23 June, 1558, after an obstinate defence, and returned to Philip II. by the peace of Cateau Cambresis. It successfully resisted the marquis de Feuquières in 1637, but was taken after four months' siege by the duc d'Enghien, 10 Aug. 1643, and remained with France. It suc cessfully resisted the Austrians in 1792, and the Prussians in 1814. It was invested by the Germans in Aug. 1870, and after bombardment, being in flames, surrendered 24 Nov. following.

TOUL, the Roman Tulli Leucorum, a fortified town on the Moselle, N.E. France, one of the most ancient in the empire. The city and diocese acquired great privileges from Charles the Simple, 925, when it was united with the German empire. It was reunited with France, 1552. The fortifications, begun in 1238, were rebuilt and enlarged in 1700, according to the plans of Vauban. After a vigorous resistance to the Germans, commencing 14 Aug. 1870, Toul surrendered with its garrison of 3000 men, 23 Sept., when the town was burning in twenty-three places. The Germans thus acquired an uninterrupted railway communication to Paris.

TOURNAMENTS (p. 734), introduced into England early in the 12th century, were prohibited by Henry II., but revived by Richard I., his son. Solemn tournaments were held by Edward III., 25 Sept. 1329, in London; and 19 Jan. 1344, at Windsor; and by Richard II. in Smithfield, London, 10 Oct. 1319; and also by Henry VIII., in May, 1513.

TOURS (p. 735). When Paris was invested by the Germans, M. Crémieux and several of the members of the French government of defence went to Tours, together with the representatives of foreign powers, 18 Sep. On 9 Oct. these were joined by Gambetta, then minister of the interior and now of war (who escaped from Paris by a balloon), 7 Oct. In consequence of the defeat of the army of the Loire near Orleans, the government removed to Bordeaux, 11 Dec.

TRACTION ENGINES, see Road Steamers.

TRAMWAYS (p. 736). Street railways or tramways for omnibuses drawn by horses, previously established by Mr. Train in New York, were opened by him at Birkenhead, Cheshire, 30 Aug. 1860, and at Bayswater, London, 23 March, 1861. (See Ireland, 1868.) A street railway bill was rejected by the house of commons in April, 1861. Several of these railways existed for a time in various parts of the metropolis in 1861, but were all taken up in 1862. An act to facilitate the construction of tramways passed 9 Aug. 1870. Tramways from Brixton to Kennington, and from Whitechapel to Bow, were opened 9 May, 1870; and others since.

TREASURY. A third lord of the treasury was appointed Dec. 1868, being Mr. Stansfeld, who was succeeded by Mr. W. H. Gladstone, Dec. 1869.

TRIALS (p. 748).

Esmonde will case, Dublin; Lady Esmonde
bequeathed property to support protestant-
ism in Ireland, by endowing a college, &c. :
will disputed by her family: no verdict by
jury
3-13 June, 1868
[New trial, will affirmed, Aug. 1869.]
Thomas Edgeley, convicted of fraud against
Leeds Banking Company 11-13 June,,,
Risk Allah v. Whitehurst (for Daily Telegraph):
libel case; damages for plaintiff, 960l.,

19 June,,, Attorney-general v. Dakin: appeal case; decision that privilege of exemption from execution of legal process does not extend to Hampton Court palace 20 June,,, Madame Sarah Rachel Leverson convicted of conspiracy 25 Sept. [Writ of error: new trial refused, 11 May, 1869.] Fred. Aug. Farrar convicted of forgery against lord Dudley 30 Oct. Chornford v. Lingo: female suffrage declared illegal 7-9 Nov. Baxter v. Langley: Sunday evening lectures declared not illegal 19 Nov. Martin v. Mackonochie: see Church of England, 23 Dec.

Phillips v. Eyre: verdict for defendant; see
Jamaica
29 Jan. 1869
Saurin v. Star and another (convent case); ver-
dict for plaintiff, damages 500l., 3-26 Feb.
[Case compromised, April, 1870.]
James Thos. Gambier, admiralty clerk, and

Wm. Rumble, engineer, convicted of fraud and seeking bribes from contractors, 9 April, 1869 Cooper v. Gordon: verdict for plaintiff; the vice-chancellor decides that a congregation of dissenters may dismiss their minister for unsound doctrine 28 May, Major Frederick Beswick, constable of Birkenhead, convicted of forgery 10 June,,, Farrer (president of the Amalgamated Carpenters' Society) v. Close (the secretary), for misappropriation of money. In 1867 the justices dismissed the charge because the society had illegal rules. At the trial at the Queen's bench the court was equally divided, and no verdict given 3 July,,, Fanny F. M. Oliver convicted of murder of her husband 20 July, Lyons v. Rev. N. Thomas and others, for abduction of Esther Lyons, a Jewish girl, a proselyte; damages 50l. 31 July, " Frederick Hinson, convicted of murder of his paramour, Maria Death, and Wm. Douglas Boyd. 24 Nov. Rev. James John Merest, convicted of simony; deprived 26, 29 Nov. Martin . Mackonochie: before judicial committee of privy council, defendant censured for evading verdict, and condemned in costs, 4 Dec. Mrs. Kelly v. Rev. J. Kelly; judicial separation for ill usage (not violence) decreed, 7 Dec.

52

TRUCK SYSTEM (p. 751). A commission to inquire into its alleged prevalence appointed by act passed 10 Aug. 1870.

UHLANS, the German lancers, very effective in the war in 1870.

ULSTER (p. 758). By the ancient "Ulster tenant-right," the outgoing tenant of a farm received from his successor a sum of money for the privilege of occupancy. A modified form of this right was adopted in the Irish land act, passed 8 July, 1870.

UNIONISTS. A Spanish political party, long headed by marshal Serrano. In 1869 they advocated the election of the duc de Montpensier as king. See Progresistas and Spain.

John Lothrop Motley appointed minister at

April,

Dec.

"

London Naturalisation treaty with Great Britain ratified by senate 15 April, Great peace jubilee held at Boston; colossal concert (10,371 voices, 1094 instruments, with anvils, bells, &c.) began 15 June,,, Wm. Pitt Fessenden, financier, died, 8 Sept. Steam-boat, Stonewall, burnt on the Mississippi; about 200 persons perish • 27 Oct. Free-trade agitation prevalent. Oct.-Dec. Adm. Charles Stewart, "old iron-side," aged 92, died 6 Nov. Correspondence respecting Alabama claims, &c., between lord Clarendon and Mr. Hamilton Fish (June-Oct. 1869), published Renewal of the reciprocity treaty with Canada rejected by congress 13 Dec. U. S. corvette Oneida sunk by collision with British P. & O. steamer Bombay; 112 lives lost, 24 Jan. Darien canal scheme approved by congress, Jan.; treaty signed. 26 Jan. 1870 Prince Arthur presented to president Grant, 24 Jan.; attended Mr. Peabody's funeral, 8 Feb. Virginia (15 Jan.) and Mississippi re-admitted to congress 3 Feb. [Capt. Eyre, of the Bombay, severely censured for not waiting to give succour.] Bill for purchase of St. Thomas's isle rejected by senate.

23 March

New tariff bill passed (new rates take effect, 1 Jan. 1871)

Admiral David Farragut died, aged 70, 14 Aug. 39 Strict neutrality in the Franco-Prussian war proclaimed

Aug."

Senator Oliver P. Morton accepts the embassy to Great Britain

Great loss of life and property through floods
in Virginia and Maryland, end of

Total debt, 2,346,913,645 dollars
Total public debt, the principal and interest,
2,346,913,652 dollars

Sept.-2 Oct.

I Oct.

I Oct.

Great reduction of the heavy internal taxation begins

Movement against the Mormons on account of their polygamy.

Meeting of the southern convention at Cincinnati for political and commercial affairs,

4 Oct.

12 Oct.

General Robert Lee dies, aged 62
President Grant issues a proclamation against
Fenianism

13 Oct. Mr. Morton declines the embassy to Britain for party reasons about 25 Oct. "" The republican majority in the congress greatly reduced by the "fall" election (the first in which all races are duly represented) Νον. "" Gen. Cox, secretary of interior, dismissed; quarrel between him and the president Nov. Total debt, 2,334,308,494 dollars 1 Dec. Annual message of the president: he regrets failure of proposal for annexing St. Domingo; and of the non-settlement of the Alabama claims; and complains of Canadian aggression

5 Dec. UNIVERSITY BOAT-RACE (p. 771). Oxford won, 17 March, 1869 (ninth time in succession); Cambridge won, 6 April, 1870. In the international boat-race between the universities of Oxford and Harvard, Massachusetts, U.S.; Oxford won, 27 Aug. 1869.

UNIVERSITY TESTS. A bill for their abolition was rejected by the lords, 19 July, 1869, and 14 July, 1870.

UTILITARIANISM, termed the "greatest happiness principle," the philosophy which proposes the attainment of the greatest happiness of the greatest number. The doctrine is found in the writings of Locke, Hartley, Hume, and Paley; but has been chiefly propounded by Jeremy Bentham in his "Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation," 1780-89.

V.

VALUATION OF PROPERTY ACT-to provide for the uniform assessment of rateable property in the metropolis, was passed 9 Aug. 1869.

"

VELOCIPEDE. A machine of this kind was invented by Blanchard the aeronaut, and described in the Journal de Paris, 27 July, 1779; and one was constructed by Nicéphore Niepce in 1818. The "dandy-horse' or "Draisena, a machine called a velocipede," was patented for the baron von Drais, in Paris and London in 1818, and described in " Ackermann's Repository," Feb. 1819. These machines came again into use in 1861; and since

1867 have been very common under various forms, termed bicycles and tricycles. Velocipede races took place at the Crystal palace, 26 May, 1869, and frequently since.

VELVET. The manufacture, long confined to Genoa, Lucca, and other places in Italy, was carried to France, and thence to England, about 1685. Velvet is mentioned by Joinville in 1272; and our king Richard II., in his will, directed his body to be clothed "in velveto," 1399.

VENEZUELA (p. 776). A revolution broke out in Caraccas, and president Falcon fled, 22-26 June, 1868. The president Monagas died, 18 Nov., and Pulgar became provisional president, Dec. 1868. Caraccas was captured by revolutionists, April, 1870.

VERDUN (the ancient Verodunum), a first-class fortress on the Meuse, N.E. France, made a magazine for his legions by Julius Cæsar. It was acquired by the Franks in the sixth cen tury, and formed part of the dominions of Lothaire by the treaty of Verdun, 543, when the empire was divided between the sons of Louis I. It was taken and annexed to the empire by Otho I. about 939. It surrendered to France in 1552; and was formally ceded in 1648. It was taken and held by the Prussians 43 days, Sept.-Oct. 1792. Gen. Beaurepaire, the commandant, committed suicide before the surrender, and 14 ladies were executed in 1794, for going to the king of Prussia to solicit his clemency for the town. Verdun surrendered to the Germans 8 Nov. 1870, after a brave defence; two vigorous sallies being made 28 Oct. Above 4000 men were captured, and much arms and ammunition.

VERSAILLES (p. 777), with the troops there, surrendered to the Germans 19 Sept. 1870, and the crown prince of Prussia entered the next day. On 26 Sept. he awarded the iron cross to above 30 soldiers at the foot of the statue of Louis XIV. The palace was converted into an hospital. The royal head-quarters were removed here from Ferrières 5 Oct.

VIKINGS. Scandinavian chiefs, Swedes, Danes, and Norsemen, who in the 4th century migrated-eastward, to the countries beyond the Baltic; westward and southward, chiefly to the British isles.

VILLETA (Paraguay, South America). Here Lopez and the Paraguayans were totally defeated by the Brazilians and their allies, 11 Dec. 1868. Lopez and 200 men fled; 3000 prisoners were made; and the war was considered to be ended.

Volunteers' act, 1863, amended
9 Aug. 1869
"Army service corps" to be composed of
volunteers; established by royal warrant,
12 Nov.
Eleventh meeting at Wimbledon, 11 July;
queen's prize won by corporal Humphries,
6th Surrey
19 July, 1870
EASTER MONDAY REVIEWS: at Dover (very
bad weather) 29 March, 1869; at Brighton,
18 April,,,
Letter from the lord mayor recommending the
enlargement of the volunteer system, and its
greater efficiency.
22 Sept.
Establishment of an extensive rifle range, drill
ground, armoury, &c., for the London volun-
teers resolved on
3 Oct.
Distribution of breech-loaders commenced Nov.

W.

39

WALLACE MONUMENT at Abbey Craig, near Stirling, was inaugurated 27 Aug. 1869, and soon after given into the charge of the magistrates of Stirling. It cost about 13,000l. The telescope there was presented by the Scotch inhabitants of Ipswich 24 June, 1865.

WAR-OFFICE ACT, passed 20 June, 1870, appoints a financial secretary, who may sit in parliament, and other officers.

WATERING STREETS. Mr. Cooper's plan for using solutions of chloride of lime or of sodium (which dry slowly and attract moisture and ammonia and other gases, and combine them with the material of the road) was partially used in the parish of St. Mary-le-bone in 1868, and also in Liverpool, Boston, and other towns. The plan was ordered to be tried in Westminster in July, 1870.

WELLINGTON MONUMENT (p. 797), entrusted to Mr. A. Stevens, the sculptor, was very far from completion in Aug. 1870. Parliament had granted 20,000l. for the purpose, and it was stated that 15,000l. more would be required.

WHEAT (p. 800). Value imported into the united kingdom in 1868, 22,069,353l. ; in 1869, 19,515,758.

WINE (p. 806) imported into the united kingdom in 1867, 15,442,581 gallons; in 1868, 16,953,429 gallons; in 1869, 17,184,307 gallons.

WISSEMBOURG, OR WEISSENBURG, N.E. France, in the department of the Lower Rhine, situate on the right bank of the river Lauter, the boundary of France and the Palatinate. It was formerly an imperial city of Alsace, and was seized by Louis XIV. in 1673, and annexed to France by the treaty of Ryswick 1697. The "lines" of Wissembourg, erected by Villars 1705, were taken by the Austrians and retaken by the French, 1793, after Hoche's victory at Geisberg. On 4 Aug. 1870, the crown-prince of Prussia crossed the Lauter and gained a brilliant but bloody victory over the French (a part of MacMahon's division), storming the lines, and the Geisberg. General Abel Douay was mortally wounded, and about 500 prisoners were made. The killed and wounded on both sides appear to have been nearly equal. The German army, composed of Prussians, Bavarians, and Würtembergers, were, it is said, about 40,000, against about 10,000 French, who fought with desperate bravery.

WIVES (p. 807). An act to amend the law relating to the property of married women was passed 9 Aug. 1870. By it the separate earnings of a wife were secured to her own use, as well as personal and freehold property bequeathed to her. She may maintain an action at law, and acquires other rights. The husband is declared not liable for debts contracted by his wife prior to marriage, and she may be sued for them.

WORTH SUR SAUER, a town in the department of the Lower Rhine, N.E. France. After storming Wissembourg (which see) on 4 Aug. 1870, the crown-prince of Prussia, with the 3rd army (about 120,000) marched rapidly forward and surprised part of the French army under Marshal MacMahon, including the corps of Canrobert and Failly (about 47,000), and defeated it in a long, desperate, and sanguinary engagement near this place 6 Aug. The battle lasted from 7 a.m. till 4 p.m. The chief struggles occurred in the country round Reichshoffen and in the village of Froschweiller; the French are said to have charged the German line eleven times, each time breaking it, but always finding a fresh mass behind. The ridge on which Worth stands was not captured until the French were taken in flank by the Bavarians and Würtembergers. Nearly all MacMahon's staff were killed, and the marshal himself, unhorsed, fell fainting into a ditch, from which he was rescued by a soldier. He then, on foot, directed the retreat towards Saverne, to cover the passes of the Vosges. The victory is attributed to the very great numerical superiority of the Germans (about 130,000) as well as to their excellent strategy. The French loss has been estimated at 20,000 killed and wounded, and about 6000 prisoners, 2 eagles, 6 mitrailleuses, 30 cannon, and much baggage. The Germans are stated to have had above 8000 men put hors de combat. It was admitted that MacMahon had acted as an able and brave commander.

WOOL (p. 808) imported into the united kingdom in 18672, 83,703, 184lbs. ; in 1868, 252,744,155 lbs. ; in 1869, 258,461,689 lbs.; from Australia in 1869, 158.477,460 lbs. Value of Woollen Manufactured goods exported in 1864, 18,533,497.; in 1866, 21,796,2177.; in 1869, 19,536,0731.