the flames through this single circumstance. Mons. Noverre, in his Discourse on the `pementions a dreadful instance of this cala

ra,

ry: but when lives and limbs are at stake, what can be urged against the principle that Salus populi suprema lex est. We are sorry to say, that our places of pub-mity, from such an oversight :-a whole thelie resort are not generally constructed on such tre full of company perished!--In fact, a accurate principles as they might be, in re- crowd of persons in such a case is confined to spect to the accommodation of their company destruction; because, all press forwards towards for entrance and exit. We include in this re- the door, and none will recede; the voice of mark some of our most capacious churches, counsel is not heard, and the event is fatal. and we believe a great majority of the chapels, meeting houses, and other places of worship, might be included in this censure. Not long ago, on occasion of a fire, which was, in fact, distant nearly a mile from it, a chapel in the neighbourhood of Holborn was a scene of apprehension and confusion (the flames happened to be completely visible from the windows of the place). Several persons, in order to escape, got through the windows, and these were sadly cut by the glass; while others, who crowded through the doors, were torn and bruised, if not more seriously injured, and maimed.

4., That for every single door of admission there should be at least six capable of being thrown open at once, and that these should be so far always in use as to be fully known by the company. If every per

son was satisfied that he could withdraw with his company at ease, it would tend very much to abate those fears which contribute to produce incalculable evil. All these doors should be so hung as to open outwards.

5. That there should be stone staircases or passages, &c. capable of containing some considerable proportion of the audience, which should be well known to the public, and should convince every body of their secu→ rity, and of the ease they afforded to whoever be carried sufficiently round the house, and wished to withdraw. These passages should should correspond effectually to the situations

of the doors for exit.

Whatever other advantages might be taken of place and situation, we presume that the

Now, it should be considered, that persons enter places of publicity one by one, or a few together, they therefore can easily accommodate themselves to the course of the path, and one door will admit them, generally, with sufficient speed: whereas, many are intent on going out at the same time, and something very like excessive pressure occurs frequently. We propose, therefore, 1. That every edifice, where multi-propriety of these will be apparent; and we recommend to the managers of all chapels, tutudes assemble, should, if possible, be in- &c. as well as theatres, which have but one sulated, in order that no neighbouring build-exit, to consider without delay of the best ing may, by any accident, alarm the audience. means to provide against accidents, which The streets leading to such a place of assemmay happen from over-crowding and tumulblage should, if possible, he spacious; and no tuous pressure. winding or narrow passages, courts, or alleys, should be suffered. The avenues for carriages, horses, &c. should not incommode those for persons on foot.

2. That no steps should be suffered in any avenue or passage, which is generally level,and is so reputed, since these are, either ascending or descending, places against which persons in haste, especially, are very likely to trip; when they have tripped, to fall; and, if urged by pressure, to occasion obstacles, which lead to lamentable consequences. Not all persons are of equal height, equal strength, or equal agility, and it may be recollected, that some years ago eleven persons were suffocated at one of our theatres through a circunstance of this description.

3. That no door for the admission of company should be hung on the inside, or so as to open inwards; because, whenever a rush of persons going out, by any accident unhooks that door from the side wall where such are commonly fastened, they inevitably shut to the door, and the stronger the crowd behind is, the less possibility is there for the door being opened. Thousands have fallen a prey to

LIST OF PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS, &c. [Principally from the Repertory of Arts.] Samuel Hill, of Whitley Wood, in the of making iron and steel backs for fixing upcounty of York, Saw-maker; for a method on, and using with, the blades of scythes, and of straw and hay knives, whether the

blades thereof be rolled, forged, cast, ham

mered, or otherwise manufactured. Dated August 26, 1807.

Ralph Dodd, of Exchange-alley, in the City of London, Engineer; for a still of alembic, with a refrigeratory worm or condenser, and a piston and rod, for the use of distillers, brewers, and other persons using the like machinery. Dated September 8,

1807.

James Day, of Church-lane, Whitecha pel, in the county of Middlesex, Merchant; for a method of making and compounding a certain liquid composition, called Danzic or Dantric Spruce, or Danzig or Dantzic Black Beer. Dated September 9, 1807

the fortifications nearer the sea; six battalions would be more than sufficient to resist any attack that could be made against it, as it could not last for more than 24 hours, the enemy not being able to open trenches, nor erect batteries on the ice, which might be rendered impractible by bombs or other contrivances to break it. And indeed it can only be during this winter that any thing of the kind could be attempted, for by the next, a triple row of fortifications would be ready, and render the place like Gibraltar, perfectly impregnable. Therefore the objection is chimerical. Thus would these no very extensive fortifications, secure to us during the war, and perhaps for ever, the empire of the Sound, and of course the Baltic.

This island was the residence of Tycho Brahe, who had here the famous observatory and printing office built for him by the King of Denmark, and of which nothing now remains but some trifling ruins (Compare Panorama, Vol. III. p. 179). It is situated aliuost centrical between Zealand and Sweden, but rather nearer the Swedish coast. It belonged by Roschild treaty, in 1658, to Sweden; but it has been since considered both by Danes and Swedes as neutral, and has only a single parish in it called St. Ibb, consisting of fifty or sixty families principally fishermen. It contains about 8000 geometrical paces in circumference is mountainous, very fertile, and is well supplied with water. It possesses two excellent harbours, one on the North, and the other on the South, which renders it a capital station for thoroughly commanding the opening or shutting of the Sound; and it may be, in the present situation of affairs, rendered as invulnerable as Heligoland, or Gibraltar, with a little attention and activity, requiring only two or three thousand men to keep possession of it. Ramparts and bastions, and a strong fort in the centre, should immediately be erected; one month alone would suffice to erect at both its harbours every thing necessary for the present, and to trace out all other works, so as to prevent any thing like a coup de main being attempted. Every thing necessary for either constructing barracks, erecting fortifications, &c. may now be had from Copenhagen, where our fleets and armies can command all it possesses. Six battalions, and and a quantity of masons, carpenters, smiths, &c. would suffice to render this island tenable during the whole of this winter, and next spring the whole might be so far completed, that in less than the twelvemonth it might be rendered impregnable. It may al-norama, and though not a few of our coways be well served with provisions, either from Sweden, Zealand, or England, during war. A fleet of three or four men of war, with some small craft, should be stationed for protecting the works, and for closing the Sound. This fleet might from its proximity, winter at Malmoe, in Sweden, during the frosty season, and retake its station immediately after the sea became navigable.

It may, perhaps, be objected that an expedition from Zealand might attack it during the winter; but it is rare indeed that the sea is frozen sufficient in this straight to enable an army to pass, as the current is exceedingly strong between the island and the neighbour ing coasts. However if that should happen to be the case, the batteries might easily be multiplied on the straight, and in advancing

Early in the present month (October), we received the above description of Huven from one of our Correspondents abroad, who has been frequently on the island. As it is not to be found marked on every map, and understanding it might be kept, even against the united efforts of Russia, Denmark and Sweden, we judged its early publicity might be useful to the great cause of our country in the present awful crisis: we therefore did not reserve it exclusively for ourselves, but instantly communicated it to a respectable daily print, from whence it has been copied almost verbatim in most of the newspapers throughout the United Dominions. It is with pride, we mention that this is not the first time our work has been thus instrumental in furnishing materials. It has been looked up to with confidence for superiority, not only in its geographical articles but in other departments, and many are the productions which would not have seen the day but for the establishment of the Literary Pa

temporaries have since decorated their pages with our originals, yet in return we only hope they will for the future have the candour to acknowledge us. We can assure them that we are perfectly convinced on what honourable eminence we stand in the public esteem in point of reputation and respectability; that our resources are as inexhaustible as ever, our future volumes will evince.

DESCRIPTION OF HELIGOLAND ISLAND.

Heligoland lately captured by Admiral Russell is situated in the German Ocean, between the mouth of the Eyder and the Elbe; the inhabitants at the time of the surrender were in a state bordering upon starvation; and yet,

one cannot go into the poorest house in the place without seeing several sets of real china and down beds. The island contained thirty-two pieces of cannon, besides field pieces and mortars, with a large stock of ammunition. One of our gun-brigs was wrecked off the island at the time of its surrender, and the Wanderer sloop had nearly shared a similar fate, as she struck on the same rock, and lost her false keel. The island is only three miles in circumference, and is by nature as strong as Gibraltar. Every part of it is fifteen hundred feet perpendicular above the surface of the sea, the only entrance being by a flight of steps, two hundred and three in number. At the time of its capture, there were on the steps three large chevaux de frise, and two gates, and pointing on them were three six pounders; so that the capture of this little spot would have been attended with much bloodshed had any defence been made. The number of inhabitants at Heligoland is about three thousand; every article is double the price it is in England, and there is such a scarcity of provisions on the island, that if supplies are not immediately sent from this country, the people will be reduced to a state of famine. There is a curious custom prevalent at Heligoland: when two persons wish to marry, they cannot do so without soliciting the permission of the Governor, otherwise the contract is valid. In consequence of which when the late Governor was about to set sail for the Continent, he had applications from several hymenial speculators.

To the Editor of the Literary Panorama.

MEDICAL REPORT.

my

press, and public utility is my object, I shall
now premise, that in these cases of debility,
(in which they are all founded) I have ever
seen the most nutritive and strengthening diet
to be the most efficacious, and while so great
a sluggishness exists in the constitution as
always prevails here, an addition of piquancy
should be made to plaiu food, by what is
called a more " savory" mode of dressing it,
with spices, &c.: the appetite is defective and
delicate; it should be humoured, and con-
sulted: and if the patient is surprised with
a favorite food thus prepared, it will be
found a powerful incentive to his appetite.
To animal food thus prepared, the best malt
liquor and wine should be added. Porter, or
brown-stout, or good mild (home brewed)
ale, form an excellent common beverage.
while a powerful auxiliary will be found in
the regular and moderate exhibition of red
port, or tent.
MEDICINES of the same
strengthening kind should also be employed,
bitters, and aromatics, with volatiles; as the
compound tincture of bark, (called Huxham's)
gentian infusion. Volatile tincture of va
lerian, &c. will be found highly serviceable;
and if any external wounds exist, and weaken
by their discharges, I have seen the very best
effects produced by the stimulant applications
of various kinds, and occasionally the use of
mercurial and anodyne topical applications;
I have seen many white swellings" cured
thus. And further, what have been impro-
perly called the non naturals, must be strictly
attended to: air, and exercise are essential:
but they must be moderate, and always regu
lated by the strength and state of the patient.
The AIR should be mild, dry, invigorating,
and refreshing. The exercise, gentle in
its kind, moderate in degree, and in dura-
tion. Fatigue must always be avoided.
Many persons use exercise till they are fa-
tigued, and ride or walk till they feel these
effects: the very approach of which should
not be experienced till after they have re-
turned, otherwise they are weakened, and
exhausted, instead of being invigorated and
refreshed, and require some hours to recover
from the fatigue of that which was intended
to strengthen them. This is a very common
error: but always to be sedulously avoided.
Sea air, sea bathing, &c. exercise on the
seashore, derive their superiority from their
being more strengthening in their nature,
than similar means employed in mare inland
situations. Those who have relatives labour-

STR -In the regular progress of report, and the observations to be made upon cach disease, respectively, I will beg leave to proceed with those that were left unfinished: premising that in the course of the last month, I have found the greatest prevalence of the following diseases, viz. dropsy, bowel complaint, rheumatism, worms, internal bleedings, inflammations, hysterical affections, cough, asthma, consumption, female complaints, affection of the head; and also of the mouth exclusively; of general debility. -Eruptions, or discases of the skin, fistulous affections-effects of external violence, from bruises, blows, &c. ulcerations of the legs, &c. As these will be noticed in their order, I return to those adverted to in my lasting under severe attacks of this dreadful (and

and am,

New Kent Road,

Sir, yours, &c.
C. PEARS.

Oct. 1807. In the conclusion of my remarks on SCROPHULA, (or king's evil) I wished to have added a few lines on the mode of treatment, and as the addition was too late for the

little understood) disease, will readily excuse me for this detail, if it furnishes them with any idea that may be useful, or tend to alleviate the uniseries of their situation.

Qf ASTHMA I had stated, that it was distinguished in its nature, by the ages of the persons it attacked. But this distinction of

POLITICAL PERISCOPE.

to accomplish this, so that the prices were merely nominal, as some suppose, then must the property of these funds be in very few hands we believe this is partly the case: but we confess we have not yet been au fait to understand the whole of this manoeuvre. Our ideas of the commerce of France continue as they were: whatever force can do will be done; but commerce and force are foes. Peace might do much for French commerce: but who can care for industry when that stage of life which should be industrious is called off and wasted in military madness?

Austria, in our opinion, is wisely augmenting her resources: we suspect that this power will again, and before long, assume her proper dignity on the Theatre of Europe.

Of Italy we know very little: possibly, little is all that can be known. Should Bonaparte visit this country, let the weakest look to their goings.

Panorama Office, Oct. 26, 1807. We have already raised our warning voice to the inhabitants of the British einpire: forewarned forearmed, says the proverb; we hope it will prove so, and effectually too. Those who have official knowledge of public affairs have within these few days expressed their conviction that forearming is necessary, by directing the completion of the Militia to its full complement. The late act of parliament allowed in some cases, an interval of two or three months, for the militia ballot, "yet it is apprehended," says lord Hawkesbury, in an official letter," that few instances will occur where the due exertions of the deputy lieutenants, and of the officers by whose assistance the provisions of the late militia act are to be carried into effect, may not be considered as adequate to the completing the number of men required to be raised, in a much shorter time." The minister has given this fillip, to stimulate the proper of ficers to the utmost possible dispatch." The necessity of being completely prepared is evident, and unabated.--Report suggests also that Bonaparte contemplates the approach of a movement which will put our preparations to the test. If we look to the state of the continent, we find that chief exercising the most despotic authority over those realms which acknowledge his influence. He has commanded throughout them a prohibition of English goods, which is so severe in its kind and so strictly enforced, that the very touching of a vessel at any port of Great Britain is sufficient to render it contraband. In- bring off the ships of that Kingdom, is not deed, some affirm, that vessels which have doubted, with stores in such quantities as to been merely visited by boats from British render the Danish dock-yards no great acqui. ships, have been refused permission to sell sition to the foe. We learn also, that a portheir cargoes, lest something British should tion of the Danish sailors, some say 800 men have been put on board them. This extraat least, have entered the British service; vagant strictness, may be considered as over. should this disposition prevail among the strained; for, if every vessel bound to France Danes, the projects of Bonaparte would be, was thus visited, or was taken into an Eng-like the Danish fleet, dismantled. We nolish port for examination, France could enjoy no commerce whatever, and all her present friends, might equally well be her foes; as many of them would be.

It is understood that Holland is completely in this situation: the people are forced to pay taxes, yet have so little commerce that the money to pay them with is raised with great difficulty by numbers of the inhabitants. This vexes the governors as well as the governed, yet meets with no alleviation from the prime mover in these calamities.

We know not what to inake of the state of France: if we may take the public funds as a criterion, they have been up very high; but they have sunk down again, though not to their former level. If speculation was able

We hinted at the probable effects of the peace of Tilsit on Turkey: certainly the Ottomans were very kindly remembered (some say, dismembered) on that occasion. This court is a scene of confusion: this capital is a scene of discontent: this army is a inass of disorganization; this population is a mixture of consternation and presumption; what can the best intentions do, what can genius, or skill, or integrity, were it abundant, which it is not, do to revive greatness which is cumbersome not grand; heavy not stately; ponderous not strong: or, to change the nietaphor: it is a lay-figure in long robes, not a living man in splendid attire,

The results of our expedition to Denmark are involved in some obscurity. That we shall

ticed in our last that the mission of the Aid-du-Camp of the Crown Prince to Bonaparte at Paris, was a confirmation of what the British government affirmed, that there was a transfer of the Danish fleet to France: since that time the Danes openly acknowledge a treaty with that government, and has accepted the aid of a Freach army of 40,000 men. This is certainly no cause of spending our belief as to the existence of the

former treaty.

Every day is expected to bring intelligence from Portugal, of the most decisive nature. Will the Prince Regent retire to Brazil? He has certainly made preparations for it. But he has as certainly stationed those prepar