Braunersreuther required him to write an order to Lieut. Ramos, in command of the troops at Agana, to have them on the pier at Piti, with all arms, accouterments and ammunition and the four Spanish flags in the island, at 4 o'clock that afternoon. That done, the governor wrote a long farewell to his wife, telling her to send his clothing and personal effects to Piti at once.

Soon after the arrival of the prisoners on the Charleston Capt. Glass took a large United States flag and went in his barge to Fort Santa Cruz, where he hoisted the stars

1828-Jackson had 647,231 to 509,097 for J. Q. Adams. Jackson's majority, 138,134. Of the whole vote Jackson had 55.97 per cent,

Adams 44.03.

1832-Jackson had 687,502 to 530,189 for Clay and 33,108 for Floyd and Wirt combined. Jackson's majority, 124,205. Of the whole vote Jackson had 54.96 per cent, Clay 42.39 and the others combined 2.65. 1836--Van Buren had 761,549 to 736,656, the combined vote for Harrison, White, Webster and Mangum. Van Buren's majority. 24.893. Of the whole vote Van Buren had 50.83 per cent and the others combined 49.17.

1840-Harrison had 1,275,017 to 1.128,702 for Van Buren and 7,059 for Birney. Harrison's majority, 139.256. Of the whole vote Harrison had 52.89 per cent, Van Buren 46.82 and Birney .29.

1844-Polk had 1,337,243 to 1,299,068 for Clay and 62,300 for Birney. Polk over Clay, 38,175. Polk less than others combined, 24.125. Of the whole vote Polk had 49.55 per cent, Clay 48.14 and Birney 2.21. 1848-Taylor had 1,360,101 to 1,220,544 for Cass and 291,263 for Van Buren. Taylor over Cass, 139,577. Taylor less than others combined, 151,706. Of the whole vote Taylor had 47.36 per cent, Cass 42.50 and Van Buren 10.14.

1852-Pierce had 1.601.474 to 1,386,678 for Scott and 156,149 for Hale. Pierce over all, 58,747. Of the whole vote Pierce had 50.90 per cent, Scott 44.10 and Hale 4.97. 1856-Buchanan had 1,838,169 to 1,341,264 for Fremont and 874.534 for Fillmore. Buchanan over Fremont, 496,905. Buchanan less than combined vote of others, 377,629. Of the whole vote Buchanan had 45.34 per cent, Fremont 33.09 and Fillmore 21.57. 1860-Lincoln had 1,866,352 to 1,375,157 for Douglas, 845,763 for Breckinridge and 589.581 for Bell. Lincoln over Breckinridge, 491.195. Lincoln less than Douglas and Breckinridge combined, 354.568. Lincoln less than combined vote of all others, 944,149. Of the whole vote Lincoln had 39.91 per cent, Douglas 29.40, Breckinridge 18.08 and Bell 12.61. 1864-Lincoln had 2,216.067 to 1,808,725 for McClellan (eleven states not voting, viz.: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia). Lincoln's majority, 408,342. Of the whole vote Lincoln had 55.06 per cent and McClellan 44.94.

1868-Grant had 3,015,071 to 2,709,613 for Seymour (three states not voting, viz.: Missis sippi, Texas and Virginia). Grant's majority, 305,458. Of the whole vote Grant had 52.67 per cent and Seymour 47.33. 1872-Grant had 3,597,070 to 2,834,079 for Gree ley, 29,408 for O'Conor and 5,608 for Black. Grant's majority, 729,975. Of the whole vote Grant had 55.63 per cent, Greeley 43.83, O'Conor .15. Black .09.

1876-Hayes had 4,033,950 to 4,284,885 for Til den, 81.740 for Cooper, 9,522 for Smith and 2,636 scattering. Tilden's majority over Hayes, 250,935. Tilden's majority of the entire vote cast, 157,037. Hayes less than the combined vote of others, 344,833. Of the whole vote cast Hayes had 47.95 per cent, Tilden 50.94, Cooper .97, Smith 11 scattering .3.

1880-Garfield had 4,449,053 to 4,442,035 for Hancock, 307,306 for Weaver and 12,576 scattering. Garfield over Hancock, 7,018. Garfield less than the combined vote for others, 313,864. Of the popular vote Garfield had 48.26 per cent, Hancock 48.25, Weaver 3.33, scattering .13.

1884-Cleveland had 4,874,986 to 4.851,981 for Blaine, 150,369 for St. John, 173,370 for Butler. Cleveland had over Blaine 23,006.) Cleveland had 48.48 per cent, Blaine 48.22, St. John 1.49, Butler 1.74. 1889-Harrison had 5,441,902 to 5.538.560 for Cleveland, 249.937 for Fisk, 147,521 for Streeter, 3,073 for Cowdney, 1,591 for Curtis and 9,845 scattering. Harrison had 96,658 less than Cleveland. Of the whole vote Harrison had 47.83 per cent, Cleveland 48.63. Fisk 2.21 and Streeter 1.30. 1892-Cleveland had 5,556,562 to 5,162.874 for Harrison, 264,066 for Bidwell, 1,055,424 for Weaver and 22,613 for Wing. Of the whole vote Cleveland had 45.73 per cent, Harrison 42.49, Bidwell 2.17 and Weaver 8.67. 1896-McKinley had 7.507.822; Bryan, 6,511,073; Levering, 130,683; Bentley, 13,950: Matchett, 33,545; Palmer, 133,800. Of the whole vote McKinley had 50.49 per cent and Bryan had 46.26.

Of the presidents, Adams, federationist; Polk, Buchanan and Cleveland, democrats: Taylor, whig: Lincoln, Hayes, Garfield and] Harrison, republicans, did not, when elected. receive a majority of the popular vote. The highest percentage of popular vote received by any president was 55.97 for Jackson, democrat, in 1828, and the lowest 39.91 for Lincoln, republican, in 1860; Buchanan, democrat, next lowest, with 45.34. Hayes and Harrison, with the exception of John Quincy Adams, who was chosen by the house of representatives, were the only presidents ever elected who did not have a majority over their principal competitors, and Tilden and Cleveland the only defeated candidates who had a majority over the president-elect.

The republic of Hawaii, the union of which to the United States was completed on the 12th of August, 1898, consists of eight islands in the Pacific ocean, between longitude 154.40 and 160.30 west from Greenwich and latitude 22.16 and 18.55 north. They were discovered by Capt. Cook in 1778, and on Hawaii he was killed by the natives Feb. 14, 1779. They are located on the edge of the tropics, but their position in mid-ocean and the prevalence of the northeast trade winds gives them a climate of perpetual summer without enervating heat. The group occupies a central position in the North Pacific, 2,089 nautical miles southwest of San Francisco, 4,640 from Panama, 3,800 from Auckland (New Zealand). 4,950 from Hongkong, 3,440 from Yokohama and 4,350 from Manila. It will thus be seen that Hawaii lies about onethird of the distance on the accustomed routes from San Francisco to Japan and Chinese ports, from San Francisco to Australia, from the Pacific ports of British Columbia to Australia and British India and about half way from the Isthmus of Panama to Yokohama and Hongkong. A government publication has the following to say as to the importance of Hawaii as a naval station: "From a naval standpoint Hawaii is the great strategic base of the Pacific. Under the present conditions of naval warfare, created by the use of steam as a motive power, Hawaii would secure to the maritime uation possessing it an immense advantage as a depot for the supply of coal. Modern battleships, depending absolutely upon coal, would be enabled to avail themselves of their full capacity of speed and energy only by having some halfway station in the Pacific where they could replenish their stores of fuel and refit. battleship or cruiser starting from an Asiatic or Australian port, with the view of operating along the coast of either North America or South America, would be unable to act effectively for any length of time at the end of so long a voyage unless she were able to refill her bunkers at some point on the way. On the other hand, the United States, possessing Hawaii, will be able to advance its line of defense 2.000 miles from the Pacific coast, and, with a fortified harbor and a strong fleet at Honolulu, will be in a position to conduct either defensive or offensive operations in the North Pacific to greater advantage than any other power."

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more than three times that of the state of Delaware.

The islands that present the most attrac tions are Hawaii, Maui, Oahu and Kauai, as it is on these that coffee, fruits, potatoes, corn and vegetables of various kinds are produced in the most luxuriant profusion and where land can be obtained on reasonable terms. Hawaii is the largest of the group and presents the greatest variety of soil and climate. The island is divided into eight districts. Those on the windward side-North Kohala, Hamakua, Hilo and Puna-are well watered by plentiful rains, while on the lee side South Kohala, North Kona, South Kona and Kau are rarely without necessary water supply. The Kona district is noted for both its coffee and sugar. The coffee industry is carried on by several hundred proprietors, whose plantations embrace an acreage ample for 200,000 trees down to those who work an acre or more. A government report says of this island that there are thousands of acres at present uncultivated and only awaiting the enterprise of the temperate zone to develop them."

Maui is one of the most productive islands in the group and produces sugar and coffee. the cultivation of which is largely confined to the eastern portion, which has been only recently devoted to those products. On the island is a large mountain, Haleakala, the western slope of which is covered with farms where the smaller grains are raised, with some swine. On this island thousands of acres are lying fallow.

No one of the group offers better advantages than Oahu. Very many acres of land in the fertile valleys are yet wholly undeveloped, the inhabitants being devoted to the cultivation of sugar on the larger islands. On this is situated the capital of the country. A line of railroad has been built extending west from Honolulu a distance of about thirty miles, and it is proposed to continue it entirely around the island. The road runs through a very rich coffee-producing region and affords good facilities for transporting the product to the capital, which is the chief port of entry in the group.

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Kauai is popularly known as "the garden island" from the luxuriance of its vegetation. The chief products are sugar rice. Little coffee is being grown, its introduction being but recently made. There are larger areas of rich unoccupied lands on the island of Kauai.

On Oahu is Honolulu, the capital of the whilom republic. It is a city of 30,000 inhabitants and is one of the most advanced capitals on the globe. It is lighted with electric lights and has an extensive telephone system and street cars. Any variety of goods that can be bought in any southern city in the world can be purchased at its stores, while the public buildings are ornate and commodious. It is abundantly supplied with churches and the best of schools. large public library, a Young Men's Christian association hall. a Masonic temple, an Odd Fellows' hall and all other appliances. of an advanced civilization, not to mention four daily and two weekly English papers, besides others printed in the Hawailan. Portuguese, Japanese and Chinese languages. Among the native Hawalians the

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percentage of illiteracy is very small, it having been officially declared not to be greater than it is in the state of Massachusetts.

The Hawaiian islands are of volcanic formation, and there are two active volcanoes on Hawaii-Kilauea and Mauna Loa. The altitude of Mauna Kea, the highest point on Hawaii, is 13,805 feet. The mountains on other islands range from 4,000 to 5,000 feet. The topography is broken and diversified, with many valleys and streams. The mountain sides abound in forests, containing an abundance of ship timber and many ornamental woods. Among the minerals that have been noticed are sulphur, pyrites, common salt, sal ammoniac, limo nite, quartz, augite, chrysolite, garnet, labradorite, feldspar, gypsum, soda, alum, copperas, glauber salts, niter and calcite.

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In the Hawaiian islands," says a pamphlet of the Hawaiian government, "Americans and Europeans can and do work in the open air at all seasons of the year, they cannot in countries lying in the same latitude elsewhere. To note an instance: Calcutta lies a little to the north of the latitude of Kauai, our most northerly island and in Calcutta the American and European can only work with his brain; hard physical labor he cannot do and live. On the Hawaiian islands he can work and thrive."

The rainfall varies, being greater on the windward side of the islands, and increasing up to a certain elevation. Thus, at Olaa, on the island of Hawaii, windward side and elevation of about 2,000 feet, the rainfall from July 1, 1894, to June 30, 1895, was 176.82 inches, while at Kailua, on the leeward side, at a low level, it was only 61.21 inches during the same period.

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The temperature also varies according to elevation and position. On the island of Hawail one can get any climate from the heat of summer to actual winter at the summits of the two great mountains. meteorological record, kept carefully for a period of twelve years, gives 89 degrees as the highest and 54 degrees as the lowest temperature recorded, or a mean temperature of 71.5 degrees for the year. A case of sunstroke has never been known. People take no special precautions against the sun, wearing straw and soft felt hats similar to those worn in the United States during the

summer months.

The prevalling winds are the northeast trades. These blow for about nine months of the year. The remainder of the period the winds are variable and chiefly from the outh. The islands are outside the cyclone belt, and severe storms accompanied by thunder and lightning are of rare occur

been accumulated. But the sugar industry requires large capital for expensive machínery and has never proved remunerative to small investors. An attempt has been made at profit-sharing, and has met with some success, the small farmer cultivating and the capitalist grinding at a central mill. Of late years, moreover, the small farmer has been steadily developing in the Hawaiian islands, and attention has been given to other products than sugar.

Rice neither Europeans nor Americans can cultivate as laborers. It requires working in marshy land, and, though on the islands it yields two crops a year, none but the Chinaman can raise it successfully. A dry-land or mountain rice has been introduced.

The main staple, after sugar and rice, is coffee. Of this, hundreds of thousands of trees have been planted out within the last five years. This is essentially the crop of the future, and bids fair to become as important a staple as sugar. Coffee does not require the amount of capital that sugar does and it can be worked remuneratively upon a small area. It is estimated that at the end of the fourth year the return from a seventy-five-acre coffee plantation will mueb more than pay the running expenses, while from that time on a return of from $8,000 to $10,000 per annum may be realized.

Fruits can also be cultivated to advantage. At present the banana trade of the islands amounts to over 100,000 bunches per annum, valued at over $100,000, and the quantity might very easily be quadrupled The banana industry may be regarded as in its infancy. The export of the fruit is only from the island of Oahu, but there are thousands of acres on the other islands of the group which could be profitably used for this cultivation and for nothing else. The whole question of the banana industry hinges on the market. At present the mar

ket is limited.

Limes and oranges can be cultivated and the fruit can be easily packed for export; at present the production does not meet the local market. The fruits can be raised to perfection. The Hawaiian orange has a fine flavor and the Hawaiian lime is of superior quality. In the uplands of Hawaif and Maui potatoes are raised. Their quality is good. Corn is also raised. In these indusmany Portuguese, Norwegians and others have embarked. Both these products find an ample local market. The corn is used largely for feed on the plantations, and ground with the cob makes an excellent feed for working cattle, horses and mules.

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In the uplands where the climate is temperate, as at Waimea, Hawali, vegetables of all kinds can be raised; excellent cauliflowers, cabbages and every product of the temperate zone can be grown to perfection.

Cattle raising in so small a place as the Hawaiian islands does not present great opportunities except for local consumption. Pigs are profitable to the small farmer. In the Kula district of Maul pigs are fattened upon the corn and potatoes raised in the district. The price of pork, dressed, is 25 cents a pound in Honolulu and about 15 cents a pound in the outside districts.

locations.

Ramie grows luxuriantly, but the lack of proper decorticating and cleaning machinery has prevented any advance in this cultivation.

Sisal hemp and sanseveira have been experimented with, but without any distinct Influence upon the trade output.

The cultivation of pineapples is a growing industry. In 1895 "pines' were exported from the islands to San Francisco to the value of nearly $9,000. This has grown up in the last half-dozen years. There is every reason to think that canning pineapples for the coast and other markets can be made profitable.

The guava, which grows wild, can also be put to profit for the manufacture of guava jelly. It has never been entered upon on a large scale, but to the thrifty farmer it would be a convenient addition to his income, just as the juice of the maple adds to the income of farmers of the eastern states. Well-made guava jelly will find a market anywhere. In England it is regarded as a

great delicacy, being imported from the West India Islands. Besides the guava there are other fruits which can be put up to commercial profit, notably the poha, or cape gooseberry (physalis edulis). This has been successfully made into jams and jelly, which command an extensive local sale and should find their way into larger markets. In fact, outside the great industries of sugar, coffee and rice there is a good field. for many minor industries which can be carried on with profit.

In the Hawaiian islands a simple life can be lived, and entering gradually upon the coffee industry a good competence can be obtained long before such could be realized by the agriculturist in less favored countries. However, it is useless to go to the islands without the necessary capital to develop the land that can be obtained. tween arriving and the time that the crops begin to give returns there is a period where the living must be close and cash must be paid out for the necessary improvements.

The record of the proceedings having for their object the annexation of Hawail to the United States was brought down in The Daily News Almanac for 1898 to September, 1897, when the Hawaiian senate met in special session for considering the annexation treaty then pending in the senate of the United States, which will be found on page 265 of that volume. The Hawaiian senate signified its assent to the annexation of the islands to the United States, although there was a strong feeling of opposition to such action among the native royalists, who opposed a surrender of their government and territory. It will be remembered that the annexation treaty was transmitted to the United States senate in June, 1897, just before the close of the special session, and it was publicly expected that it would be acted upon early in the session of the regular congress which met in December of that year. The treaty was considered in secret session, and it became evident that although the annexation of Hawaii was supposed to be a republican measure the ratification of the treaty was opposed by some of the ablest members of that party in the senate, while it had the unqualified support of several members of the opposition. It was publicly stated that Mr. Morrill (Rep.) of Vermont and Mr. Hoar (Rep.) of Massachusetts opposed the ratification of the treaty, while Mr. Morgan (Dem.) of Alabama, recognized leader of his party, warmly advocated its adoption. Other republicans were disposed to object to the union, while some of the other democrats and all the populists favored the proposal.

On the 24th of January, 1898. Mr. Joseph O. Carter arrived in Washington from Hawall to oppose the adoption of the treaty, which he declared would be injurious to both countries, while he affirmed that Hawall was amply able to take care of herself. On the 26th of January President Dole of the Hawailan republic visited Washington and was received as the chief executive of a neighboring state. He remained at the capital some two weeks, and during the time he refrained from expressing himself publicly upon the subject of annexation. The treaty was reported from the committee

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on foreign_relations to the senate near the middle of January, and the opposition to its ratification at once developed itself. On the 3d of February Senator White (Dem.) of California offered a resolution setting forth that the people of Hawaii had the right to maintain their own form of government and the United States ought not to interfere with such right. On the 7th Senator Morgan (Dem.) of Alabama offered an amendment to this resolution, which was as follows:

"That the republic of Hawaii, established in and based upon its present constitution, is a rightful government, and has been and still is recognized as such by the United States of America and by other great powers, without any question by any nation of its rightful and sovereign independence; and said constitution is the true and recognized authority that fixes the measure and the distribution of the rights and powers of government in that republic while said constitution remains in force.

"That in conformity with the existing constitution of the republic of Hawaii, and so long as the same is in force, the powers of government reside in and are to be exercised by the Incumbents of the departments, tribunals and offices created by said constitution and filled in pursuance of law, and the lawful electors under said constitution who qualify as such by taking the oath of allegiance prescribed therein are entitled to share in the government of Hawaii according to the rights secured to them in said constitution, and to the extent and in the manner therein provided, so long as the same is in force.

"And said government of the republic of Hawail having in due form signified its consent in the manner provided in its constitution that the Hawaiian islands, with all the territory appurtenant thereto, over which said government now claims to exercise sovereign jurisdiction, shall be annexed to and become a part of the territory of the United States of America, and shall be subJect to the national power and sovereign jurisdiction thereof, it is hereby enacted and declared that said cession is accepted, ratified and confirmed, and that said Hawaiian islands are annexed as a part of the