ruined tank, nosing at the stout tree which stopped it, has its parallel in the flame thrower hut at the port wing of the Vindictive's bridge: its iron sides flecked with rents from machine gun bullets and shell splinters. The tall white cross which commemorates the martyrdom of the Londoners is sister to the dingy pierced white ensign which floated over the fight at Zeebrugge mole.

Looking aft from the chaos of its wrecked bridge, one sees snug against the wharf the heroic bourgeois shapes of the two Liverpool boats, the Iris and Daffodil, which shared with the Vindictive the honors of the arduous fight, "Their objectives were the canal at Zegbrugge and the harbor at Ostend. Three of the cruisers, the Intrepid, the Iphigenia and the Thetis, each duly packed with concrete and with mines attached to its bottom for the purpose of sinking it., Merrimac fashion, in the neck of the canal, were aimed at Zeebrugge. Two others, similarly prepared, were directed at Ostend.

"The functions of the Vindictive, with its ferry boats, were to attack the great halfmoon mole which guards the Zeebrugge canal, to land bluejackets and marines upon it, to destroy what stores and guns of the Germans they could find, and generally create a diversion while the block ships ran in and sank themselves in the appointed places.

Vice-Admiral Keyes, in the destroyer Warwick, commanded the operation.

"There had been two previous attempts to attack, capable of being pushed home if weather and other conditions served. The night of the 22d of April offered nearly all the required conditions and some fifteen miles off Zeebrugge the ships took up the formation for attack.

The Vindictive, which had been towing the Iris and Daffodil, cast them off to follow under their own steam. The Intrepid, Iphigenia and Thetis slowed down to give the first three time to get alongside the mole.

The night was overcast and there was a drifting haze, Down the coast a great searchlight swung its beam to and fro in the small wind and short sea. From the Vindictive's bridge, as she headed in toward the mole, with the faithful ferry, boats at her heels. there was scarcely a glimmer of light to be seen, shoreward.

"Ahead. as she drove through the water, rolled the smoke screen. her cloak of invisibility wrapped about her by small craft. This was the device of Wing Commander Brock, without which, acknowledges the admiral in command, the operation could not have been conducted.

A northeast wind moved the volume of it shoreward ahead of the ships.

There was a moment immediately afterward when it seemed to those on the ships as if the dim. coast hidden harbor exploded into light. A star shell soared aloft. then a score of star shells.

A wild fire of gun flashes leaped against the sky, strings of luminous green beads shot aloft, hung and sank.

"It was in a gale of shelling that the Vindietive laid her nose against the thirty foot high concrete side of the mole, let go her anchor and signaled to the Daffodil to shove her stern in.

The Iris, went ahead and endeavored to get alongside likewise, The fire was intense, while the ships plunged and rolled beside the mole in the seas, the Vindictive with her greater draft jarring against the foundations of the mole with every plunge. They were swept diagonally by machine gun fire from both ends of the mole and by the heavy batteries on

shore.

"Commander [now captain] Carpenter conned the Vindictive from the open bridge until her stern was laid in, when he took up his position in the flame thrower hut on the port side.

"It is to this hut that reference has already been made. It is marvelous that any occupant should have survived a minute, so riddled and shattered is it.

"The word for the assault had not yet been given when both leaders were killed, Col. Elljott by a shell and Capt. Halahan by machine gun fire, which swept the decks. The same shell that killed Col. Elliott also did fearful execution in the forward Stokes mortar battery.

The men were magnificent; every officer bears the same testimony.

"The mere landing on the mole was a perilous business. It involved a passage across the crashing and splintering gangways, a drop over the parapet into the field of fire of the German machine guns which swept its length. and a further drop of some sixteen feet to the surface of the mole itself. Many were killed and more wounded as they crowded up to the gangways, but nothing hindered the orderly and speedy landing by every gangway.

"Lieut. Walker, who had his arm carried away by a shell on the upper deck. lay in the darkness while the storming parties trod him under foot. He was recognized and dragged aside by the commander. He raised his arm in greeting. 'Good luck to you!' he called as the rest of the stormers hastened by."

Capt. Carpenter's Story.

In the course of a long account of the part taken by the Vindictive in the raid, Capt. CarDenter said:

"Our chief purpose in the expedition was to distract the attention of the battery while the block ships ran in, especially the battery of eleven inch guns which occupied a commanding position at the tip of the mole. Our ship was elaborately prepared for the business of landing soldiers on the mole, which is of stone forty feet high and fifteen feet above the Vindictive's top deck at the state of the tide when the attack took place.

or

"We had a special superstructure over the upper deck and three long gangways brows,' which were designed to take the men up to the level of the mole as soon as we got alongside. Exactly according to the plan we ran alongside the mole, approaching it on the port side, where we were cauipped with specially built buffers of wood two feet wide.

"As there was nothing for us to tie up to we merely dropped anchor there while the Daffodil kept us against the mole with its nose against the opposite side of our ship. in the fairly heavy sea two of our three and 500 men swarmed up this on to the gangways were smashed, but the third held, mole, This gangway was two feet wide and thirty feet long.

The men who went up it included 300 marines and 150 storming seamen from the Vindictive, and fifty or so from the Daffodil. They swarmed up the steel gangway carrying hand grenades and Lewis guns. No Germans succeeded in approaching the gangway, but a hard hard to hand fight took place about 200 yards up the mole toward the shore.

"The Vindictive's bow was pointed toward

One

the shore, so the bridge got the full effect of enemy fire from the shore batteries. shell expioded against the pilot house, kill. ing nearly all of its occupants. Another burst in the fighting ton, killing a lieutenant and eight men who were doing excellent work with two pompoms and four machine guns. end of the mole was only 300 yards away "The battery of eleven inch guns at the and it kept trying to reach us. The shore batteries also were diligent. Only a few German shells hit our hull because it was well protected by the wall of the mole, but the upper structure, masts, stacks, and ventilators showed above the wall and were riddled. considerable proportion of cur casualties were caused by splinters from these upper works.

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"Meanwhile, the Daffodil continued to push us against the wall as if no battle was on,

and if the Daffodil had failed to do this none of the members of the landing party would have been able to return to the ship. "Fifteen minutes after the Vindictive arrived alongside the mole our submarine exploded under the viaduct connecting the mole with the mainland. The Germans had sent a eonsiderable force to this viaduct as soon as the submarine arrived, and these men were gathered on the viaduct attacking our submersible with machine guns. When the explosion occurred the viaduct and Germans were blown up together. The crew of the submarine, consisting of six men, escaped on board a dinghy to a motor launch.

even the searchlights could not be seen. This state of things continued for almost an hour. when it cleared sufficiently for the air attacks to be recommenced.

The shell which disabled the howitzer killed all the members of the gun crew. Many men also were killed by a German shell which hit the mole close to our ship and scattered fragments of steel and stone among the marines assembling on the deck around the gangway.

"The German fire was hot all the time we lay alongside the mole. At times the German guns reached as high as forty shots a minute. During the hottest part of the fighting I left my station in the flame house and went all around the ship to see how things were going. The spirit of the men was excellent. All they asked was. Are we winning?'

"Half an hour after the block ships went in we received the signal to withdraw. The Vindictive's siren was blown and the men returned from all parts of the mole and thronged down the gangway. We put off after having laid alongside just about an hour. The Germans made no effort to interfere with our getaway other than to continue their heavy firing."

The total British losses in this attack on Zeebrugge and Ostend were 588, of whom 160 were killed. The port was effectively blockaded and of little use to the Germans thereafter.

BLOCKING OF OSTEND CHANNEL. The cruiser Vindictive was sunk in the channel leading to Ostend harbor, on the night of May 9-10, 1918. The official account of this enterprise was as follows: "Operations designed to close the ports of Ostend and Zeebrugge were successfully completed last night when the obsolete cruiser Vindictive was sunk between the piers and across the entrance to Ostend harbor. Since the attack on Zeebrugge April 22-23 the Vindictive had been filled with concrete as a block ship for this purpose. Our light forces have returned to their base ith the loss of one motor launch which had been damaged and was sunk by orders of the viceadmiral to prevent its falling into the hands of the enemy. Our casualties were light." Commander Lynes, who conducted the blocking operation, at Zeebrugge, was in command of the second expedition to blockade Ostend. He told the following story:

The Vindictive had a complement of fiftytwo officers and men. The effect of the oper ation was to restrict greatly the use of the harbor, making it impossible for cruisers to go in and out.

Before describing the surrender of the Ger man fleet mention may be made of another naval incident which occurred early in the year. This was a battle between British and Turkish warships near the entrance to the Dardanelles strait.

DARDANELLES NAVAL BATTLE.

Early Sunday morning, Jan. 20, 1918, a naval battle occurred off the island of Imbros, north of the entrance to the Dardanelles strait, in which the Turks lost the cruiser Breslau and the British the monitors Raglan and the M-28. The Breslau was sunk by striking a mine. Both the monitors were destroyed by gunfire as they lay in Kuan bay, on the northeastern side of Imbros.

The British destroyer Lizard first encountered the Breslau at 5:30 a. m. The Breslau was then steaming in a northerly direction south and cast of Cape Cephalo on Imbros with the battle cruiser Goeben following about a mile astern. The Lizard gave the alarm, but could do little more. The Gocben discovered the monitors in the bay and engaged them at a distance of about 11,000 yards. The British destroyer Tigress joined the Lizard and attempted to protect the monitors with smoke screens, but in this they were unsuccessful. The Raglan was hit heavily and sank and the M-28, which had been set on fire, blew up and disappeared about 6 a. m. After this the turned enemy ships and proceeded southward toward the entrance of the strait. At 7 a. m., when it was six miles south of Cape Cephalo, the Breslau apparently struck a mine, as there was a heavy explosion abreast the after funnel. Other explosions followed and the ship went down by the stern.

On seeing the Breslau go down the Goeben turned and circled around once and then

"The outward passage was made without interference on the part of the enemy. The small craft were all dispatched to their stations with destroyers in support, and two coastal motor boats were told off to torpedo the piers, Before the arrival of the Vindictive, until 1:45 o'clock, the enemy was markably quiet. but just at this time the Germans began to open fire. Star shells showed that the smoke screens were progressing excellently,

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At about this time the sky, which hitherto had been almost unclouded, began to be partly obscured by low drifting clouds. In about ten minutes before the Vindictive was due at its destination a sea fog set in. This stopped our air attack. Indeed, for a time

destroyers came out of the strait accompanied by an old cruiser, but on being attacked_by the British destroyers turned and fled. The Goeben was made a target for bombs from British aircraft and fled into the strait. In the act of turning it seemed to have struck a mine, as it began to settle down aft with a list of from 10 to 15 degrees. Its speed slackened, enabling the British airplanes to obtain two direct hits. Apparently badly damaged. it steered for the shore and soon was aground on the beach at the extreme end of Nagara point. A Turkish report subsequently claimed that the ship was not damaged, that it had run aground by accident and that it would soon be afloat. This was verified Jan. 28. when it was officially announced that the Goeben had been refloated and brought back to Constantinople,

The Breslau had a tonnage of 4.478 and the

Raglan 4,500. The M-28 was a small craft. The Goeben was renamed the Sultan Selim by the Turks, while the Breslau bore the name Midullu.

were

SURRENDER OF GERMAN NAVY. Under the terms of the armistice Germany was compelled to give up to the allies and the United States 160 submarines, six battle cruisers, ten battle ships, eight light cruisers and fifty destroyers of the most modern type. This naval surrender, the greatest in history, took place Nov. 20, 21, 24 and Dec. 1, 1918. On German Nov. 20 twenty submarines turned over to Rear-Admiral Reginald T. Tyrwhitt of the British navy at a point thirty miles at sea from Harwich, England, to which port they were brought on the evening of the same day. The British took every precaution to guard against treachery, and had an adequate force of ships present, together with seaplanes, an observation balloon and an airship. The twenty German submarines were accompanied by two German destroyers, the Tibania and the Sierra Zentana, which were assigned to take the submarine crews back to Germany after the surrender.

All the submarines were on the surface with their hatches open and their crews standing on deck. The largest carried two 5.9 inch guns; twenty-three officers and men were counted on her deck. The craft was estimated to be nearly 300 feet in length. Its number had been painted out. Each German submarine commander at the transfer was required to sign a declaration to the effect that his vessel was in running order: that its periscope was intact: that its torpedoes were unloaded, and that its torpedo heads were safe. Orders had been issued forbidding any demonstration, and these instructions were obeyed to the letter. There was complete silence as the submarines surrendered and as the crews were transferred. In the presence of Sir Eric Geddes, first lord of the admiralty, twenty-eight more German "U" boats surrendered Nov. 24. This was the most imposing flotilla of its kind to haul down the German flag. It included several very large submarines and four of the cruiser type, one being nearly 350 feet in length.

The noted cruiser submarine Deutschland U-153 was among the number. It carried two American officers, who had been rescued from the American army cargo ship Ticonderoga, torpedoed on Sept, 30 last. The officers were taken to Kiel by the Deutschland, which was returning from a three months' cruise in American waters, and were landed Nov. 24 at Harwich.

Another surrendered boat was the U-139. which had just returned to a German port after a sixty-four-day cruise, commanded by Lieutenant-Commander Arnauld de La Perriere. who in 1916 was awarded the Order Pour le Merite for sinking 126 vessels. The U-139, however, was brought in by a first lieutenant. who explained that Perriere was too sad to undertake the duty.

Up to Dec. 1. the Germans had surrendered 122 submarines.

Giant Ships Given Up.

From a spectacular point of view the surrender, of a large part of the German grand fleet, including battle ships, cruisers and destroyers, was the most impressive. It occurred on Nov. 21. 1918. off the Firth of Forth on the north coast of Scotland, the Germans turning over seventy-one vessels. In a cable dispatch to The Daily News Edward Price Bell, its London correspondent, described the surrender, which he witnessed, as follows:

Aboard the United States Flagship New. York. Thursday Night. Nov. 21-Fine, calm weather. itself seeming to symbolize peace, favored the final formalities to-day of the surrender of the German battle ships, battle cruisers. light cruisers and destroyers-seventy-one vessels.

These formidable warships are now interned in the Firth of Forth, surrounded by fighting craft of the allies and the United States. Their

com

ultimate destination. pending the peace ference, is probably Scapa Flow bay. Thence their officers and crews, except enough men to keep them in good condition, will be sent back to Germany.

To-day's proceedings, both spectacularly and emblematically, are regarded as surpassing any like event in history; indeed, as standing alone. Trafalgar and Waterloo as crucial moments in European progress are seen as of limited importance compared to Germany's naval surrender to the allies and America. British and American ships, the former in overwhelming numbers as compared with the latter, threw two lines far out to sea opposite the Firth of Forth and the Germans steamed in a line ahead into the channel thus formed. When they were within it the outer ends of the entente columns closed behind the captives. Then the entente ships reversed their course and the whole array moved in triple order toward the great British anchorage. I do not know, but it was a gigantic area, How many square miles of sea were occupied Six miles separated the entente columns and at a point three miles from each ran the German line, led by the Cardiff trailing a sausage balloon, as if to beckon the enemy's ships forward,

Off both flanks of the entente formation steamed scouting and screening destroyers, thus extending for a mile or so on either side the width of six miles covered by the three columns of the great host of between 250 and 300 warships that made up the spectacle. Though the sea was only moderately rough, the winter sun was shining on and gilding the long gray hulls for many miles farther than one could see.

The visibility was imperfect. For example, we on this ship, which, with the stars and stripes aloft at three points. led the 6th battle ship squadron, composed of the New York, the Wyoming, the Florida, the Texas and the Arkansas, could not catch a glimpse of our complementary column six miles away. Even the huge German vessels opposite us we could Not until the discern only in broad outline. whole formation contracted to enter the harbor, which took place in much brighter weather, did the more distant details emerge from the sunny haze.

As for the destroyers engaged in the opera. tion, they literally swarmed. Of these Germany furnished fifty traveling in line ahead and behind her heavy ships. Britain furnished all, or nearly all, the rest. Her scouting and screening craft began to pour out of the Firth of Forth at 10 o'clock in the morning and they were still pouring out at sunset. These vessels either steamed out fifty miles at sea to pick up the Germans at dawn or assumed their appointed stations on either side of the proposed area of envelopment.

Britain and America's main fleet weighed anchor several hours before daybreak and sunrise found it in its two parallel lines moving eastward at from six to sixteen knots about twenty-five miles from land. At 7:25 the most advanced destroyers signaled contact with the Germans and less than two hours later the Cardiff with its sausage balloon hove in sight three miles off the starboard quarter of the New York. Behind the Cardiff at three cable lengths was the Friedrich der Grosse. the flagship of Admiral yon Reuter, and following in unbroken procession were the German heavy ships stretching far beyond the vision into the mist touched with gold by the newly risen sun.

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Not a cheer rose from the New York. miral Sims. Rear-Admiral Rodman and many other officers stood silent on the quarterdeck intently scrutinizing the German vessels as one after another they loomed dimly through the murky atmosphere, said a commander at my "It is all over,'

24.113 tons: Koenig Albert, 24.113 tons; Kronprinz Wilhelm, 25,000 tons; Prinzregent Luitpold, 24.113 tons; Markgraf, 25,293 tons: Grosser Kurfuerst, 25,293 tons; Bayern, 28,000 tons: Koenig. 25,293 tons, and Friedrich der Grosse, 24,113 tons.

Battle cruisers-Hindenburg.

about 27.000

tons: Derflinger, 28.000 tons: Seydlitz, 25.000 tons Moltke, 23,000 tons, and Von der Tann, 18,800 tons.

Light cruisers-Bremen, 4.000 tons; Brummer. 4,000 tons: Frankfurt. 5.400 tons: Koeln, tonnage uncertain: Dresden, tonnage uncertain, and Emden, 5,400 tons.

Following is a list of the main war and allied organizations and their chiefs or directors in Washington in November, 1918: Aerial coast patrol commission. national Rear-Admiral Robert E. Peary, chairman. Aeronautic cognizance, joint army and navy board-Maj.-Gen. George O. Squier, chairman, Air Service Clubs association-Maj.-Gen. William L. Kenly.

Alien enemy relief committee Dr. Norman Bridge, chairman.

Alien property custodian-A. Mitchell Palmer, chief.

American Library association (unofficial)-G. B. Utley, secretary.

Argentine naval commission-Capt. Julian Irizar, president.

Arsenals and navy yard wage commission-F. D. Roosevelt, chairman.

British artillery mission-Maj.-Gen. Headlam. British aviation mission-Lieut.-Col. C. F. Lee, commanding officer.

British military mission-Brig.-Gen. G. F. Trotter.

British war mission-Maj.A.J.Nutter, secretary. Canadian war mission-Lloyd Harris. commissioner.

Capital issues committee-Charles S. Hamlin, chairman.

Censorship board-F. B. Hyde, secretary, Committee on public information-George Creel, chairman.

Service bureau-F. W. McReynolds. Council of national defense-Newton Diehl Baker, chairman.

Advisory commission-Walter S. Gifford. director.

Field division-Grosvenor B. Clarkson. rector.

diDistrict council of defense-William H. Baldwin, chairman. Efficiency, bureau of-Herbert D. Brown, chief. Emergency construction wage commission-E. M. Hopkins, chairman. Emergency Fleet corporation-Charles Schwab, director-general. Employes compensation commission-Arthur H. Deibert, secretary.

M.

Farm organizations. federal board of-Charles W. Holman, secretary.

Federal trade commission-William B. Colver. chairman.

Food administrator of United States-Herbert C. Hoover.

Food purchase board-G. C. Babcock, secretary. French aviation mission-Joseph Tulasne, in charge.

French high commission-Andre Tardieu, high commissioner.

Fuel administrator of United States-Harry A.
Garfield.
Government

Recreation league-Lieut.-Col.
George P. Ahern, head.
Government Research. Institute for (unofi-
cial)-William F. Willoughby, director.
Gun foring specifications. joint army and
navy board-Maj. A. E. White, secretary.
Highway council. United States-Logan Waller
Page, chairman.

Hampton roads district, labor, joint committee on-Ethelbert Stewart (for labor). Industrial Research. Institute of (unofficial) -Dr. Allerton S. Cushman.

official)-Milton Fairchild, chairman. National research council-Dr. John Johnston, executive secretary.

National war labor board-William H. Taft and Frank Walsh, joint chairmen.

Naval consulting board-Thomas A. Edison. chairman; Admiral William F. Smith. representing the navy: David W. Brunton, in charge.

Patent board army and navy-Paul A. Blair.
chairman.
Pecuniary claims arbitration commission-
Chandler P. Anderson, arbitrator.
President's commission-William B.

secretary of labor. chairman.

Wilson.

Railroads, director-general of-William G. McAdoo.*

Red Cross. national (American)-Dr. Stockton Axson, secretary.

Saddlery adjustment commission-Stanley King. chairman.

Salvation Army (unofficial)-Maj, Allan Neil. Shipbuilding labor adjustment board-L. E. Macy, chairman.

Shipping board-Edward Hurley, chairman. Smithsonian institution-C. D. Walcott, secretary.

Training camp activities commission-Raymond B. Fosdick, chairman.

War camp community service-Harold Keats. Vocational education, federal board ofCharles A. Prosser, director.

War committee of national technical societies
-D. W. Brunton, chairman.
War finance corporation-W. P. G. Harding,
manager-director.

War industries board-Bernard M. Baruch. chairman.

Chemical division-C. S. MacDonald, director. Conservation division-A. W. Shaw. chairFinished products division-George N. Peck,

man.

Describing the military situation when fightIng ended, Gen. Peyton C. March, chief of staff, said:

"At the beginning of the armistice the final fine on the Belgian, British and French fronts was approximately as follows: Along the west bank of the Scheldt from the Dutch frontier to Eccke; thence to the Dendre river at Grammont; along the west bank of the Dendre river to Ath; thence to a point four miles east of Mons; thence one to three miles east of the Belgian border to the vicinity of Recroi: through Recroi to Mezieres; along the Meuse to Sedan and Bazeilles.

"The American front can be given exactly, The front of the 1st army, beginning at Bazeilles, followed the west bank of the Meuse to a point one mile southeast of Mouzon, crossed there to the east bank; cut the bend to Inor, and followed the east bank to Stenay. Thence it ran: Baalon, northern and eastern outskirts of the Foret de Woevre, Remoiville, one mile northeast

WATER SYSTEM American Red Cross workers who arrived in Jerusalem in the fall of 1918 were enthusiastic in their praise of the way that ancient city had benefited at the hands of the English. The most remarkable change was the installation of a modern water system, an achievement accomplished by the royal engineers in the face of tremendous difficulties in about two months. Water carriers, always picturesque to those unacquainted with the fact that their leather bags were the mobilization points for microbes, are no longer seen. The cisterns in each home are no longer insanitary. Neither is it necessary to wait for rain to fill them. There is no limit to the

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 SWITZERLAND of Jametz, eastern edge of the Bois de Jametz; Damvillers inclusive; one mile northeast of Chaumon-Devant-Damvillers, then through Villers, Bois Herbedois, west of Ornes; one-half mile west of Dieppe: Abaucourt, west of Grimacourt, three-quarters of a mile northeast of Ronvaux, one mile east of Manheulles, Chateau d'Aulnois.

The 2d army began at that point and ran: Riaville, Marcheville, St. Hilaire, Butgheville, one and one-half miles south of Jonville; across the northern end of the Lachaussee lake, south of Dempvitoux, south of Charey, south of Rembercourt, three-quarters of a mile south of Preny: crossed the Moselle one-half mile southwest of Champey, one mile north of Les Menils, the German frontier on the Seille river two miles east of Les Menils, the west bank of the Seille river to a point onehalf mile southeast of Port-Sur-Seille, which was the end of the second army front.

"The entire front of the American armies covered fifty-two miles."

IN JERUSALEM. water each citizen may now consume and as a result the ensuing personal cleanliness has made for improved health in the community. During the 400 years of Turkish domination Jerusalem obtained a meager water supply which had its source in the Spring of Solomon and was carried through an aqueduct built by the Romans in Herod's time. The British engineers located various water sources within a short distance of the town and brought them together in a great reservoir. From this point the water is pumped to the top of the hill on which Jerusalem stands and is piped through the city.