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reach Metz, was retreating before the Germans under the crown prince of Prussia, was surprised, defeated, and driven across the Meuse at Mouzon, 30 Aug. 1870. The French loss included about 7000 prisoners, many guns, and much camp equipage. The victory was chiefly gained by the Bavarians.

BEAUNE-LA-ROLLANDE, a village in the Loiret, France. Here the French army of the Loire, under General D'Aurelle de Paladines, was defeated by the Germans, under prince Frederick Charles, in an attempt to march in the direction of Fontainebleau to relieve Paris, 28 Nov. 1870. The French loss was reported by the Germans to be 1000 dead, 4000 wounded; above 1700 prisoners. Their own loss was heavy.

BEER-HOUSES, laws respecting, amended in 1869, 1870.

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dispute with the French government_arranged May, 1869 International rifle meeting, held at 'Liège, 19 Sept. about 19 June, 1870 M. D'Anethan's ministry announced 3 July, Treaty for the neutrality of Belgium between Great Britain and Prussia, signed 9 Aug.; and France, signed II Aug. Warm gratitude to Great Britain expressed by the king and people

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8 Aug.

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The crown prince Leopold Ferdinand, duke of Brabant, died 22 Jan. 1869 Concession of a Luxembourg railway to a French railway company, without the assent of the state, prohibited by the assembly, 13 Feb.; BERMUDAS (p. 98), a large iron dry dock, which cost 250,000l. for its construction, was towed here from the Medway, in June and July, 1869. BETTING (p. 99). A Pari-mutuel, or mutual betting machine, was declared illegal by the magistrates Aug. 1870. The " Knightsbridge Exchange," a betting company, declared illegal, 2 Nov., 1870.

BEVERLEY, E. Yorkshire, the Saxon Beverlac, or Beverlega. St. John of Beverley, archbishop of York, founded a stately monastery here, and died 721; and on his account the town received honours from Athelstan, William I., and other sovereigns. It was disfranchised for corruption in 1870 after a long investigation.

BIBLE MSS. The Codex Sinaiticus, probably written in the 4th century, was discovered by M. Constantine Tischendorf at St. Katherine's monastery in 1844 and 1859, and presented to the present czar of Russia, at whose cost a splendid edition was published in 1862.

BIBLE TRANSLATIONS (p. 101). The revision of the English version now in use was recommended by the bishops in convocation, 10 Feb. 1870. The committee, including eminent scholars of various denominations, appointed in May, held their first meeting at Westminster Abbey 22 June, 1870.

BILLS OF MORTALITY (p. 102). Births in England and Wales: in 1866, 753,870; in 1867, 768,349; in 1868, 786,858; in 1869, 772,877. Deaths in England and Wales: in 1866, 500,689; in 1867, 471,073; in 1868, 480,622; in 1869, 495,086.

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BISHOPS IN SCOTLAND were probably nominated in the fourth century.

The Reformers, styling themselves "the Congregation of the Lord," having taken up arms and defeated the queen-mother, Mary of Guise, called a parliament, which set up a new form of church polity on the Genevese model, in which bishops were replaced by "superintendents"

1561

Three prelates for Scottish sees consecrated at
Lambeth (John Spottiswood, Gawin Hamilton,
and Andrew Lamb) for Glasgow, Galloway,
and Brechin
21 Oct. 1610
Episcopacy abolished, the bishops in a body
deposed, and four excommunicated, by a par-

Dec. 1638

liament, elected by the people (covenanters), which met at Glasgow Episcopacy restored; an archbishop (James Sharp) and three bishops consecrated by Sheldon, bishop of London 15 Dec. 1661 The Scottish convention expelled the bishops; abolished episcopacy; declared the throne vacant; drew up a claim of right; and proclaimed William and Mary 11 April, 1689 Episcopacy formally abolished, and the bishops' revenues sequestrated 19 Sept. The Episcopal church was thus reduced to the condition of a Non-conformist body, at first barely tolerated.

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BISHOPS, SUFFRAGAN, to assist metropolitans, existed in the early church. Twenty-six, appointed by Henry VIII. 1534, were abolished by Mary, 1553, and restored by Elizabeth, 1558. The last appointed is said to have been Sterne, bishop of Colchester, 1606. The appointment of suffragan bishops was revived in 1869, and archdeacon Henry Mackenzie, suffragan bishop of Nottingham (diocese of Lincoln) was consecrated 2 Feb. 1870, and archdeacon Edward Parry, suffragan bishop of Dover (diocese of Canterbury), 23 March, 1870.

BISHOPS' RESIGNATION FOR INFIRMITY ACT, passed II Aug. 1869.

BLACK SEA (p. 106): by the treaty of Paris, 30 March, 1856, it was opened to the commerce of all nations, and interdicted to any ships of war; and the erection of military maritime arsenals forbidden. The article was repudiated by a Russian circular, dated 31 (19) Oct. 1870, and after some correspondence, the meeting of a conference on the subject, in London, was agreed to by all the powers concerned in the treaty.

BOKHARA (p. 111). The Russians were again victors, 25 May, 1868, and occupied Samarcand the next day. Further conquests were made by the Russians, and Samarcand was secured by treaty, Nov. 1868.

BORDEAUX (p. 116). The French delegate government and the representatives of foreign powers, removed here from Tours, 11 Dec. 1870. M. Gambetta remained with the army of the Loire.

BORNEO. Sir James Brooke returned to England, and died in Devonshire 11 June, 1868.
BRAZIL (p. 119).

Three monitors pass Curupaity, on the Para-
guay, 17 Feb.; 6 ironclads force the passage
of Humaitá; they find Asuncion abandoned,
21 Feb. 1868
Fierce resistance of the Paraguayans; Lopez
said to have armed 4000 women
June,
After several conflicts Lopez is totally defeated
at Villeta, and flies
II Dec.

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The allies surprise and capture Rosorio and
garrison
8 May, 1869
Lopez defeated in severe conflicts,
12, 16, 18, 21 Aug.
Lopez defeated and killed near the Aquidaban,
1 March, 1870
The count and countess d'Eu arrive in England,

New ministry under viscount St.

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13 Sept.,, Vincent, 29 Sept.,,

The comte d'Eu appointed general of the allied army 24 March, 1869 "BREECHES BIBLE"; a name given to the Geneva Bible published 1570, from the translation of Genesis iii. 7.

BRIBERY AT ELECTIONS. The Parliamentary Elections Act (passed 31 July, 1868) enacted that election petitions should be tried by a court appointed for the purpose.

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BRIDGWATER (p. 122), after a lengthened investigation, was disfranchised for bribery,

1870.

BRITISH ASSOCIATION met at Exeter Aug., 1869; at Liverpool Sept. 1870; to meet at Edinburgh, 1871; at Brighton, 1872.

BROKERS (p. 127) in the city of London were relieved from the supervision of the lord mayor and aldermen by an act passed 9 Aug., 1870.

BULLION (p. 131). Value of bullion imported into Great Britain in 1858: gold, 22,793,1267; silver, 6,700,0641.; total, 29,493,190l.; in 1868: gold, 17,136,1777.; silver 7,716,4187.; total, 24,852,595.

C.

CAMPBELL'S ACTS, introduced by John Campbell, lord chancellor. 1. Against libels and slanders, 6 & 7 Vict. c. 96 (1843), and 8 & 9 Vict. c. 75 (1845). 2. To compel railway companies to make compensation for injuries by culpable accidents, 9 & 10 Vict. c. 93 (1846). 3. Against obscene publications, prints, &c. 20 & 21 Vict. c. 83 (1857).

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CANADA (p. 143.) Since the union of the British North American Colonies, I July, 1867, Canada has been termed "The Dominion," see Ottawa.

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CANDIA (p. 144). The Petropaulakes landed about 2500 men on opposite sides of the isle, 10 Dec. 1868, but failed in their attempt to unite; after several skirmishes, in which they lost about 650 men; all surrendered, 26 Dec., and were sent to Greece. The provisional government surrendered 30 Dec. The new Turkish governor, Omer Fenizi, arrived and the blockade ended 8 March, 1869.

CANNING ADMINISTRATION (p. 145).

Mr. Canning was foreign secretary in the

Portland Administration 1807, and president of the India Board 1820.

CANNON (p. 145).

The first cannon cast in England was by Hugget, at Uckfield, Sussex, 1543

Mons Meg, a large cannon in Edinburgh castle, said to have been cast at Mons in Hainault, in 1486, but more probably forged at Castle Douglas, Galloway, by three brothers named M'Kim, and presented by them to James II. at the siege of Thrieve castle, 1455. It was removed to London, 1754; but, at the request of Sir Walter Scott, restored to Edinburgh, 1829 A cannon of Mahomet II., dated 1464, presented to the British government by the Sultan of Turkey, and placed in the Artillery Museum, Woolwich, 1868

Continued experiments at Shoeburyness; Ply-
mouth model fort, with 15-inch solid shield-
plates, tried with 23 ton gun of 12-inch bore,
bearing 600 lb. Palliser shot: exterior of fort
destroyed; interior intact ;-the 10-inch Eng-
lish gun shown to be superior to American
and Prussian great guns.
16-24 June, 1868
Capt. Moncrieff's protected barbette gun-car-
riage (in which the recoil is utilized for re-
loading) tried and reported successful at
Shoeburyness
2 Oct.
Contest at Shoeburyness between the Whit-
worth guns and the iron targets of Brown of
Sheffield (which stand)
2 March, 1870

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27 Oct., and was succeeded by Archibald

CANTERBURY. Archbishop Longley died Campbell Tait, bishop of London; elected 4 Dec. 1868.

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, discovered by Diaz, 1489. Large tracts of territory were devastated by fire, Feb. 1869. Sir Henry Barkly appointed governor, Aug. 1870. New harbour, breakwater, and docks inaugurated by the duke of Edinburgh, 12 July, 1870.

CAPITULATIONS: a name given to the judicial rights granted by treaties to foreign consuls in Turkey. After many years' opposition, the sultan addressed a memorial to the sovereigns of Europe, in June, 1869; and modifications were agreed to, April, 1870.

CAPTAIN, H.M.S., iron-clad turret ship, capsized during a squall, 12.15 A.M., 7 Sept., 1870. Capt. Hugh Burgoyne, capt. Cowper Coles, who designed the vessel, and 469 persons perished. See under Navy of England. Subscriptions for relief of the widows and orphans of the lost up to 17 Nov., 34,894l.; 3 Dec., 38,004l.; 31 Dec., about 46,000l.

CARIGNAN, a small town about twelve miles from Sedan, department of Ardennes, N.E. France. At the plain of Douzy, near this place and the encampment of Vaux, a part of Mac Mahon's army, retreating before the Germans, turned round and made a stand, 31 Aug. 1870. After a long severe engagement, in which the same positions were taken and retaken several times, the Germans turned the flank of their enemies, who were compelled to fall back upon Sedan, were they where finally overcome, I Sept.

CASSEL, formerly the capital of Hesse-Cassel, Central Germany, acquired importance through becoming the refuge of French protestants after the revocation of the edict of Nantes, 1685. It was the capital of Jerome Bonaparte, King of Westphalia, 1807-13, and Wilhelmshöhe, a neighbouring castle, became the residence of Napoleon III. after his surrender to the King of Prussia, 2 Sept. 1870, arriving at 9.35 p.m. 5 Sept.

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CHAMBERLAIN OF ENGLAND, HEREDITARY GREAT (p. 159). This dignity was for some time held jointly by the lord Willoughby D'Eresby and the marquis of Cholmondeley, descendants of John de Vere, earl of Oxford. Lord Willoughby D'Eresby died without issue 27 Aug. 1870.

CHANCELLOR, LORD HIGH (p. 161). William Page Wood, Lord Hatherley, succeeded Hugh lord Cairns, as lord chancellor of England, and Thomas lord O'Hagan succeeded the right hon. Abraham Brewster as lord chancellor of Ireland, Dec. 1868.

CHARITABLE FUNDS INVESTMENT ACT passed 1 Aug., 1870.

CHARITABLE USES, statute of, 43 Eliz. c. 4 (1601), passed "to redresse the misemployment of landes, goodes, and stockes of money, heretofore given to charitable uses."

CHASSEPOT (p. 164). "The range of the chassepot being 1800 paces, and that of the needle-gun only between 600 and 700, the Germans in all their charges had to traverse 1,200 paces before their arms could be used to purpose." Many Germans were armed with the chassepot after the surrender of the French army at Sedan, 2 Sept. 1870.

CHATEAUDUN, an old city, N. C. France, the residence of the heroic Dunois, who died 1468. Here were massacred 20 July, 1183, about 7000 Brabançons, fanatic mercenaries who had been hired to exterminate the Albigenses by the cardinal Henry, abbot of Clairvaux, in 1181. They had become the scourge of the country, and the “Capuchons" were organised for their destruction. Châteaudun was captured by the Germans after a severe conflict of about nine hours, 18 Oct. 1870. Barricades had been erected in the town, and the Garde Mobile fought bravely. The town was re-occupied by the French, 6 Nov.

CHAUVINISM, a term derived from Chauvin, the principal character in Scribe's "Soldat Laboureur," a veteran soldier of the first empire, filled with intense admiration for Napoleon and for all that belonged to him. Scribe was born 24 Dec. 1794, died 20 Feb. 1861.

CHEMISTRY. Henry Watts's great Dictionary of Chemistry was completed May, 1868. The publication of M. Ad. Wurtz's equally great "Dictionnaire de Chimie," began in 1868. CHICAGO, a flourishing town of Illinois, United States; settled 1831; incorporated 1837. Population above 200,000, 1867.

CHICHESTER. Bishop Ashhurst Turner Gilbert, who died 21 Feb. 1870, was succeeded by Dr. Richard Dornford soon after.

CHINA (p. 171).

20 Nov. 1858
Oct.

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Chinese embassy (Mr. Anson Burlingame, Chin
Kang, and Sun Chia Su) received by Presi-
dent Johnson at Washington, 5 June; they
sign a treaty, 4 July; arrive in London,
Sept.; received by the Queen.
The rebels seize Ningpo.
The people at Yang-chow, incited by the "lite-
rati" (learned classes) destroy the Protestant
mission-houses, 22 Aug.; redress not obtained;
a British squadron proceeds to Nankin, 8
Nov.; the viceroy is superseded, and the
British demands acceded to
14 Nov.
Chinese embassy received by the emperor at
Paris
24 Jan. 1869
Pekin visited by the duke of Edinburgh, in-
cognito
Oct.
Supplementary convention to the treaty of Tien-
tsin (June, 1858) for additional commercial
freedom, signed
. 24 Oct.
22 Feb. 1870

Burlingame dies at St. Petersburg

Successful rebellion of Mahometans in northwest provinces reported

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May, "

Cruel massacre of the French consul at Tien

tsin, Roman Catholic priests, sisters of mercy (22 persons), besides many native converts, and above 30 children in the orphanage, by a mob, with, it is said, the complicity of the authorities; the missionaries were accused of kidnapping children 21 June, 1870 Increased hatred of the people to foreigners at Tien-tsin; lukewarm proceedings of the government against the murderers; reported, July, "" Ma, a viceroy of Nankin, favourable to Europeans, assassinated about 23 Aug. Chapels destroyed at Fatshan 21 Sept.,, The French ultimatum refused; the murderers of the nuns unpunished; Chinese warlike preparations reported 26 Sept.,, Judicious mandate from the mandarin Tsengkwo-fan, exculpating the missionaries, and Oct. condemning their massacre

16 coolies beheaded, 15th Sept., and 23 exiled; indemnity to the sufferers by the outrage ordered; reported

End of the difficulty announced

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26 Oct.

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3. Nov. ""

CHLORALUM, or chloride of alumina, a compound of chlorine and alumina, a new antiseptic disinfectant, recently invented by Dr. Gamgee. It is said to be safe and efficacious, and useful in medicine for gargles, washing wounds, &c.

CHRIST'S HOSPITAL (p. 172). The Rev. G. C. Bell succeeded Dr. Jacob, 12 Aug. 1868. In March, 1870, great changes were proposed in the application of the funds, including the removal of the principal school to the country, which were negatived at a meeting of the governors, 26 April, 1870. The annual income in 1870 was about 70,000l. for 300 boys in London, and 200 boys and 20 girls at Hertford.

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CHRONOSCOPE (p. 174). Capt. Andrew Noble (engaged by sir William Armstrong), invented an apparatus for determining the velocity of a projectile in a gun; a second of time is divided into millionths, and the electric spark is employed in recording the rate of the passage. The apparatus was exhibited at Newcastle-on-Tyne in Aug. 1869, and in London in April, 1870.

CHURCH OF ENGLAND (p. 175).

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CIVIL SERVICE (p. 179). By an order of council, 4 June, 1870, the system of competitive examination was made general after 1 Oct. 1870.

CLERICAL DISABILITIES ACT, passed 9 Aug. 1870, relieves persons who have been admitted priests or deacons of certain clerical disabilities upon their resigning their ecclesiastical offices and preferments, and declares them incapable of officiating henceforward.

CLINICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, for the cultivation and promotion of practical medicine and surgery, was established in Dec. 1867, sir Thomas Watson, first president.

CLOUD, ST. (p. 182). The palace here, long the property of the dukes of Orleans, was bought by Marie Antoinette in 1785. It was a favourite residence of the empress Josephine, of Charles X. and his family, and of the emperor Napoleon III. It was burnt during the siege of Paris, having been fired upon by the French themselves, 13 Oct. 1870.

COAL (p. 185)— ACCIDENTS.

1868. Explosions: at Green pit, near Ruabon, 11 persons killed, 30 Sept.; at Arley mine, Hindleygreen, near Wigan, 62 killed, 26 Nov.; at Norley mine, near Wigan, about 7 killed, 21 Dec.; at Haydock colleries, near St. Helen's, 26 deaths, 30 Dec.

about 33 persons perished, 1 April; at Ferndale colliery, Glamorganshire, about 60 lost, 10 June; Haydock pit, St. Helen's, about 58 lost, 21 July; Moss Coal Company's pit, near Hindley, about 30 lost, 22 Nov.

1870. Explosions-at_Silverdale colliery, Staffordshire, 19 killed, 7 July; Llansamlet, near Swansea, 19 killed, 23 July; Brynn-hall, near Wigan, about 20 killed, 19 Aug.

1869. Brierly pit, near Stourbridge, inundated 17 March, many lost;-some rescued, 20, 21 March'; Explosions at Highbrooks colliery, near Wigan, COFFEE (p. 186). Imported into Great Britain in 1867, 137,729,716 lbs.; in 1869, 173,416,332 lbs.

COINAGE (p. 187). In 1869; gold, 7,372,204l.; silver, 76,4281.; copper, 20,832l. Total value, 7,469,4641. The new Coinage Act was passed 4 April, 1870, see Mint.

COLONIAL SOCIETY, established to promote the interests of the colonies, Lord Bury, president, held its first meeting 26 June, 1868, and first annual meeting 28 June, 1869, when it assumed the title "Royal." On 7 March, 1870, it became "The Royal Colonial Institute." The first volumes of its "Proceedings" have been published. The formation of a National and Colonial League was resolved on at a meeting held at Cannon street, London, 5 Jan. 1870.

COMETS (p. 191). The thirteenth return of Encke's comet was observed at Copenhagen by M. D'Arrest 20 July, 1868. Biela's comet has not appeared since 1852.

COMMON PRAYER (p. 193). Changes in the Lectionary or calendar of lessons were recommended in the third report of the Ritual Commission, 12 Jan. 1870. A bill for sanc

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