England (Titles), bearing His Majesty's Credential Letter, and charged with Full Powers munited with the Great Seal of England, empowering him to strengthen the Friendship and consolidate the strict Union subsisting between the High States of England and Persia. His Majesty the King of Persia (Titles) therefore, by a Special Firmaun delivered to the said Ambassador, has appointed the Most Excellent and Noble Lords Meerza Mahommed Sheffeeh, qualified with the title of Moatumed-ed-Dowlah, his First Vizier, and Hajee Mahommed Hoossein Khan, qualified with the title of Ameened-Dowlah, one of the Ministers of Record, to be his Plenipotentiaries to confer and discuss with the aforesaid Ambassador of His Britannic Majesty all matters and affairs touching the formation and consolidation of Friendship, Alliance, and strict Union between the 2 High States, and to arrange and finally conclude the same for the benefit and advantage of both Kingdoms. In consequence whereof, after divers meetings and discussions, the aforesaid Plenipotentiaries have resolved that the following Articles are for the benefit and advantage of both the High States, and are hereafter to be accordingly for ever observed.

ART. I. That as some time will be required to arrange and form a Definitive Treaty of Alliance and Friendship between the 2 High States, and as the circumstances of the World make it necessary for something to be done without loss of time, it is agreed that these Articles, which are to be regarded as preliminary, shall become a basis. for establishing a sincere and everlasting Definitive Treaty of strict Friendship and Union; and it is agreed that the said Definitive Treaty, precisely expressing the wishes and obligations of each Party, shall be signed and sealed by the said Plenipotentiaries, and afterwards become binding on both the High Contracting Parties.

II. It is agreed that these Preliminary Articles, formed with the hand of truth and sincerity, shall not be changed or altered; but that there shall arise from them a daily increase of friendship which shall last for ever between the 2 most Serene Kings, their Heirs, Successors, their Subjects, and their respective Kingdoms, Dominions, Provinces, and Countries.

III. His Majesty the King of Persia judges it necessary to declare, that from the date of these Preliminary Articles every Treaty or Agreement he may have made with any one of the Powers of Europe becomes null and void, and that he will not permit any European Force whatever to pass through Persia, either towards India, or towards the Ports of that Country.

IV. In case any European Forces have invaded, or shall invade, the Territories of His Majesty the King of Persia, His Britannic Majesty will afford to His Majesty the King of Persia a Force, or, in lieu of it, a Subsidy with warlike Ammunition, such as guns, muskets,

&c., and Officers, to the amount that may be to the advantage of both Parties, for the expulsion of the Force so invading; and the number of these Forces, or the amount of the Subsidy, Ammunition, &c., shall be hereafter regulated in the Definitive Treaty. In case His Majesty the King of England should make Peace with such European Power, His Britannic Majesty shall use his utmost endeavours to negotiate and procure a Peace between His Persian Majesty and such. Power. But if (which God forbid) His Britannic Majesty's efforts for this purpose should fail of success, then the Forces or Subsidy, according to the amount mentioned in the Definitive Treaty, shall still continue in the service of the King of Persia, so long as the said European Forces shall remain in the Territories of His Persian Majesty, or until Peace is concluded between His Persian Majesty and the said European Power. And it is further agreed, that in case the Dominions of His Britannic Majesty in India are attacked or invaded by the Affghans or any other Power, His Majesty the King of Persia shall afford a Force for the protection of the said Dominions, according to the Stipulations contained in the Definitive Treaty.

V. If a Detachment of British Troops has arrived from India in the Gulf of Persia, and by the consent of His Persian Majesty landed on the Island of Karrak, or at any of the Persian Ports, they shall not in any manner possess themselves of such places; and, from the date of these Preliminary Articles, the said Detachment shall be at the disposal of His Majesty the King of Persia, except His Excellency the Governor-General of India judges such Detachment necessary for the defence of India, in which case they shall be returned to India, and a Subsidy in lieu of the personal services of these Troops shall be paid to His Majesty the King of Persia, the amount of which shall be settled in the Definitive Treaty.

VI. But if the said Troops remain, by the desire of His Majesty the King of Persia, either at Karrak, or any other Port in the Gulf of Persia, they shall be treated by the Governor there in the most friendly manner, and orders shall be given to all the Governors of Farsistan, that whatever quantity of Provisions, &c., may be necessary shall, on being paid for, be furnished to the said Troops at the fair prices of the day.

VII. In case War takes places between His Persian Majesty and the Affghans, His Majesty the King of Great Britain shall not take any part therein, unless it be at the desire of both Parties, to afford his Mediation for Peace.

VIII. It is acknowledged that the intent and meaning of these Preliminary Articles are defensive. And it is likewise agreed, that as long as these Preliminary Articles remain in force, His Majesty the King of Persia shall not enter into any engagements inimical to His Bri

tannic Majesty, or pregnant with injury or disadvantage to the British Territories in India.

This Treaty is concluded by both Parties in the hope of its being everlasting, and that it may be productive of the most beautiful fruits of friendship between the 2 most Serene Kings.

In witness whereof, we, the said Plenipotentiaries, have hereunto set our Hands and Seals, in the Royal City of Tehran, this 12th day of March, in the year of our Lord 1809, answering to the 25th of Mohurrum el Haram, in the year of the Hegira, 1224.

(L.S.) HARFORD JONES.

(L.S.)

MAHOMMED SHEFFEEH. (L.S.) MAHOMMED HOOSSEIN.

DEFINITIVE TREATY of Friendship and Alliance between Great Britain and Persia.-Signed at Tehran, 25th November, 1814.

Praise be to God, the All-perfect and All-sufficient.

THESE happy leaves are a nosegay plucked from the thornless garden of concord, and tied by the hands of the Plenipotentiaries of the 2 great States in the form of a Definitive Treaty, in which the Articles of Friendship and Amity are blended.

Previously to this period, the high in station, Sir Harford Jones, Baronet, Envoy Extraordinary from the English Government, came to this Court to form an amicable Alliance, and in conjunction with the Plenipotentiaries of Persia, Their Excellencies (Titles) Meerza Mahommed Sheffeeh and Hajee Mahommed Hooseein Khan, concluded a Preliminary Treaty, the particulars of which were to be detailed and arranged in a Definitive Treaty; and the above-mentioned Treaty, according to its Articles, was ratified by the British Government.

Afterwards, when His Excellency Sir Gore Ouseley, Ambassador Extraordinary from His Britannic Majesty, arrived at this exalted and illustrious Court, for the purpose of completing the relations of Amity between the 2 States, and was invested with Full Powers by his own Government to arrange all the important affairs of friendship, the Ministers of this victorious State, with the advice and approbation of the above-mentioned Ambassador, concluded a Definitive Treaty, consisting of fixed Articles and Stipulations.

That Treaty having been submitted to the British Government, certain changes in its Articles and Provisions, consistent with friendship, appeared necessary, and Henry Ellis, Esquire, was accordingly dispatched to this Court, in charge of a Letter explanatory of the above-mentioned alterations. Therefore Their Excellencies Meerza Mahommed Sheffeeh, Prime Minister, Meerza Bozoork, Caimacan

(Titles), and Meerza Abdul Wahab, Principal Secretary of State (Titles), were duly appointed, and invested with Full Powers to negotiate with the Plenipotentiaries of His Britannic Majesty, James Morier, Esquire, recently appointed Minister at this Court, and the above-mentioned Henry Ellis, Esquire. These Plenipotentiaries having consulted on the terms most advisable for this Alliance, have comprised them in 11 Articles. What relates to commerce, trade, and other affairs, will be drawn up and concluded in a separate Commercial Treaty.

ART. I. The Persian Government judge it incumbent on them, after the conclusion of this Definitive Treaty, to declare all Alliances contracted with European Nations in a state of hostility with Great Britain null and void, and hold themselves bound not to allow any European Army to enter the Persian Territory, nor to proceed towards India, nor to any of the Ports of that Country; and also engage not to allow any Individuals of such European Nations, entertaining a design of invading India, or being at enmity with Great Britain, whatever, to enter Persia. Should any European Powers wish to invade India by the road of Kharazm, Tartaristan, Bokhara, Samarcand, or other routes, His Persian Majesty engages to induce the Kings and Governors of those Countries to oppose such invasion, as much as is in his power, either by the fear of his Arms, or by conciliatory measures.

II. It is agreed that these Articles, formed with the hand of truth and sincerity, shall not be changed or altered; but there shall arise from them a daily increase of friendship, which shall last for ever between the 2 most Serene Kings, their Heirs, Successors, their Subjects, and their respective Kingdoms, Dominions, Provinces, and Countries. And His Britannic Majesty further engages not to interfere in any dispute which may hereafter arise between the Princes, Noblemen, and great Chiefs of Persia; and if one of the contending Parties should even offer a Province of Persia, with a view of obtaining assistance, the English Government shall not agree to such a proposal, nor, by adopting it, possess themselves of such part of Persia.

III.* The purpose of this Treaty is strictly defensive, and the object is, that from their mutual assistance both States should derive stability and strength; and this Treaty has only been concluded for the purpose of repelling the aggressions of Enemies; and the purport of the word Aggression in this Treaty is, an attack upon the Territories of another State. The limits of the Territory of the 2 States of Russia and Persia shall be determined according to the admission of Great Britain, Persia, and Russia.

IV. It having been agreed by an Article in the Preliminary Treaty concluded between the High Contracting Parties, that in case

* Annulled. See Page 264.

of any European Nation invading Persia, should the Persian Government require the assistance of the English, the Governor-General of India, on the part of Great Britain, shall comply with the wish of the Persian Government, by sending from India the Force required, with Officers, Ammunition, and Warlike Stores, or, in lieu thereof, the English Government shall pay an annual Subsidy, the amount of which shall be regulated in a Definitive Treaty to be concluded between the High Contracting Parties; it is hereby provided, that the amount of the said Subsidy shall be 200,000 tomauns annually. It is further agreed, that the said Subsidy shall not be paid in case the War with such European Nation shall have been produced by an aggression on the part of Persia; and since the payment of the above Subsidy will be made solely for the purpose of raising and disciplining an Army, it is agreed that the English Minister shall be satisfied of its being duly applied to the purpose for which it is assigned.

V. Should the Persian Government wish to introduce European discipline among their Troops, they are at liberty to employ European Officers for that purpose, provided the said Officers do not belong to Nations in a state of War or enmity with Great Britain.

VI. Should any European Power be engaged in War with Persia, when at Peace with England, His Britannic Majesty engages to use his best endeavours to bring Persia and such European Power to a friendly understanding. If, however, His Majesty's cordial interference should fail of success, England shall still, if required, in conformity with the Stipulations in the preceding Articles, send a Force from India, or, in lieu thereof, pay an annual Subsidy of 200,000 tomauns, for the support of a Persian Army, so long as a War in the supposed case shall continue, and until Persia shall make Peace with such Nation.

VII. Since it is the custom of Persia to pay the Troops 6 months in advance, the English Minister at that Court shall do all in his power to pay the Subsidy in as early instalments as may be convenient.

VIII. Should the Affghans be at War with the British Nation, His Persian Majesty engages to send an Army against them in such manner and of such force as may be concerted with the English Government. The expenses of such an Army shall be defrayed by the British Government, in such manner as may be agreed upon at the period of its being required.

IX. If War should be declared between the Affghans and Persians, the English Government shall not interfere with either Party, unless their mediation to effect a Peace shall be solicited by both Parties.

X. Should any Persian Subject of distinction, showing signs of hostility and rebellion, take refuge in the British Dominions, the English Government shall, on intimation from the Persian Govern