EXCISE (p. 285). Gross annual receipts: 31 March, 1868, 20,162,000l.; 1869, 20,462,000l. 1870, 21,763. Wm. Taylor, soldier; murder of his corporal; EXECUTIONS (p. 288): in England and Wales, in 1867, 10; in 1868, 12; in 1869, 10. O'Farrell, for attempting to assassinate the duke of Edinburgh; Sydney, N.S. Wales, 21 April, 1868 Richard Bishop; murder of Alfred Cartwright; Maidstone. 30 April, Michael Barrett, Fenian; for Clerkenwell explosion; THE LAST PUBLIC EXECUTION IN ENGLAND; Old Bailey. 26 May, Thomas Wells, for murder of Mr. Walsh, stationmaster at Dover; (the first private execution), 13 Aug.,, Wm. Mobbs, purposeless murder of a child; Aylesbury 28 Mar. 1869 William Sherward, for murder of his wife, Norwich (see Norwich) 20 April, Josiah Detheridge, murder of warder in Portland prison; Dorchester 12 Aug. "3 26 Dec. "" EXETER (p. 288). Bishop Henry Phillpotts died 18 Sept. 1869, and was succeeded by Dr. Frederick Temple, elected II Nov., and enthroned (after much opposition from some of the clergy) 29 Dec. 1869. The Albert Memorial museum, Exeter, was given up to the town council, 21 April, 1870. EXHIBITIONS. A meeting was held 4 April, 1870, the Prince of Wales in the chair, to promote annual international exhibitions, to commence I May, 1871. The Workmen's International Exhibition, Agricultural Hall, Islington, was opened by the Prince of Wales 16 July, 1870. EXPORTS (p. 290). Declared real value of British and Irish produce exported from the United Kingdom: in 1866, 188,917,5361.; in 1867, 180,961,923l.; in 1868, 179,677,8127.; in 1869,190,045,230l. EXTRADITION OF CRIMINALS. A new act was passed 9 Aug. 1870. F. FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACT, passed 9 Aug. 1870. FARADAY MONUMENT. Professor Michael Faraday, natural philosopher and chemist (see Electricity), died 25 Aug. 1867. A public meeting was held at the Royal Institution, 21 June, 1869, the prince of Wales in the chair, to take measures to provide a public monument to him. A sufficient sum having been subscribed, the production of a statue was entrusted to Mr. Foley. The "Faraday Medal,' to be given to distinguished foreign philosophers by the Chemical society, was awarded to M. Dumas, June, 1869. FELONY (p. 293). An act to abolish forfeitures for treason and felony, and to otherwise abolish the law relating thereto, passed 4 July, 1870. FENIANS (p. 295). Consequences of the Clerkenwell explosion, 13 FIRE-ARMS (p. 297). The "Money-Walker" rifle (patented by Mr. Mowbray-Money and lieut.-col. Walker), tried and approved 18 June, 1868. A report in favour of the Martini and Henry rifles was issued in March, 1869. See Mitrailleuse. An act to grant a duty of excise in licenses to use guns, passed 9 Aug. 1870. Mr. Hill's, upholsterer's, Waterloo-road; 6 chil- FIRES IN LONDON (p. 300): in 1866, 1338 (326 serious); in 1867, 1397 (245 serious); in 1868, 1668 (235 serious); in 1869, 1572 (199 serious). Northumberland house, Strand; valuable pictures, &c., injured 19 Aug. 1868 Mrs. Jago's, Pentonville-hill; 3 perish, 5 June, 1869 Moscow-road, Bayswater; through explosion of fireworks; 7 persons perish I Oct. Mr. Mc Micken's, Newington-butts;4 lives lost, IO Oct. Old Star and Garter hotel, Richmond; Wm. Lever the manager killed 12 Jan. 1870 FOREIGN CATTLE MARKET. The city of London having been required to provide this market before I Jan. 1872, by the Contagious Diseases Act (for Animals), 1869, the common council, 7 Nov. 1870, agreed to the expenditure of 160,000l. for the purpose. The site chosen, Deptford dockyard, was much opposed. FOREIGN ENLISTMENT ACT passed 9 Aug. 1870. It relates to illegal enlisting, shipbuilding, and expeditions. FOREIGN OFFICE (p. 305) completed, and occupied by lord Stanley, who gave an entertainment 24 June, 1868. FORGERY (p. 365). Law amended by the "Forgery Act," passed 9 Aug. 1870. The Moniteur replaced by the Journal Officiel Difference with Belgium respecting the Luxem- Message from the emperor announcing import- 23 July,,, Marquis de la Valette appointed ambassador in Centenary of the birth of Napoleon I.; amnesty Ultra-liberal speech of prince Napoleon Jerome Agitation against free-trade Oct., Nov., Dec. 13 Nov. Resignation of M. Haussmann, prefect of the Victor Noir, a journalist, killed by Pierre Bona- Trial of Pierre Bonaparte at Tours; acquitted fication of the constitution of the senate, 22 March, 1870 Senatus consultum communicated to the senate, 28 March; adopted 20 April, Ministerial crisis: resignation of Daru and other ministers opposing the proposed plébiscite 10 April, Proclamation of the emperor respecting changes in the constitution 24 April, Conspiracy against the emperor's life detected; Baurie (aged 22) and others arrested, about 30 April, Plebiscite to ascertain whether the people approve of these changes,-yes, 7,527,379; no, 1,530,909 8 May, Ollivier ministry reconstructed, 13 April; duc de Grammont foreign minister about 15 May, Rioting and barricades in Paris, 9, 10 May; about 100 arrested, many sentenced to imprisonment 14 May,,, Speech by the emperor on receiving result of the plébiscite 23 May, The Orleans princes address the legislative as sembly, demanding their return to France, 19 June; opposed by 173 to 31 2 July, Discovery of a plot against the emperor's life, 5 July, Great excitement through the nomination of prince Leopold of Hohenzollern Sigmaringen for the Spanish throne; warlike speeches of the ministers 5, 6, 7 July, The prince Leopold withdraws from candidature; guarantees required by France from Prussia refused; France decides to declare war against Prussia, 15 July; declaration signed 17 July,, [For the events of the war, see Franco-Prussian War.] The empress appointed regent 23 July, The emperor joins the army 28 July, Publication of the Marseillaise of Rochefort ceases end of July, 8 Aug. The government declare that they are only "at war with the policy of Bismarck" 2 Aug. Great excitement in Paris through the false announcement of a great victory 6 Aug. State of siege proclaimed in Paris after the great defeat of MacMahon at Worth, 7 Aug. Decrees for the enlargement of the national guard, appealing to patriotism and deprecating discord 7, 8 Aug. At Blois, the conspirators against the emperor's life sentenced to long imprisonments, 8 Aug. Energetic measures taken for the defence of Paris; Changarnier offers his services to the emperor; well received 8 Aug. The government appeals to France and Europe against Prussia Stormy debate in the corps legislatif (M. de Kératry called on the emperor to abdicate; M. Guyot Montpeyroux said that the army were "lions led by asses;") ending with the resignation of Ollivier and his ministry, 9 Aug. New ministry formed: General Cousin-Montauban Count de Palikao (distinguished in the war with China), minister of war, chief: M. Chevreau, minister of the interior; M. Magne, minister of Finance; M. Clement Duvernois, minister of commerce and agriculture; Admiral Rigault de Genouilly, minister of marine; Baron Jerome David, minister of public works; Prince de la Tour d'Auvergne, minister of foreign affairs; and others Decree for the great augmentation of the army during the war and appointing a "defence committee" for Paris 10 Aug., A loan of 750 million francs announced, 21 Aug. Frequent diplomatic conferences at the British embassy respecting mediation about 22 Aug. Confident statement of the national position by the ministry. 23 Aug. M. Thiers placed on the defence committee about 26 Aug. Decree of M. Trochu for the expulsion from Paris of all foreigners not naturalized, 28 Aug.,, Death of count Flahault de la Billarderie, chancellor of the legion of honour, aged 85 (served under Napoleon I., Louis Philippe, and Napoleon III.) 31 Aug.", Deputation from 10,000 persons call on Trochu to assume the government: he declines, 8 p.m., 3 Sept.,, The news of the final defeat of MacMahon near Sedan, and the surrender of the emperor and the remainder of MacMahon's army (90,000) to the King of Prussia announced by comte de Palikao to the legislative assembly. Jules Favre declares for defending France to the last gasp, attacks the imperial dynasty, and proposes concentration of all power in the hands of general Trochu, amid profound 3'35 a.m. 4 Sept. The ruin of MacMahon's army announced in the Journal Officiel 4 Sept. At the proposition of Thiers the chamber appoints a commission of government and national defence, and orders the convocation of a constituent assembly, and adjourns, 3.10 p.m. 4 Sept.,, At the resumption of the sitting of the assembly it is invaded by the crowd, demanding a republic; most of the deputies retire. Gambetta and other liberal members of the "left" proclaim the deposition of the imperial dynasty and the establishment of a republic 4.15 p.m. 4 Sept. Last meeting of the senate; it declares adhesion to the emperor 4 Sept. Proclamation of a " 'government of defence General Trochu, president; MM. Léon Gambetta (interior), Jules Simon (public instruction), Jules Favre (foreign), Crémieux (justice), Jules Picard (finance), general Le Flo (war), Fourichon (marine), Magnin (agriculture), Dorian (public works), Etienne Arago (mayor of Paris), Kératry (police) 4 Sept.,, An informal meeting of the legislative assembly held, M. Thiers, president. M. Jules Favre reports to it the formation of the provisional government; some protest; Thiers recommends moderation, and the meeting retires evening 4 Sept. The empress, the comte de Palikao, and other ministers secretly leave Paris and enter Belgium evening, 4 Sept. Legislative chamber dissolved; senate abolished; FRANCE, continued. Regular troops and national guard fraternise. "Perfect order reigns" 5 Sept. 1870 M. Favre calls on the United States of America for moral support. 5 Sept.,, The emperor Napoleon arrives at Wilhelmshöhe, near Cassel 9.35 p. m. 5 Sept.,, The republican deputies in the Spanish cortes greet the republic 5 Sept.,, Henri Rochefort added to the government, 5 Sept. The red republican flag raised at Lyons, 5 Sept.,, Victor Hugo and Louis Blanc arrive in Paris, 6 Sept.,, Jules Favre, in a circular to French diplomatic representatives, while professing desire for peace, says, "We will not cede either an inch of our territories or a stone of our fortresses," 6 Sept. Proclamation of general Trochu, saying that the defence of the capital is assured, 6 Sept. The police dismissed, and replaced by national guards 6 Sept. Proffered services of the Orleans princes again declined 6 Sept.,, The imperial correspondence seized, about 7 Sept.,, The government proclaim that to-day, as in 1792, the republic signifies the hearty union of the army and people for the defence of the country 7 Sept. The republic recognized by the United States, 8 Sept. The defence committee summon the king of Prussia to quit French territory without loss of time 8 Sept. Reappearance of the Marseillaise: Rochefort resigns editorship, and disclaims connection on account of a violent article; the paper ceases to appear soon after 8 Sept. Decree convoking the constituent assembly, to be composed of 750 members (to be elected on 16 Oct.). 8 Sept. The imperial prince at Hastings, 7 Sept., joined by the empress 8 Sept. Victor Hugo publishes an address to the Germans, appealing to their fraternal sentiments 9 Sept. Cattle plague began in Alsace and Lorraine, Sept.,, The republic recognized by Spain, 8 Sept.; by Switzerland 9 Sept.,, M. Thiers arrives in London on a mission from the government. 13 Sept.,, Lyons said to be ruled by a "committee of safety;" red flag raised; reign of terror, 13 Sept. Letter from M. Pietri, private secretary to the emperor, stating that "his master has not a centime in foreign funds " 15 Sept. Elections for constituent assembly ordered to take place on 2 Oct. 16 Sept. 16 Sept. The academies of the institute protest against the bombardment of the monuments, museums, &c., in Paris Diplomatic circular from M. Jules Favre: he admits he has no claim on Prussia for disinterestedness; urges that statesmen should besitate to continue a war in which more than 200,000 men have already fallen; announces that a freely elected assembly is summoned, and that the government will abide by its judgment, and that France, left to her free action, immediately asks the cessation of the war, but prefers its disasters a thousand times to dishonour. He admits that France has been wrong, and acknowledges its obligation to repair by a measure of justice the ill it has done 17 Sept.,, A government delegation at Tours under M. Crémieux, the minister of justice; the foreign ambassadors proceed there, 18 Sept.,, Manifesto of the red republicans signed by general Cluseret, placarded in Paris, about 18 Sept. 1870 Bronze statues of Napoleon ordered to be made into cannon. about 19 Sept. Stern proclamation of Trochu respecting the cowardice of the Zouaves on 19 Sept., 20 Sept. M. Duruof in a post-balloon quits Paris with mailbags, arrives at Evreux, and reaches Tours 23 Sept.,, The Journal Officiel replaced by the Moniteur Universel as the organ of the government, about 23 Sept. Esquiros struggles to maintain order at Marseilles 24 Sept. Failure of the negotiations for peace between count Bismarck and Jules Favre; manifesto of the government at Tours, calling on the people to rise and either disavow the ministry or fight to the bitter end"; the elections for the assembly suspended 24 Sept.,, All Frenchmen between 20 and 25 years of age prohibited leaving France. about 26 Sept.,, Great enthusiasm in the provinces on the failure of the negotiations; "war to the knife" and levée en masse proclaimed by the prefects; efforts made to excite warlike ardour in Britanny by M. Cathelineau 26, 27 Sept., The duc d'Aumale consents to become a candidate for the representative assembly, and promises submission to the de facto government for defence about 27 Sept.,, Attempted insurrection of the red republicans at Lyons: order restored by national guards; general Cluseret disappears 28 Sept.,, Great order in Paris maintained by the national guard; report from surgeon-major Wyatt, 28 Sept. All between 21 and 40 to be organised as a national garde mobile; all men in arms placed at the disposal of the minister of war, 30 Sept. The empress and her son residing at Camdenhouse, Chiselhurst, Kent Sept. The elections for the constituent assembly (753 members) ordered by the delegates at Tours to take place on 16 Oct. 29 Sept.-1 Oct. Proclamations of general Trochu for maintaining order in Paris about 1 Oct. Marseilles said to be unsettled: many arrested, The elections deferred till they can be carried out throughout the whole extent of the republic, by order of the government at Paris, I Oct. M. Crémieux becomes delegate minister of war at Tours in room of admiral Fourichon (resigned), still minister of marine 3 Oct. Gustave Flourens, heading five battalions of national guards, marches to the Hôtel de Ville and demands chassepots (not to be had), 5 Oct. Suppression of the schools of the "brethren of the Christian doctrine" by the republicans: much dissatisfaction 8 Oct. All Frenchmen under 60 years of age forbidden to quit France 8 Oct. M. Gambetta escapes from Paris in a balloon, Oct.; arrives at Rouen and declares for "a pact with victory or death," 8 Oct.; arrives at Tours and becomes minister of war as well as of the interior 9 Oct. Address from the comte de Chambord, saying that his whole ambition is to found with the people a really national government, 9 Oct. Battalions of amazons forming in Paris, 12 Oct. Blanqui, Gustave Flourens, Ledru Rollin, Felix Pyat, and other red republicans defeated in their attempts to establish a commune at Paris to supersede the government, 10, 1I. FRANCE, continued. FRA Oct. reconciliation effected by Rochefort, about 14 Oct. 1870 Riots at Honfleur: the people oppose the embarkation of cattle to England, 12 Oct. ; similar riots at St. Malo 15 Oct. M. Edmond Adam, prefect of police; replacing M. de Kératry, sent on a foreign mission, about 16 Oct. M. de Kératry quits Paris in a balloon, 12 Oct.; at Madrid fails in obtaining assistance from Prim 19, 20 Oct. Marseilles disturbed by red republicans; Esquiros still in office 19 Oct. Publication of the imperial correspondence seized in the Tuileries. Oct. Decree for a loan of 10,000,000l. issued on be- 26 Oct. 1 Nov. 10 Dec. 11 Dec. Murder of lieut. Arnaud at Lyons by the people for resisting them 20 Dec. Trial of 21 peasants for murder of M. Moneys (see 16 Aug.); 4 condemned to death; others to imprisonment about 23 Dec. Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte: declared president of the French republic by the national assembly, 19 Dec.; proclaimed, 20 Dec. 1848; coup d'état, 2 Dec. 1851; elected president for ten years, 21, 22 Dec. 1851; elected emperor, 21, 22 Nov. 1852; proclaimed emperor, 2 Dec. 1852; surrendered himself a prisoner to the king of Prussia at Sedan, 2 Sept. 1870; deposed at Paris, 4 Sept. arrives at Wilhelmshöhe, near Cassel, 9'35 p.m. 5 Sept. The delegate government removed from Tours to Bordeaux General Boyer, replying to Gambetta, says, "We capitulated with hunger" 31 Oct. The empress arrives at Wilhelmshöhe; interview of Bazaine with the emperor 31 Oct.,, Etienne Arago and other mayors of Paris resign, I Nov. Marshals Canrobert and Le Boeuf and many generals at Wilhelmshöhe. I Nov. Proclamation of Gambetta calling on the army to avenge the dishonour at Metz FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR. The origin of this dreadful series of sanguinary conflicts is ascribed to the jealousy of the emperor of the French of the greatly increased power of Prussia, in consequence of the successful issue of the war with Denmark in 1864, and more especially of that with Austria in 1866. By these events the German Confederation was annulled, and the North German Confederation established under the supremacy of the king of Prussia, whose territories were also enlarged by the annexation of Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, Nassau, Frankfort, and other provinces. This great augmentation of the power of Prussia was mainly due to the energetic, unscrupulous, and unconstitutional policy of count Bismarck-Schönhausen, prime minister since Sept. 1862. In March, 1867, a dispute arose through the emperor's proposals for the purchase of Luxemburg of the king of Holland, which was strongly opposed by Prussia, as that province had formed part of the dissolved Germanic Confederation; but the affair was eventually settled by a conference of the representatives of the great powers in London, 7-11 May, when the perfect neutrality of Luxemburg was determined, together with the withdrawal of the Prussian garrison and the destruction of the fortifications. On 25 July, 1870, the Times published the draft of a treaty between France and Prussia, drawn up in 1866, whereby it appeared that the emperor was willing to enter into an offensive and defensive alliance with the king for making certain territorial changes on the continent for their mutual aggrandizement, such as the annexation of Luxemburg by France, &c.* The authenticity of this document was admitted after some discussion, but count Bismarck asserted that it emanated wholly from the emperor, and had never been entertained by himself. Both governments had prepared for the impending struggle, and the crisis came when prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (connected with the Prussian dynasty, and brother of Charles, prince of Roumania), consented to become a * By this proposed treaty, 1. The emperor recognizes the acquisitions which Prussia has made in the last war; 2. The king of Prussia promises to facilitate the acquisition of Luxemburg by France; 3. The emperor will not oppose a federal union of the northern and southern states of Germany, except Austria; 4. The king of Prussia, in case the emperor should enter or conquer Belgium, will support him in arms against any opposing power; 5. They enter into an alliance offensive and defensive. |