreign or Spanish) entering Morocco by way of Melilla pay ate of only 5 per cent instead of 12 per cent. Likewise the policy to grant differentials in the export duties levied in the colonies, it this also can not be applied in Morocco, and the free ports levy See section on tariff system of the Congo Free State and the Belgian Congo, p. 85. See p. 204 ff. * See p. 89, 122. *See p. 120. 15.e., the treatment accorded to own nationals. Brit. and For. State Papers, vol. 107, p. 985. This was not ratified until July 10, 1915. 17 See pp. 210, 212. 185766-22 -35 gen no export duties. The only points in which there is entire utile are that the direct trade between Spain and its possessions to Spanish vessels as coasting trade and that all the tariff pre are granted only to merchandise transported directly and vessels. PRESENT SYSTEM. The in col of PREFERENCES TO SPANISH TRADE IN COLONIAL IMPORT TARĦIA, but The traditional policy of Spain has been to give preference po colonial tariff rates to her own products and to Spanish sof Since 1854 and 1863, however, the "free ports" Islands and of Melilla and Ceuta have been exceptions to th preferential treatment, and in recent years, through the loss & of her Caribbean and Pacific colonies and the acquisition of Morocco, where the open door must be maintained, the ev have become more important than the rule. In brief the door" is maintained in Morocco by treaty and in the free pr policy, except for the preference accorded in the Canary Is Spanish sugar and to the cocoa and coffee of Fernando F Fernando Po and Spanish Guinea, Spanish wines, textiles. coal, and jewelry, imported directly in Spanish ships, are fra most other Spanish products imported under the same cont receive preferences of from 50 to 80 per cent of the usual dat Rio de Oro all Spanish products imported directly in Spanis are free, but there the trade is insignificant. PREFERENCES TO SPANISH TRADE IN COLONIAL EXPORT DUTIES. Preferential export duties in favor of shipments to Spain in Sp vessels have also been a regular part of the Spanish colonial policy. No export duties are levied, however, in the free ports. the international situation does not allow preferences in the duties of Morocco. At present, therefore, differential export are found only in Fernando Po and Spanish Guinea. The differ consists of the entire exemption from duties of products sent to in Spanish vessels. If these producrs are shipped to Spain in fe vessels,2 or if the destination be foreign, duties ranging roughly one-half cent a pound on nuts and woods and 1 cent a pound on to 3 cents a pound on rubber and 17 cents a pound on ivory are on all the exports of any importance whatever. These prefer are generally reinforced by the entire remission of duties important preferences in the Spanish market. PREFERENCES IN SPAIN TO COLONIAL PRODUCTS. The present Spanish tariff, like its predecessors, gives substa preferences to colonial products, but always on the condition the shipment be direct and in a Spanish vessel. There is, howe no general rule as to the amount of the preference. Free entr granted to fish, vegetables, and fruit from the Canary Islands, constitute about 90 per cent of the exports from the Canaries Spain, and to a few other articles, including filter stones and ps 28 That is, indirectly, for the direct trade is reserved to Spanish vessels as coasting trade. |