rious parts. The two principal harbours are, crowns battery, which is placed on three small isthe man of war harbour, and the "mer- lands close together rising but little above the lechantmen harbour." In the " man of war har-vel of the water, so that the water is admitted in

bour," the ships lie opposite each to its own store-
house, so that it may without delay be fitted
out, from the repository belonging to it. They
lie in two rows. The depth of water, however,
being only 20 or 22 feet, the great vessels do
not take their heavy stores on board till after
they are out of the harbour. The amount
of the Danish navy our readers have seen in
the Gazette account of transactions concerning
it:
: as some men of war are always absent on
service, we may take the whole at 25 line of
battle ships and 20 frigates. This navy is
full as much as the natural power of Denmark
is able to maintain. It is, perhaps, the most
complete of the navies of the northern powers;
the Danes being excellent seamen; used to the
service, stout men, and of a persevering and
steady nature. The Danish seamen are of two
descriptions, 1. those who are registered for
service when wanted and this comprizes al-
most all the seafaring men of Norway, as
well as of Denmark. These have a compli-
ment by way of bounty money, about half a
guinea annually. 2. Those who are constantly
engaged in the service, and have regular pay:
to which may be added those who receive a
regular education for sea service in the marine
colleges. In the affair of the armed neutrality
in 1779, the first class supplied 3,500 men,
the second 1000, to which were added 1000

marines.

The harbour of Copenhagen is always crowd. ed with ships, and animated by the busy spi. rit of commerce. The town itself is the best built of any in the north a great part of it having been consumed by fire in 1728, the streets which rose from the ruins, are of a handsomer construction than those which were Euilt from time to time and without any regular plan. In the other parts of the town the streets are both narrow and crooked enough, though well paved but in this part they are more symmetrical.

This city has suffered repeatedly by fires, and the royal palace has not escaped from that calamity. Copenhagen may contain 100,000 inhabitants. It is a seat of learning as well as of trade, and has many noble and instructive institutions; as the University, the, royal academy of Sciences, and others.

to the works. This battery was formidable at the time of lord Nelson's attack, but being ruined in that engagement it has since been rebuilt, and by the improvements it has undergone it is now a competent defence to the city on that side where it is placed. The interval which is not commanded by the batteries already mentioned, is defended by block ships, or old vessels of great size cut down, and reduced to a proper draught of water for the purpose. These are placed so as to render the intricacies of the channel and the dangers of the sand banks and shoals which occur in it, most hazardous to an enemy, who intends to force the approach. Two of the British men of war in the attack of Copenhagen in 1802, touched on a bank, and were rendered of no use in the ensuing engagement. On that occasion the destruction of the Danish fleet was the object in view, unless the court of Denmark would withdraw from a confederacy against Britain, of which that fleet would have formed a powerful part. It is well known, that the whole of the Danish ships in that action were lost to Denmark. On the present occasion, the intention was not the destruction of the fleet, but the securing of it from the hands and purposes of Bonaparts: nothing considerable, therefore, has been effected by sea, but the city has been attacked on the land side, where there had been no additional fortifications erected, nor defences planned. Only a small part of the island of Zealand has been occupied by our troops. The distance from Elsinoor to Copenhagen is about 20 miles. It does not appear that any British soldiers were advanced more than 10 or 12 miles below Copenhagen: the object of the attack being specific, not the conquest or occupation of the Island.

Zealand is about 700 miles in circumference; very fertile in grain, and pasture. It is very prettily wooded, and its surface is very agreeably varicd. It is famous for a fine breed of horses. It is the largest of the Danish islands; the water around it about nine miles in breadth.

The situation of this island, gives it in a manner the command of the Baltic; every fleet which quits that gulph for the ocean, or which enters into it from the ocean, must On the land side the town is surrounded by pass along the shores of Zealand: and the a wall, with regular ramparts and bastions, Baltic being frozen in winter all the interior and a broad ditch full of water, communicat-ports are inaccessible during several months of ing with the harbour. This is its chief defence. On the north of the city is the citadel, which is a separate fortification, a pentagon, but not quite regular; it has a ditch, and commands the city. The defences of the harbour are sundry very heavy batteries, placed to advanta e on the projecting points of land; and, especial y, that battery called the three

the year. The great belt itself, which separates Zealand on the west, has been known to be frozen over; and Charles XII. of Sweden took an opportunity of that nature to pass an army over it. A whole squadron of horse guards sunk at one tremendous crash! the general orders forbidding any assistance being given by any soldier to his comrade.

OBSERVANDA EXTERNA,

AMERICA, SOUTH.

Abstract of the Description of the Caraccas, and their Productions, as given by M. Depons, in his Travels in South America.This traveller informs us, that the cacao of Caraccas, fetches double the price of that produced by the W. I. Islands, not excepting the Saint Domingo cacao, which is highly valued. The indigo, is inferior only to that of Guatimala, another Spanish province, where this dye is supposed to be the best in the world; the tobacco of the Caraccas is superior in quality to that of the United States of America; it is cultivated on the King's account, and the exclusive sale of that commodity brings into the royal treasury, a clear sum of 4,000,000 francs (about £168,000); lastly, the sugar and coffee produced in this government, bears a successful competition with the best kinds, although the art of preparing them for the market, is much less accurately conducted in the Caraccas than in the islands.

all the other necessary qualifications. These details explain from what causes the population of so extensive and so rich a country, is

under 800,000 persons.

The regulations against the admittance of foreigners are still more rigidly enforced. A royal schedule of 1801, after prescribing the long and tedious formalities they must go through before they can obtain leave to visit Spanish America, adds: the tax for permission to go to these colonies, shall be fixed by Productions of less importance at present, and the importance of the object in view. the colonial board, according to circumstances, but susceptible of much improvement, contribute also to the wealth of the country; The following article fixes the price of the Vanilla is the most abundant of any; the permission for residing in the country, at province of Venezula alone might furnish 8,300 reals (£87. 10s.); a like sum is to be 10 cwt. of that commodity, yearly, notwith-paid for naturalization, by those who have standing the neglected state of this branch of agriculture. The same may be said of the wild cochineal; it is plentiful in the districts of Coro, Carora, and Truxillo, but it does not form an article of exportatiou; it is only employed in the country. Lastly, woods for the purpose of dyeing, and cabinet-making, rosins, gums, &c. are sources of wealth, which might be added to those already enumerated, and which in the hands of an active and laborious people, would acquire an immense value. Cattle and wild animals must also be taken into account: the provinces of Venezula, Barcelona, and Spanish Guiana, the western shore of the lake of Maracaibo, contain according to the account of travellers, above 1,200,000 heads of kine; 180,000 horses, and 90,000 mules, wander also in the plains and in the valleys. Sheep are innumerable, and even stags are in great plenty; from the sale of these animals, the country derives annually a sum valued at 7,000,000 francs (about £290,000).

The difficulty of knowing the exact amount of the varied population of these provinces, is greater in this government than any where else, on account of the extent of the country; the scattered situation of Indian habitations, and the little attention which has been paid to this most important branch of political economy; it is, however, supposed, that Venezula contains 600,000 inhabitants, of

Mis

The Indians comprised in this account are divided into two classes: the conquered, and the independent: the last still retain the manners of this nation, previous to the conquest, with some slight alterations. sionaries, as every one knows, are appointed to bring them into the bosom of the church, and to communicate to them the first rudiments of civilization, but their success experiences many difficulties. The Indian has a natura! abhorrence of our customs; time alone, and the slow progress of civilization, can gradually induce him to adopt them, as has happened in North America."

Slavery is established in the Caraccas as in the rest of America; but, few of the Indians are reduced to that condition. The lands are cultivated by negroes, who are calculated at about 118,400, a number inadequate to the wants of so extensive a country. Agriculture is accordingly much below what it might be. Upon the whole, under these difficulties, this rich colony contributes but little to the wealth of the mother country, whereas, by some improvements in its agriculture, and in the administration, it would become of the greatest importance to the trade, and to the revenues of Old Spain.

towards smaller animals thrown occasionally into their dens, and we have recorded an instance of the same kind in a tyger. (Vide Panorama, Vol. I. p. 625.) A similar experiment has been lately made at Paris, on an eagle. The bird seemed to pine in confinement, and would take no food; it was thought, that a young fowl might excite his appetite, and at the same time afford him the diversion of a chace: a sprightly little cock, of the English breed, was therefore thrown into his cage. But, instead of tearing the defenceless prey, as every one expected, the royal bird drew near it, eved it attentively, expanded its wing over it as if in token of protection, and then walked about the spacious cage with its new visitor. The eagle has ever since continued to treat the little cock, as a companion necessary to him in his captivity, and he has recovered his appetite.

the minister with nice distinction. We have however, remarked two among them, which deserve to be mentioned, one for the oddity, the other for the coarseness, and the indecency which characterize it. On the theatre of Foreign Varieties, plays translated from foreign languages only can be acted. We shall translate literally the article concerning the other theatre alluded to.-Chap. III. art. 3d. Theatre of Varieties, Boulevard Monmartre. Its collection of pieces is composed of slight produc tions in the grivois (smutty), poissard (Billingsgate), and boorish style, sometimes mixed with songs to populat tunes. Can such amusements be sanctioned by the minister of the most polite nation in the world? Can the plea of morals favoured by the stage" be urged in behalf of this theatre? What description of company can attend it? Is it a becoming institution to be protected by the Theatres arranged in rank, &c. The most Christian Emperor, the eldest son of French minister for the Interior has lately the Church? The theatres of ease, now published a code of regulations for the theatres. established, are at liberty to choose in this We are far from approving the intermeddling second class that theatre to which they prefer interference of governments in private con- being annexed; their collection of pieces is to cerns; yet the stage by it's influence on public be formed of works composed in the peculiar manners and morals, appears to us to come style of that theatre which they have chosen. with propriety under the cognisance of those-The rest of the regulations concern the to whom the welfare of nations is intrusted; and we naturally expected to find in these regulations some wholesome measures to curb the flagitious licence of the lesser theatres of France, and of Paris, in particular. But in this we have been disappointed; the minister had no other object in view, than to determine with precision the kind of entertainment which properly belonged to each theatre, and to prevent their mutual encroachments. According to these regulations, the nineteen theatres of Paris are divided into three classes; the Grand Theatres, the Minor Theatres, and Theatres of Ease.-The first class includes the Opera, for French music and dancing: the French Theatre, for tragedy, drama and comedy, to which is annexed the Theatre of the Empress, for comedy alone; and the Comic Opera, for comedies and dramas intermixed with music. The Opera-Buffa is annexed to this last for Italian operas only. In the second class is the theatre of Vaudeville. A Vaudeville is an epigrammatic song to a popular tune. On this theatre are acted slight pieces mixed with songs of that description, and parodies. This establishment has the characteristic stamp of national character, and is peculiar to France. Speaking of the Vaudeville Boileau says

D'un trait de ce poeme (l'épigramme) en pointes

si fertile,

Le Français né malin forma le Vaudeville.

We shall not here enumerate all the minor French theatres, among which panton.ines, harlequinades, farces, &c. are distributed by

provincial theatres; these are divided into two classes; the permanent theatres, open every day in the year, which amount to 24: and those which are open only during a part of the year; the number of these is 256; besides those of Piedmont, and of Liguria. These are divided into 28 circuits: and the strolling players who perform in them, are placed under the controul of the prefects of depart. ments; nor can they undertake their theatrical excursions without a special authorisation for that purpose. These regulations take away from public officers, so numerous in France, the right they had enjoyed for themselves and their company, of free entrance to all theatres in their district, those excepted to whom the police of play houses is intrusted. These last officers are also to decide in the first instance all controversies between managers, players, authors, &c. and their sentence is in all cases to be immediately executed.

To what we have already observed we may add, that to those who in the science of statistics reckon the morals of a people as one of the most interesting objects, as it surely is, the number of theatres in France (299) will afford ample field for meditation. The dissemination in all parts of the Empire, of those principles which the theatre certain. from other concerns to support these establishly promotes; the number of spectators, drawn ments, all the year through, the number of young persons of both sexes which must be brought up to this profession, to supply the vacancies which will occur every year, the nature of their education, with the systematic

organization and protection of the whole, I will appear that this kingdom must be made are circumstances not to be passed without notice among the signs of the times. Numerous Deaf and Dumb.-Ulysses de Salis Marschlins who has lately published his travels in the French department of Mount Jura, says, that in the valley of Grand Vaux, The found so great a proportion of the inhabitants to be deaf and dumb, that he reckons at least one individual labouring under that privation to every house.