$10; four, or more, at $5 each; four wheel carriage, $10; passenger fare, $7, or 3.65 cents per mile.

Macon and Western, 101 miles-iron, sugar, salt, and butter, 25 cents, dry-goods, 44 cents per 100 pounds; grain, 8 cents per bushel; light bulky merchandise, 9 cents per cubic foot through; one horse, $8; four at $4 each; four wheel carriage, $8; passenger fare, $4, or 3.96 cents per mile.

Montgomery and West Point, 67 miles-barrels whiskey, etc., 60 cents; dry barrels, 55 cents; bulky merchandise, 8 cents per cubic foot; cotton, 95 cents per bale of 500 pounds; passenger fare, $3, or 4.47 cents per mile.

Vicksburgh and Jackson, 46 miles-sugar, coal, iron, and manure, 40 cents per 100 pounds; salt, 60 cents per sack; corn and grain, 10 cents per bushel; dry-goods, 8 cents per cubic foot; cotton, 87 cents per bale of 400 pounds; horses and carriages 12 cents per mile each; passenger fare, $3, or 6.38 cents per mile.

West Felicianna Road, 24 miles-freight, merchandise, provisions, etc., 50 cents per 100 pounds through; passenger fare, 75 cents, or 3.1 cents per mile.

Lexington and Ohio, 28 miles-coal, corn, and grain, 5 cents per bushel; iron, sugar, salt, butter, groceries and dry-goods, light and bulky merchandise, hemp, bagging, and rope, 12 cents per 100 pounds; horses, $2 each; carriages, $2 to $3 each; passenger fare, $125, or 4.46 cents per mile.

Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, 86 miles-coal, and wheat, 9 cents; corn, 8 cents; oats, 7 cents; flour, 35 cents; pork, lard, and salt, 50 cents per barrel; iron, $5 per ton; groceries, dry-goods, and light and bulky articles, 35 cents per 100 pounds; specie, $1 per 1,000; live hogs, 50 cents through; horses, $1 50 each, or $1 with a passenger; passenger fare, $2 50, or 2.9 per mile.

Little Miami, 84 miles-coal, iron, sugar, salt, butter, groceries, and dry-goods, $3 20 per ton; corn and grain, 7 cents per bushel; light and bulky articles, $4 per ton through; horses, 4 cents each per mile, carriages the same; passenger fare, $2, or 2.38 cents per mile.

Mad River, 102 miles-coal, iron, and manures, $5 per ton; corn, 11 cents, wheat, 12 cents per bushel; flour, 45 cents per barrel; sugar, salt, and butter, 32 cents, and bulky articles, 42 cents per 100 pounds; carriages by weight, and horses by agreement; passenger fares, $3 50, or 3.18 cents per mile.

Mansfield and Sandusky, 56 miles-iron, coal, and manure, $1 60 per ton; corn, 6 cents, wheat, 7 cents per bushel; sugar, salt, and butter, $2, dry-goods, $2 50, bulky and light articles, $3 per ton through; horses and carriages each 4 cents per mile; passenger fares, $1 50, or 2.67 cents per mile.

Michigan Central, 146 miles-iron, manure, coal, corn, grain, groceries, 39 cents per 100; salt, butter, beef, pork, fish, and sugar, $1, flour, 66 cents, whiskey, beer, and cider, $1 10 per barrel; corn and grain, 39, wheat, 33 cents per 100 through; carriages, 45 cents per 100 pounds; horses, $2 35; hogs and calves, $1 64; sheep, $1 10 each; passenger fares, $4 40, or 3 cents per mile.

Southern Michigan, 70 miles-manure and iron, 24 cents, sugar and butter, 34 cents per 100; corn and grain, 11 cents per bushel; flour, 40 cents per barrel; salt, 34 cents per barrel through; passenger fares, $2, or 2.85 cents per mile.

Albany and Schenectady, 17 miles-iron, coal, and manure, $1 per ton; sugar, salt, groceries, butter, dry-goods, and bulky articles, $1 25 per ton; horses, $2; carriages, $1 to $2 each; passenger fare, 50 cents, or 2.94 cents per mile.

Troy and Schenectady, 20 miles-rates same as on Albany and Schenectady; passenger fare, 50 cents, or 2.43 cents per mile.

Utica and Schenectady, 78 miles-prohibited from carrying freight, except when the canal is closed, and then canal tolls are added to the ordinary freight charges; passenger fare, $3, or 3.84 cents per mile.

This line, in connection with the other lines from Albany to Buffalo, run a train at 1 cents a mile for emigrants.

Utica and Syracuse, 53 miles-same as Utica and Schenectady Road; passenger fare, $2, or 3.77 cents per mile.

Syracuse and Auburn, 26 miles-coal, iron, and manure, 8 cents, sugar, salt, groceries, butter, and dry-goods, 10 cents, and bulky merchandise, 20 cents per 100 pounds; horses, $1; carriages, $1 to $1 50 each; passenger fare, $1, or 3.84 cents per mile.

Auburn and Rochester, 77 miles-corn and grain, 27 cents, sugar, salt, butter, groceries, and dry-goods, 20 cents, light and bulky articles, 30 cents per 100 pounds; horses, $3; carriages, $5 to $7, according to size; passenger fare, $3, or 3.89 cents per mile.

Rochester and Attica, 44 miles-coal, iron, and manure, cent per ton; grain, 1-5 cent per bushel; butter, salt, and sugar, 2-5 cent per 100; groceries and dry-goods, 4

mills per 100; bulky and light articles, 5 mills-all per mile; horses and carriages, 6 cents per mile each; passenger fare, $1 56, or 3.54 cents per mile.

Attica and Buffalo, 31 miles-corn and grain, 3 cents per bushel; butter and sugar, 12 cents per 100 through; passenger fare, 94 cents, or 2.98 cents per mile.

Buffalo and Niagara Falls, 22 miles-freight, 10 to 12 cents per 100 pounds; passenger fare, 75 cents, or 3.4 cents per mile.

Lockport and Niagara Falls, 24 miles-passenger fare, 75 cents, or 3.12 cents per mile.

NAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE.

STEAMERS' LIGHTS-TO PREVENT COLLISION.

THE following notice has been issued by the British Admiralty:-Whereas, under, and by virtue of, the Act of Parliament, passed in the 10th year of the reign of her present Majesty, entitled an "Act for the Regulation of Steam Navigation," &c., we hereby require, in pursuance of the said act, that lights shall be exhibited by all British steam vessels, between sunset and sunrise, of such description, and in such manner, as hereinafter mentioned; that is to say

When under Weigh-1. Bright white lamp at the foremast head; 2. Green light on the starboard side; 3. Red light on the port side.

When at Anchor-A common bright light.

The following conditions to be observed, viz.:

1. The mast-head light to be visible at a distance of at least five miles in a clear dark night, and the lantern to be so constructed as to show a uniform and unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of twenty points of the compass-viz., from right a-head to two points abaft the beam on each side of the ship.

2. The colored side lights to be visible at a distance of at least two miles on a clear dark night, and the lanterns to be so constructed as to show a uniform and unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of ten points of the compass-viz., from right a-head to two points abaft the beam on their respective sides.

3. The side lights to be, moreover, fitted with inboard screens, of at least three feet long, to prevent them from being seen across the bow. The screens to be placed in a fore and aft line with the inner edge of the side lights.

4. The lantern used when at anchor to be so constructed as to show a good light all round the horizon.

It is understood to be the intention of the Lords of the Admiralty to issue regulations in accordance with the foregoing announcement, and to have them published in the London Gazette, so that they may be in force from the 21st day of July.

Diagrams illustrative of the above plan, and instructions as to the proper mode of fitting the lights, will be furnished to parties applying for them.

LIGHT-HOUSE ON LAKE SUPERIOR.

By an Act of Congress, approved by the President of the United States July 15th, 1848, the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized " (if he deem it expedient) to change the site of the Light-house, authorized by the Act of March 3d, 1847, to be constructed at Copper Harbor, Fort Wilkins, Lake Superior, in the State of Michigan, to a more suitable place on said Lake: Provided, Such change shall not increase the cost of construction so as to exceed the appropriation made for such purpose by said Act."

LANTERN ON CAPE ESPICHEL.

LISBON, 28th July, 1848.-Notice has been given of an intention to substitute the Lantern on Cape Espichel by another of iron, whose light may be seen from all sides of the horizon. From the 1st of September next until the work is completed, there will be shown a temporary light by lanterns, whose brilliancy will, if possible, be equal to the one now existing.

SWINEMUNDE, 24th July, 1848.-By a decree of the Royal Government, vessels arriving at this port from St. Petersburgh are subjected to a quarantine of seven days, from which, however, the days of voyage are to be deducted.

JOURNAL OF MINING AND MANUFACTURES.

STATISTICS OF MINES AND MINING IN IRELAND.

The principal minerals are coal, iron, copper, lead, and gold. The coal fields are seven in number-one in Leinster, occupying large portions of Kilkenny and Queen's counties, with a small part of Carlow; two in Munster; one in Tipperary, bordering on that of Kilkenny, the other spread over large portions of Clare, Limerick, Cork, and Kerry counties, being the most extensive development of the coal strata in the British empire. All these beds lie south of Dublin, and yield only stone coal, or anthracite, which burns without flame. The remaining fields, which lie to the north of Dublin, are formed of bituminous or flaming coal. Of the northern coal fields, three are in Ulster-one at Coal Island, near Dungannon; the second in the northern extremity of Antrim county; and the third in Monaghan. They are all small: the narrowness of the seams of coal renders the last named almost valueless. The Connaught coal field extends over a space of 16 miles in its greatest length and breadth, in Roscommon, Sligo, Leitrim, and Cavan counties. The total area is 140,000 acres. Besides the stores of fuel applicable to manufacturing and domestic uses which lie imbedded in the coal fields, Ireland enjoys two others, lignite and turf or peat. Lignite, an intermediate species of fuel between wood and coal, is found in dense strata encompassing the southern half of Lough Neagh. The total area of turf bog is estimated at 2,830,000 acres, nearly one-seventh of the surface of the island. Of this quantity, 1,576,000 acres are flat bog, spread over the central portions of the great limestone plain; the remaining 1,254,000 are mountain bog, chiefly scattered over the hilly districts near the coast.

Iron ore is found in all the localities of coal, and was largely manufactured while timber for fuel was abundant. Latterly, the efforts to carry on the manufacture have been not only unprofitable but ruinous. Sir R. KANE, in his valuable work on the Industrial Resources of Ireland, gives the following table of the comparative contents, in metallic iron, of the native ores, and of the English, Scotch, and Welsh. One hundred parts of ore give of metal an average at

There is, therefore, no doubt that the Leinster and Connaught ores are equal, and even in average superior, to those generally employed in Great Britain. The iron stone of Kilkenny is little inferior to that of Arigna, and the ores of Lough Allen possess a richness in iron only equalled by the black-band ironstone of Glasgow. Sir R. KANE shows how, by the judicious application of turf fuel, iron of the best quality can be manufactured in this country as cheaply as in England.

The copper mines are distributed throughout the clay-slate districts in a great number of localities. The principal are the Ballymurtagh, Conoree, Cronebane and Tigroney, and Ballygahan mines, in Wicklow county; the Knockmahon, Kilduane, Bonmahon, and Balinasisla, in the Waterford district; the mines of Allihies or Berehaven, Audley, and Cosheen and Skull, in the south-western district. Indications of this metal have been discovered in several other parts. The amount and value of ore from each of the three principal localities exported to Swansea to be smelted, at three periods, was

The diminution in quantity and value of the produce of the Wicklow mines, as stated in the preceding table, is only apparent. The amounts therein are confined to the sales at Swansea, whither the whole of the ore was at first sent, but the copper is now extensively smelted at Liverpool, and much of the inferior ore is exported to chemical manufactories in other places, where the sulphur as well as the copper is economized. In the Ballymurtagh mine about £12,000 is annually paid in wages to about 700 persons. The total number of persons deriving employment from the mineral industry of the Ovoca district is about 2,000. The true produce of the district may be judged of by the following statement of the ores raised and sold from the Ballymurtagh mine in four years:—

The total quantity and value of copper ore from Ireland, sold in Swansea, were, in—

Lead is more extensively diffused through Ireland than copper. The granitic district of Wicklow contains numerous veins; the principal are those of Glendalough, Glenmalure, Glendasane or Luganure, and Ballycorus. The clay-slate districts also yield numerous indications of this metal, but few of the mines have proved profitable. Those still worked are at Barristwon, in Wexford county; Clonligg, near Newtownards, in Down county; Kenmare, in Kerry county; Kilbricken, in Clare county; Ballyhickey, in the same county. A vein at Clontarf, near Dublin, was worked until the mine was filled with water by the ingress of the sea. At Ballycorus, where the lead ores from the mines of the Mining Company of Ireland are smelted, the quantities of ore worked up in 1843 were, from Luganure, 547 tons, and from Caime, 270 tons, which delivered 10,288 pigs of lead, weighing 588 tons, equivalent to 72 per cent. The proportions of silver to a ton of lead are generally found to be-from the mine of Luganure, 8 ounces; Caime, 12 ounces; Ballyhickey, 15 ounces; Kilbricken, 120 ounces; Tollyratty, near Strangford, 10 ounces. The average of silver extracted from the lead ore raised by the Mining Company of Ireland in 1843, was 7 ounces to the ton of lead; the total quantity, 4,261 ounces; value, £1,158. Towards the close of the last century, native gold was found in the bed of the streams of Croghan Kinshela Mountain. It was discovered by the peasants, who collected quantities to the value of, at least, £10,000, in pieces from 22 ounces to minute grains, before their proceedings were public. The district was afterwards taken in charge, and the workings carried on by government agents; but, as the whole amount of two years' workings, in their hands, was but 945 ounces, sold at £3,675, while the expenses of the establishment were considerably greater, the property was given up, and, though leased to a London company, finally abandoned. Native silver was found in a bed of iron ochre in Cronebane, but the deposit has been long since exhausted. It has also been lately discovered associated with the lead ore at Ballycorus. The economy of working this silver is, as yet, undecided. Tin stone has been found in the auriferous soil of Wicklow, but no veins or working deposits have been discovered. Other minerals, useful in manufactures and the arts, and found in quantities in various parts of the country, are manganese, antimony, zinc, nickel, tin, iron pyrites, alum, clays of various kinds, building stone, marble, flags, and roofing slates. The localities of these, and the means of their profitable application towards the promotion of native industry, are fully developed in Sir R. KANE's valuable work, already quoted.

The following table gives the quantities of lead ore raised, and of lead smelted, the produce of Irish mines in 1845 and 1846:

SINGULAR DISCOVERY IN THE COPPER REGION.

A correspondent of the Buffalo Express, writing under date of June 14th, 1848, from Ontonagon, Lake Superior, says:―

Mr. Knapp, of the Vulcan Mining Company, has lately made some very singular discoveries here in working one of the veins which he lately found. He worked into an old cave which had been excavated centuries ago. This led them to look for other works of the same sort, and they have found a number of sinks in the earth which they have traced a long distance. By digging into those sinks they find them to have been made by the hand of man. It appears that the ancient miners went on a different principle from what they do at the present time. The greatest depth yet found in these holes is thirty feetafter getting down a certain depth they drifted along the vein making an open cut. These cuts have been filled nearly to a level by the accumulation of soil, and we find trees of the largest growth standing in this gutter; and also find that trees of a very large growth have grown up and died, and decayed many years since-in the same places there are now standing trees of over three hundred years' growth. Last week they dug down into a new place, and about twelve feet below the surface found a mass of copper that will weigh from eight to ten tons. This mass was buried in ashes, and it appears they could not handle it, and had no means of cutting it, and probably built a fire to melt or separate the rock from it, which might be done by heating, and then dashing on cold water. This piece of copper is as pure and clean as a new cent-the upper surface has been pounded clear and smooth. It appears that this mass of copper was taken from the bottom of a shaft, at the depth of about thirty feet. In sinking this shaft from where the mass now lies, they followed the course of the vein, which pitches considerably; this enabled them to raise it as far as the hole came up with a slant. At the bottom of the slant they found skids of black oak, from eight to twelve inches in diameter-these sticks were charred through, as if burnt. They found large wooden wedges in the same situation. In this shaft they found a miner's gad, and a small chisel made of copper. I do not know whether these copper tools are tempered or not, but their make displays good workmanship. They have taken out more than a ton of cobble-stones, which have been used as mallets. These stones were nearly round, with a score cut around the centre, and look as if this score was cut for the purpose of putting a withe round for a handle. The Chippewa Indians all say that this work was never done by Indians. This discovery will lead to a new method of finding veins in this country, and may be of great benefit to some. I suppose they will keep finding new wonders for some time yet, as it is but a short time since they first found the old mine. There is copper here in abundance, and I think people will begin to dig it in a few years. Mr. Knapp has found considerable silver during the past winter.

A NEW CLASP COUPLING JOINT.

We see by an advertisement in the papers that Messrs. West & Thompson, of New York, have obtained a patent for a new clasp coupling joint for joining steam and other pipes. The United States Board of Naval Engineers have examined this important invention by the order of the Secretary of the Navy, and have given their opinion decidedly in its favor, recommending the Government to adopt it immediately.

The following are given as some of the many advantages of this clasp over all others heretofore used :

1st. The labor and expense of braising or soldering flanches on pipes is obviated and not required.

2d. There are no holes to drill in the flanches, washers to use, or grummets to put around the bolts.

3d. It only requires two, or at most three bolts for the largest sized joint, even if they were seven feet in diameter.

4th. The joints are tighter and stronger, as the pressure is exerted at the neck of the flanch, in close proximity to the periphery of the pipe.

5th. The cost of packing is one half less, and cannot blow out, as it is confined to the grooved segmental clasp.

6th. Joints of any size may be taken apart, and put together in from five to ten minutes.

7th. They are more economical in space, weight, cost, and repairs, and are applicable to cylinder heads, bonnets, steam-chests, air pumps, condensers, man-hole plates for boilers, stop cocks, nozzles, common and rotary pumps, and all other purposes where joints are required.