turned loose into an unfenced field. That year was the boyish year of impromptu camp organizations; but three years later is a manly year of self-consciousness, lost illusions, bitter struggles, and the assertion of innate dignity, for the very names created then show the change in the men. In 1849 nicknames were the order of the day, often given for the birthplace of the "tenderfoot." If he came from Missouri it was Old Pike, Big Pike, or Little Pike; if from Texas it was Texas Jack or Texas Jim: if from Scotland, it was Sandy or Scotty. So we have Old Kentuck, Old Arkansaw, Big Yank, Little Yank, French Flat Pete, Sandy Hill Mike, Poverty Point Jim, and Sidney Ducks Bar.

Back of the days of gold are the golden days of the Missions, when names were given that are as perfectly adapted to the land of sunshine and flowers as the Mission architecture is to the landscape, and California is beginning to awaken rapidly to the utility of beauty to the fact that the names and forms of things may have the symmetry of rythm and music, and prove as attractive as fruit and flowers in drawing the better class of immigrants.

In the early days there were four forces at work creating names-the military, civil, religious and agricultural. The Missions came and started a new life; then the Presidio -garrison-to protect the church; these established, a town (pueblo) soon came into existence, and from that the people spread out over the land and began raising cattle and grain, and great farms (ranchos) sprang into existence. From these four sources have sprung a host of names, from the Golden Gate south, that are sometimes an important adjunct to the written records, for they give clues to facts and movements of which written history pre

in names that is worthy of note: Ist-The original inhabitants generally gave their names to the great objects of natural scenery, such as mountains and rivers; and we have Yosemite Park, the Tuolumne, Consumnes, and Stanislaus rivers as illustrations.

2d-The names of places in the most open and accessible districts are older than similar names in parts difficult of access; a San Diego in the mountains would be more recent than one on the coast.

3d-The places most open were most subject to invasion and the impress of the conquerors; as Marin County was once a part of New Albion, or English territory; Sonoma was once Russian, and there is a fringe of names along the north end of the State, like Siskiyou, that speak of the times when the hardy Frenchmen of the Hudson Bay Fur Company roamed around Shasta Peak. All over the country, too, there are local colors here and there of some otherwise forgotten Indian tribe.

INFLUENCE OF THE CHURCH

"A chaque saint sa chandelle." ("To each Saint his candle.")-Proverb.

1. Civilization in California began with the arrival of the PadresFathers. During the years when the settlers along the Atlantic Coast were falling "first upon their knees and then upon the aborigines," the first arrivals on the Pacific were busy building Missions, gathering in the Indians, and teaching them the trades and handicrafts of the white man. In this way the Missions were the first schools of technology established in America. As the first duty of the Fathers was with the souls of the benighted aborigines, they began to wipe off the every trace of barbarism, and left in their place a most saintly array

map SAN. SANTA. One can trace their footsteps in the "San" and "Santas" they left along their trails, over desert, mountain, valley and plain. SAN is the masculine and SANTA is the feminine for "Saint" "Holy."

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SAN ANDREAS (or St. Andrew). The name of the county seat Calaveras County. One of the Apostles whose name originally meant "strong" or "manly," and who is also known as SAN ANDRES.

SAN ANSELMO. Means Saint Anselm, which means in the Hebrew "Protection of God"; while SAN PASQUAL means the "Holy Passover"; and RANCHITA DE SANTA FE is the "Little Ranch of Holy Faith."

SAN ANTONIO. Saint Anthony, whose name means "priceless" or "praiseworthy," was a favorite with the padres and his name appears on mountain, town, valley and ranch. Six miles from Jolon, in onterey County, is the SAN ANTONIO MISSION, dedicated on July 14, 1771, to SAN ΑΝΤΟΝΙO DE PADUA-Saint Anthony of Padua-in the glen of the CANADA DE LOS ROBLES-Valley of the OAKS-by Padres Serra and Sitjar.

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The noble peak that overshadows SAN GORGONIO-Saint Gorgonia-pass, east of Redlands, also bears the name of Saint Anthony. One worthy DON-aristocrat-seems not to have been content with this saint alone as a protection for his cattle range, for he named his RANCHOranch-TODOS SANTOS Y SAN ANTONIO, or "All Saints and St. Anthony."

ARGUELO. Is a name not down on the church list of saints, and is an illustration of the ease with which one may be "canonized" in this golden land, where everything is easy. This town in Santa Barbara County was named for Dona Concepcion Arguello, the daughter of Don Jose Arguello, who who was the Governor of Spanish California in the years 1814 and 1815, but the hame appears more than once in print as "San Arguello" or Arguillo. California is proud of the young lady's father, and he was no doubt proud of her angelic qualities, but that is a family matter rather than church matter.

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SAN AUGUSTIN. Saint Augustus has been remembered among the palms and palmettoes of the Pacific, as well as among those of Florida.

SAN BARTOLO. Mexican colloqual for the Spanish BARTOLOME, or Saint Bartholomew, whose name in the original nebrew means "A war-like son," an appropriate name to guard a mountain pass in Los Angeles County.

SAN BENITO. SAN BENEDICTO. The Spanish race did not believe in single blessedness, and love the name of SAN BENITO, or SAN BENEDICTO-Saint Benedict -the "blessed." Crespi in his expedition SAN CARLOS. Spanish for Saint Charles, whose name meant originally "strong" or "noble spirited." On June 3, 1770, Father Serra established the Mission at Monterey, calling it SAN CARLOS BORROMEO DEL CARMELO DE MONTEREY-Saint Charles of Borromeo, at Carmel of Monterey-the canonized name of the son of Count Arona and nephew of Pius IV.

On June 8, 1771, the Mission was removed to the present site, five miles from Monterey, and it is now called SAN CARLOS DE CARMELLO, or "Saint Charles at Carmelo." One of the old Spanish land grants or ranchos bears the name SAN CARLOS DE JONΑΤΑ.

SAN CLEMENTE. One of the beautiful islands off the Southern coast, a town in the north and a river, bear the name of SAN CLEMENT or Saint Clement, the "mild tempered one."

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SAN DIEGO. SAN DIEGUITO. SANTIAGO. The name that is most inseparably fixed to the history of the State is that of SAN DIEGO-Saint James-the place where civilization started in California. Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo was the first to sail into the beautiful harbor on September 28, 1542, and he called the place SAN MIGUEL-St. Michael. Sixty-one years later, the fleet of Vizcaino anchored in the bay and the "OLD TOWN" of San Diego was named for the flagship of the expedition, as well as for the day, November 12, 1603, which was the day of San Diego de Alcala-Saint James of Alcala-the discovery of Cabrillo being ignored, as was the custom of explorers in those days, a custom still followed by a few. Vizcaino left his mark at another point on the shore, where he secured ballast for his ship, a point still known as PUNTA GUIJARROS, or "cobble point," illustrating the fact that even the most trivial names will often stick for centuries. On July 16, 1769, that Nestor of all the padres, Father Junipero Serrabegan his work of establishing a chain of missions that was to stretch for over half a thousand miles along the CAMINO REAL -King's Highway. The good Father's name, Serra, literally means "saw," and it is appropriate, for his work was keen, clear-cut and decisive. A good "saw" is necessary in beginning the building of a new settlement. His first name, Junipero, comes from the following legend: "Juniperus arbor crescens in desertis, cujus umbrum serpentis fuguint, et ideo in umbra a jus homines secure dormiunt," ""The Juniper is a tree that grows in the desert, the shade of which is shunned by the serpents, but under which men sleep in safety." Evil fled before the kindly father, and in the shade of his arms the children of the soil slept in safety. The first mission was dedicated to SAN DIEGO DE ALCALA-Saint James of Alcala, and was located near the shore, but was moved inland six miles in 1774. Both county and

city derive their name from the Bay and the mission. SAN DIEGO COUNTY was organized in 1850, and has an area of 8,400 square miles. The present city, some dis

tance from OLD TOWN, was founded an

1867 by A. E. Horton. Saint James has a number of colloquial names, all of which have been utilized on mountain, stream and town. He is known as SANTIAGO, IAGO, JACOBO and JAGO; also as DIEGUITO and JAIME, as we would say nowadays Jim or Jimmy. Originally, his name comes from the Hebrew and means the same as Jacob-"The Supplanter"-a fitting name to mark the hour when the native races were to be robbed of their heritage and supplanteu forever. The LLOMAS DE SANTIAGO is the name of a rancho covering the "Hills of Saint James."

SAN DIMAS. Saint Demas, appears as the name of only one locality in the State. SAN DOMINGO. Was named for Saint Dominic; but the town of DOMINGUEZ was named for Father Dominguez, one of the early explorers.

ELISEO. Is the name of a town in Ventura County that has fortunately escaped the prefix "San," for it is the name of Elisha, meaning in Hebrew "God my salvation."

SAN FELIPE. Saint Philip-means literally "A lover of horses," and is a good name for a big stock ranch. It is not surprising, therefore to find ranchos bearing the name CANADA DE SAN FELIPE Y LOS ANIMAS-Saint Philip and the Souls; BALLE DE SAN FELIPE rancho-Valley of St. Philip-ranch; BOLSA DE SAN FELIPE-Pocket of Saint Philip-a cosy nook in the mountains that would be called a "Cove" in the Carolinas; and AUSAYMAS Y SAN FELIPE rancho, the name of the owner being linked with that of the Saint.

SAN FERNANDO. Kings are not generally regarded as Saints, but Ferdinand III, King of Spain, is an exception, as he is known to the Catholic world as SAN FERNANDO-"brave" or "fearless." Padres Lausen and Dumetz established the Mission which bears the royal name on September 8, 1797, in Los Angeles County, dedicating it SAN FERNANDO REY DE ESPANASaint Ferdinand, King of Spain. The town in which the church is located takes its name from the Mission. The valley which bears the name San Fernando, is the same that Portola called SANTA CATALINA DE LOS ENCINOS- Saint Catherine of the live oaks.

SAN FRANCISCO. On the corner of 16th street and Dolores, in the city of SAN FRANCISCO, stands an old Mission church that is full of interest to every student of history, for it ears the name of ne man of gentle life who was the founder of the great order of Franciscan monks-St. Francis, who was born at Assisi, Italy. The full name of the Mission was SAN

FRANCISCO DE ASIS DEL LAGUNA DE LOS DOLORES-Saint Francis of Assisi, at the lagoon of the Sorrows. It was the sixth mission established by the padres, and bears the date of October 9th, 1776. In the very year when cannon were booming on the coast of the stormy Atlantic, a church was being erected on the coast of the "gentle ocean," around which an empire was to grow; when Boston Bay was resounding to cries of war, the hills around the Golden Gate echoed for the first time to bells that bore the tidings of peace and eternal joy to all.

The mission is commonly known as the MISSION DOLORES, as it was located near a lagoon, since filled up and built over, which was known as LAGUNA DE LOS DOLORES-Lagoon of the Sorrows-and it also serves to distinguish it from the ১০noma Mission, which bore the title SAN FRANCISCO DE SOLANO DE SONOMASaint Francis of Solano, of Sonoma-established April 4, 1784 by Padre Altimira. SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY and city are the same in area, covering 42 square miles. The county was organized in 1850.

(To be Continued.)

John Moody appears to be the most valuable and the most complete treatise upon the subject which has been heretofore published. It is valuable because it is the work of an expert, an expert with a bias, certainly, but still an expert who, like all men who are acquainted with their subject, knows his opponent's case as well as his own, and is not driven by ignorance or nervousness to make exaggerated statements. The writer is already well and favorably known by his "Manual of Corporation Securities" and the present nt work, which has for its sub-title, "A Description and Anaylsis of the American Trust Movement," will add to his reputation. Why the "Standard Oil View" of the trust movement should have been placed as a sort of frontispiece is difficult to say, and why in particular the merely rhetorical statements of the solicitor of that company should have deserved that

place of honor, does not appear, for Mr. Moody himself has in this work said many things much better than this sort of fustian, which is a mere echo of the rant of the special pleader, "You might as well endeavor to stay the formation of the clouds, the falling of the rains, or the flowing of the streams, as to attempt by any means or in any manner to prevent organization of industry, association of persons, and the aggregation of capital to any extent that the ever-growing trade of the world may demand.”

The purpose of the writer perhaps is best learned from the following introductory remarks: “It is really an attempt to indicate with frankness, honesty and common sense for guidance, the evolution of our national growth along this line, and the facts are not presented for the purpose of exposing the weakness of our modern methods any more than to point out their advantages.”

The author examines the definition of a trust and considers one made by S. C. T. Dodd in 1893 as the best. It runs: “The term trust * *

embraces every act, agreement, or combination of persons or capital believed to be done, made or formed with the intent, power or tendency to monopolize business, to restrain or interfere with competitive trade, or to fix, influence, or increase the price of commodities."

The able introduction in which some doctrines are laid down with more emphasis than would appear to be warranted, and which are, to say the least, open to argument, is followed by six chapters of analysis of Trusts. These are divided into the Greater Industrial Trusts, the lesser Industrial Trusts, Important Industrial Trusts in process of re-organization, the greater Franchise Trusts, the greater Railroad Groups, Classified Statistics of all Trusts, and these are followed by a very able General Review of the Trust Movement. The facts which he produces are in some cases quite unexpected. Thus, who would imagine that there are in the United States to-day no less than two thousand small independent telephone companies engaged in competition with the great Bell Trust? "The total number of Bell telephones reported to be in use at the present time is about 3,600,000, but it is authoritatively estimated that the "independent" lines of the country now operate in the neighborhood of 2,000,000 telephones." It is estimated by the writer that including Industrial, Machine, Transportation and Miscellaneous, about four hundred and forty-five active Trusts are represented in the book, with a total capitalization of $20,379,162,551. They embrace in all about 8,669 original companies.

When the dominating influences of the trusts are analyzed, it is found that the Rockefeller financiers have been the originators of the Trust idea, and have always maintained the leading position. These interests lead not only in oil and its allied industries, but they are the controlling factors in the

Copper Trust and the Smelters' Trust, and are closely identified with the Tobacco Trust. They have also great influence in the Morgan properties, such as the United States Steel Comporation. In the Franchise aggregations the Rockefeller influence is everywhere the most prominent, and in the steam railroad field they are conspicuous factors and steadily increasing their influence. The Morgan group ranks next in importance to the Rockefeller. Mr. Moody is careful to point out that there is not only no war between these two groups of interest, there is not even rivalry, they are harmonious, according to his view and must in the very nature of things in a very short time completely absorb one another. "These two mammoth groups jointly constitute the heart of the business and commercial life of the nation, the others all being the arteries which permeate in a thousand ways our whole national life, making their influence felt in every home and hamlet, yet all connected with and dependent on this great central source, the influence and policy of which dominates them all."

Mr. Moody states as the weakness of anti-trust legislation, so far, the failure of legislators to make a proper distinction between monopoly and large-scale methods. He says very truly and pertinently: "Whatever view one may take regarding the element of good or bad in monopoly, all must admit the efficiency and importance of large scale methods in production. For i1.stance, a department store is an example of large scale production, but it does not embrace any monopoly at all, nor need it embrace any element of monopoly to be successful. On the other hand, there are other large businesses, such as the manufacture of patented articles, which are not combinations trusts, do not do business on a very large scale, and yet are pure monopolies."

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