by profession, give the Niadis one fourth part of what they kill. They gather a few wild Yoots, but can neither catch fish, nor any kind of game. They sometimes procure a tortoise, and are able, by means of hooks, to kill a crocodile. Both of these amphibious animals they reckon delicious food. All these resources, however, are very inadequate to their support, and they chiefly subsist by begging. They have scarcely any clothing, and every thing about them discloses want and misery. They have some wretched huts built under trees in remote places; but they generally wander about in companies of ten or twelve persons, keeping at a little distance from the roads; and when they see any passenger, they set up a howl, like so many hungry dogs. Those who are moved by compassion lay down what they are inclined to bestow, and go away. The Niadis then put what has been left for them in the baskets which they always carry about. The Niadis worship a female deity called Maladeira, and sacrifice fowls to her in March. They have no marriage ceremony; but one man and one woman always cohabit together; and aniong them infidelity, they say, is utterly unknown. A wretched tribe of this kind, buffetted and abused by every one, and subsisting on the labour of the industrious is a disgrace to any country; and both compassion and justice seem to require, that they should be compelled to gain a livelihood by honest industry, and be elevated somewhat more nearly to the rank of men. Perhaps Moravian missionaries might be employed with great success at little expense, in civilizing and rendering industrious the rude and ignorant tribes that frequent the woods and hills of the Peninsula of India? Vol. II. p. 414, useful they might be respectable in socie ty: we heartily wish such an experiment could be tried. One step further brings us to what we presume is the very furthest outcast tribe of the human race. We are acquainted with the rude tribes of America, and the Shangalla of Mr. Bruce, but with a tribe of more savage manners, surrounded by civilised society, we are not acquainted. . In this hilly tract, there is a race of men called by the other natives Cad Eriligars; but who call themselves Cat Chensu. Here have a small piece of blanket, or cotton cloth, they live in little huts near the villages, and to cover their nakedness. They are reconciled to the other natives, and pay a trifling capitation tax to government. Where the woods are more extensive, they are terrified at the sight of any civilised being, and live absolutely without any clothing, but cover their nakedness with a few leaves. In these forests they dwell in caves, or under bushes, which they make a better shelter from the weather, by adding small branches from other trees. When the civilised part of this tribe go into the woods to visit their relations, or to trade with them, they must throw off their rags, lest they should be mistaken for a villager, in which case none of the Chensu would approach. Vol. I. p. 167. Those who live in the woods have either no religion, or some simple one with which those here are unacquainted.-The Chens live upon game, wild roots, herbs, and fruits; and a little grain, which they purchase from the farmers, by collecting some drugs, honey, and wax. P. 168. Here it is convenient for us to suspend This incidental testimony to the tem- our extracts from this voluminous and inper, conduct, perseverance, and general teresting work. Our readers will percharacter of the missionaries sent out by ceive that the Dr. is a man of observathe Unitas Fratrum, or Moravian bre- tion, and has taken important advantage theren, (for all these good qualities are of the opportunities which his journey implied,) is, in our opinion, extremely afforded him. It is impossible that we honourable to that body: and we believe, should enumerate the many passages in we may venture to say, that if any which succinct remarks, greatly ilsect does good with little noise and osten-lustrative of character, are intermingled tation, it is that of which Dr. Buchanan speaks so respectfully: Dr. B. thinks that it would be necessary to transport these Niadis to some other part, in order to remove them from the contempt in which they will always be held by the higher ranks of this country."-Perhaps, however, if they were taught some useful profession, this prejudice might abate: their present state of idleness gives but too much support to contempt: were they " with occurrences which befell our traveller. Only those who are conversant with the wilds of a country, can describe the peculiarities which attend them, or those of the animals which inhabit them, yet these are often both amusing and instruc tive: these we propose to notice with some of the more important vegetables, concerning which the Dr. affords considerable information; and therefore our intention is to resume this article. 1 dation, and confine ourselves to the exposure of such dangerous publications. Public Characters of 1806, 8vo. pp. 629, Our readers will be satisfied with a single price 10s. 6d. London, 1807: instance. The clergy should be guardians of the national manners, they should be "examples to the flock;" they should be 66 It was the remark of a sagacious politician on the bulk of his nation, make what laws you will, but their songs will mark their manners," Obedience to laws pure;" what is bad in others is very implies more or less of constraint; the bad in them. What then shall we think voluntary purchase of articles of mere of a work which professes the following amusement indicates the real, bias of the sentiments: Let it not be imagined for mind. This observation appears to be a moment, that the cloth is, OR OUGHT founded in a correct acquaintance with TO BE, exempt from the natural feelings human nature in its present degraded of worldly men.' "When he was emanstate, and we know but too well, that cipated from the trammels which are nethose articles to which the majority most cessarily imposed upon the inmates of naturally incline, are little to the credit of the sequestered haunts of education, their understandings, their morals, or their he was not altogether (as is common dispositions. We must have recourse to with young men) proof against the fasprinciples of a similar kind to account for cinating allurements of the gay world. the continuance of a work, in which, Hence we find this gentleman mixing with from the very nature of its contents, as its votaries, and partaking of its pleareferring to living characters, the writer sures." It was his peculiar lot to assodare not shew Vice "her own form and ciate with some of the first public [read feature," or hang up a profligate to pub-profligate] characters of the day; and in lic scorn and detestation. Truth must be sacrificed to flattery, and Vice depicted, not in her native colours and appropriate deformity, but as she might wish to be represented, and transmitted to posterity. Is it possible that falsehood should be so popular among us, as to contribute to the recommendation of a work? Is it possible that the public should enjoy the deceptions under which it suffers? Is it possible that the memory of readers should be so extremely falJacious, that it can believe narrations which notorious events of a few years back confute? With regret we ask, in what state is that nation where the public morals are so little respected, that virtue and vice are confounded, not by accident and inadvertence, but openly, by design, and on set purpose? the course of that association, he of necessity was thrown into the company of persons, who, despising the more orderly and decorous rules laid down for its good government, were PRONE TO CONSTANT EXCESSES."-" On some occasions he has unfortunately been engaged in controversies which were carried on at the point of the sword.” To which might be added, that report did not scruple to consider one of these affairs as juggled between him and his antagonist, in order to answer the purposes of fraud and deception. Of another occasion, the writer says that "the result of the meeting was highly honourable to the personal courage and gentlemanly conduct"-to the cloth too, we suppose, of the party. In short, this vo lume does not blush to become the panegyrist of a bravo, who, though a clerThere are, indeed, some characters gyman, was the best boxing man in the whose virtues are well rewarded with ho-kingdom; and delighted in the sport of benours, and whose conduct is truly exemplary; these we are happy to consider, and to commemorate: but our objections are insuperable to the describing of dishonorable characters under honorable terms; or using tender and palliating expressions, when, in fact, the most severe that occurred to the writer would be no more than appropriate. The mingling of such contrasts, without being, in fact, contrasted, induces us to withhold commen ing party to a sparring match: who, though produce? We are ashamed even to repeat so much of it as is necessary to point out how diametrically opposite "strength course, long afterwards: who, though a clergyman, did not scruple, that clerical guilt which the censorious bluntly call by the harsh name of Simony; by pay-in resentment of injuries" is, to the ing money for the purchase of a living, meek and benevolent" doctrines of the which " was bought in trust for him, DIVINE MASTER.” subject to the life of the then incumbent"-but, to the immortal honour of the Bishop of London, when he "applied to be instituted to the living, he most unexpectedly, was not only refused the induction, by the reverend prelate, but another person was appointed in his room.” However, he has received some amends, it appears, having "been preferred to be chancellor of the diocese of -- with the rectory of-, in Ireland, annexed, which are very valuable appointments." And to conclude the picture, though a clergyman, "as an author, he has favoured the public with a variety of theatrical pieces, all of which have been received by the public with the utmost approbation, and DESERVEDLY rank as favourites." Though we think that parishioners to whom such a character is non-resident, may congratulate themselves on the mishap, yet we cannot forbear from reminding those to whom the interests of the Protestant Church in Ireland are committed, that until the appointment of clergymen be attended to with greater caution, and till those who are to be entrusted with the cure of souls be characters whose residence is desirable, and who are no disgrace to the sacred offices they are called to perform, no revival whatever of religion is to be expected; the Protestant cause must decline from bad to worse, and must ultimately end in ruin, whatever measures politicians may take to support it. And though we can make many allowances for those slips of the pen to which the most correct authors are occasionally liable, yet we cannot but expose the fallacy and the nonsense of the following paragraph, "he is strong in his resent ments of injuries; his own honour, which never was tarnished, is slow to forgive a dereliction of principle in other men ; yet he must be allowed to possess a proper sense of that" charity to the faults of others," which his DIVINE MASTER'S doctrines so beautifully inculcate." Is it possible that the absurdity of self-apparent contradiction can sink into a deeper bathos, than this writer has contrived to And moreover, though we do hope that the circulation of this book is very confined, and its sale restricted to the few among us who can endure such sentiments, yet we feel for the honour of our country, as well as of our religion, should such works be read among the nations of Europe. What can the considerate on the Continent suppose to be the state of piety in our island, when they see such quali fications (to which might be added, their usual concomitants, profane swearing, &c. &c. &c.) in a clergyman, who is to overlook his parish for their souls' welfare; in a chancellor who is to overlook his clergy for their spiritual advantage, in a magistrate who should be alert for virtue and godliness. We admit that the subject of these remarks is an excellent sailor: he can hand, reef, and steer, with any, whether in his own vessel, or in that of another: but that he should be a sacred officer, excites our deep regret: that the press should be so far degraded as to embellish his exploits, and to blazon his name among our" Public Characters" would exceed the belief necessary for readers of romance, and can only be rendered credible by the existence of such a work as that before us. ther let the politician treat such infamy as unworthy his notice. Bonaparte knows with whom he has to do, and who among us are the fittest for his purposes: there are not, there cannot be, greater traitors to their country, than those who describe virtue as vice, and vice as virtue; and who contribute by confounding all dis tinctions between them, to accelerate that confusion of whatever is orderly and venerable, on which our most implacable enemy would congratulate himself with the most heart felt satisfaction, and rejoice with the highest exultation of joy. Nei This work would be thought very feebly executed, if its tendency were favou rable to virtue and possibly in those (many) instances in which it is a mere compilation from accounts already before the public, it may be correct; though the general appearance of it does not warrant that inference deduction must be made from the literal import of the language they employ in description, on account of the façon de parler adopted by that nation. To those of the last twenty years, must be added, The Present State of Turkey; or a Description of the Political, Civil, and Religious Constitution, Government, and Laws, of the Ottoman Empire; the Finances, Mili-due allowance for the behest of their tary and Naval Establishments; the State superiors to take every opportunity of of Learning, and of the Liberal and Mecha- lowering the character of the British nanical Arts; the Manners and Domestic tion, and degrading it by pen and ink, be Economy of the Turks and other Subjects Cause it is invincible vi et armis. This of the Grand Signor, &c. &c. together does not justify Pouqueville, but it ought to have diminished Mr. T.'s surprise. with the Geographical, Political, and Civil Mr. T. is little less forward in correcting State of the Principalities of Moldavia and errors which he attributes to Dr. Witman, Wallachia. From observations made, duand other writers; but he has so repeatring a residence of Fifteen Years in Conedly censured the accounts given by Mr. stantinople and the Turkish Provinces, by Eton, in his volume on the State of TurThomas Thornton, Esq. Qto. pp. 480. key, that that gentleman has thought fit Price £1. 1s. London: Mawman, 1807. to notice Mr. T.'s remarks in a pamphlet, We are of opinion, that party has had its influence in such conduct; and this we regret, because party like a kind of mist (a London fog, for instance) before the eye, not only obscures, but discolours objects. How then can they be truly described, by a spectator who be holds them through such a deceptive me dium? This remark ought to be no dis couragement to those who have it in their power to correct the errors of their predecessors: that is a duty which they owe to society: but then they should consider the suaviter in modo. To those who have been in the habit of perusing the publications of modern travellers into the East, the contents of the volume before us present but a moderate proportion of novelty. Yet, as ch cumstances at this time give an uncommon degree of interest to whatever concerns the Turkish Empire, we are glad to receive the latest intelligence from thence, and to hear the opinion of those whose opportunities of remark have been recent. Mr. Thornton, we doubt not, speaks with integrity, and describes things as they ap peared to him. We can discover no reaMr. T. had opportunities of becoming son for his differing from former travel-sufficiently well acquainted with the state lers, as he does in many instances, except of things at Constantinople, where he rea regard to truth, and a desire to convey sided fourteen years; and from whence correct information. We know, more- he made occasional excursions to the Asi over, that the unwieldy government of atic Provinces, and to the islands of the the Sultan presents so many different as- Archipelago. He also spent about fifteen pects, that we are not surprised when we months at Odessa on the Black Sea; and find a dissonance between the reports of he further informs us, that he enjoyed travellers, though each believes that his deseription approaches nearest to accuracy. Mr. T. complains of the misrepresenta, tions of Pouqueville, and his abuse of the British but he ought to have known, that abuse of the British was the order of the day when Pouqueville published (as it continues to be) and that whoever expected favour from the Emperor and King, was under the necessity of finding or forging a somewhat from which that splenetic gratification might be derived. We speak in consequence of a general remark that we have made on French travellers, when we say, that a considerable Vol. III. [Lit. Pan. Feb. 4808.] a familiar intimacy with the most respectable of the foreign ministers and their interpreters; a long and not unem, ployed leisure, and a knowledge of the languages of the country sufficient for the purposes of ordinary communication :" hence, certainly, he might be enabled to discriminate with greater accuracy than the inexperienced reader, hetween the imaginary and the real in the relations of former writers. Our author names sever ral of the national representatives at the Porte, as guarantees of the truth of his as sertion; and adds a letter to himself, from Mr. Tweddell, who died on his travels, 21 (at Athens) as a proof of the personal esteem of that truly respectable but unfortunate traveller. We agree perfectly with Mr. T. that "it requires a long familiarity with the usages of the country, and experience in the manners of the inhabitants, to be able to discriminate between what is genuine and habitual, and what is adventi tious and adulterated :-to observe the same conduct in different persons, to compare it in its various operations, and to identify it under dissimilar circumstances before it could properly be incorporated with that mass of peculiar habits which constitutes the national character, and from which particularities and individual features are to be excluded." The very influence of the despotic form of government in the countries under consideration, so different from that of our own country, renders indispensable a long and intimate knowledge of individuals, and repeated opportunities of studying the manners freely. External behaviour (does it deserve so harsh a term as hypocrisy ?) is constrained to accommodate itself to public circumstances; and it is not at first that a spectator can distinguish effects of habit and necessity from those of natural disposition. Is it any wonder, then, that different travellers should see, and having seen, should describe, different effects, arising from so powerful a cause? ད་ presentations, falsifications of which the Mr. T. divides his work into nine chapters. The first is a general view of the manners, arts and government of the Turks; these the writer describes under various particulars, as learning, husbandry, manufactures, architecture, medicine, commerce, &c. The second chapter treats on the rise and progress of the Ottoman power, including the system of Turkish government, the state of the conquered population, the policy of expelling the Turks from Europe, with the probable consequences to Britain. The constitution of the Ottoman Empire, with the administration of civil and criminal law, the military force of the Ottomans, the finances of the empire, the state of religion and manners, the treatment of the sex and domestic economy among the Turks, follow in their order: and the last chapter treats on the provinces of Moldavia and Wallachia. Among such a va If Mr. T. "in representing foreign manners," has really divested himself of national prejudices," he has done more than many writers whose works we have perused: he professes also that, he has endeavoured to avoid those expressions of malevolence which sully the pages of preceding Christian writers." This is commendable: for, however unworthy or ridiculous certain of the Mahometan practices and principles may appear, when submitted to the examination of impar-riety of subjects some will of course, be tial reason, yet even these do not justify malevolence: while, there are others that we should not hesitate in recommending to the emulation of some who pride them. selves on the appellation of "Christians." We acquit Mr. T. therefore, of, malevolence against the professors of the religion of Mahomet: but, whether he ought to be acquitted of want of candour towards writers whose works he censures, is not equally clear more interesting than others; and the author will have had opportunities of examining some more closely than others. We have already observed that Mr. T. differs from preceding writers; but, with out attempting to reconcile their differ ences, we shall set before our readers such extracts as may do justice to the work, and exemplify the entertainment and information which it contains. The political circumstances of the To accuse any man of "studied misre-times give a predominant importance |