Abraham Lincoln Homestead-Farm near Hodg enville, Ky., with log cabin in which Abraham Lincoln was born. Antietam-Battle field of the civil war in Washington county, Maryland. Casa Grande Ruin-Remains of a large prehistoric building near Florence, Ariz. Chickamauga and Chattanooga-Battle fields of the civil war in the vicinity of Chattanooga, Tenn. Crater Lake-Park contains remarkable mountain, lake and fine scenery in the Cascade range, Klamath county, Oregon; may be reached from Klamath Falls or from Medford on the Southern Pacine road. General Grant-In Fresno and Tulare counties, California: forest and mountain scenery; reached from Sanger on the Southern Pacific road. Gettysburg-Battle field of the civil war in southeastern Pennsylvania. Glacier-Tract of mountainous country in northern Montana with glaciers, lakes, forests and peaks. Guilford Courthouse National Military ParkScene of battle between Gen. Greene and Gen. Cornwallis, near Greensboro, N. C., in war of the revolution, Hawaii-Includes celebrated volcanoes Kilauea, Mauna Loa and Haleakala; main feature is Lava lake at Kilauea. Hot Springs Reservation-Tract of land in Garland county, Arkansas, noted for its springs of warm mineral waters. Lassen Volcanic-Contains volcanic and other peaks, hot springs, mud geysers, ice caves, lakes of volcanic glass, canyons and forests. Mesa Verde-In the extreme southwestern part of Colorado; contains pueblo and other ruins: reached from Mancos on the Rio Grande Southern road. Mount McKinley-Area of 2.200 square miles in south central Alaska, containing Mount MeKinley, the highest mountain in America; many large glaciers and beautiful lakes and forests. Mount Rainier-Mountain district in southern Washington; reached from Ashford on the Tacoma Eastern railroad and from Fairfax on the Northern Pacific road. Platt-Tract of land containing sulphur springs in Murray county, Oklahoma: reached by Santa Fe and St. Louis & San Francisco railroads. Rock Creek-Park in outskirts of Washington, D. C. Rocky Mountain-Tract of mountainous land of great scenic beauty In Grand, Boulder and Larimer counties, Colorado; contains forests lakes and peaks; reached by Union Pacific and other roads. Sequoia-Mountain tract in Tulare county, Callfornia, containing forest of big trees; reached from Visalia. Shiloh-Battle field of civil war in Hardin cOUDty, southern Tennessee. Sully's Hill-On the shore of Devil's lake, North Dakota: contains elevation on which Gen. Alfred Sully with a few men withstood a band of Indians for several days in 1863; reached from Devil's Lake, Narrows and Tokio stations on the Great Northern road. Vicksburg-Battle field of civil war near city of same name in Mississippi. Wind Cave-Canyon and extensive cave in Custer county, South Dakota, twelve miles from Hot Springs, on the Northwestern and Burlington roads; in Black Hil's region. Yellowstone-Famous park in Wyoming, Montana and Idaho, containing geysers and many other natural phenomena as well as beautiful mountain, lake and river scenery: reached from stations on the Northern Pacific, Burlington and Oregon Short Line roads. Yosemite-Splendid valley in the Sierras in Mariposa county, California; reached from Merced on the Santa Fe and Southern Pacific roads by way of the Yosemite Valley railroad. Zoological-Park in Washington, D. C., devoted to the zoological collection of the government; adjoins Rock Creek park. PRESERVATION OF AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES. By law approved June 8, 1906, entitled "An act for the preservation of American antiquities." the president of the United States is authorized, in his discretion, to declare by procla mation historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures and other objects of historic or scientific interest that are situated upon lands owned or controlled by the United States, to be national monuments. Under such authority the foliowing monuments have been created: Name and state. Capulin mountain, N. M. Year. Acres. ..1916 ..1910 .1913 1.5 ..1916 680 .1907 20,629 1907 5,120 ..1911 13,883 .1906 1,152 Administered by department of agriculture: others by interior department, except the Big Hole battle field, which is under the war department. NOTES ON NATIONAL MONUMENTS. Bandelier-Prehistoric aboriginal ruins in Sandoval and Santa Fe counties, New Mexico, with cliff dwellings, ceremonial caves and other relics of a vanished people. Big Hole battle field-Scene of fight at Big Hole pass on Big Hole or Wisdom river. Aug. 9. 1877, between Nez Perce Indians under Chief Joseph and a small force of soldiers commanded by Col. John Gibbon; in Silver Bow county, Montana; reached from Melrose. Cabrillo statue-At Point Loma, Cal.; land first sighted by Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, discoverer of California, when he approached San Diego bay, Sept. 28, 1542; site of about 1% acres set aside for heroic statue of Cabrillo. Capulin mountain-Striking example of recent extinct volcanoes in Union county, New Mexico, near town of Des Moines. Chaco canyon-Located in San Juan and McKinley counties, New Mexico; contains extensive prehistoric communal or pueblo ruins. Cinder cone-An elevation in Lassen county in northern California; is of importance as illustrating volcanic activity in the vicinity 200 years ago. Colorado-Extraordinary examples of erosion in Mesa county, western Colorado; reached from Grand Junction. Devil postpile-Natural formations, including Rainbow waterfalls, within the Sierra national forest in California; area set aside is on middle fork of San Joaquin river. Devil's tower-A lofty and isolated rock in Crook county, Wyoming; is an extraordinary example of the effect of erosion in the higher mountains. Dinosaur-Section in eastern Utah containing an extraordinary deposit of dinosaurian and other gigantic reptilian remains of the JuraTrias period, which are of great scientific interest and value. El Morro-An elevation near Wingate station on the Santa Fe railroad in New Mexico; contains prehistoric ruins and interesting rock inscriptions. Gila cliff dwellings-In the Mogollon mountains. New Mexico; known also as the Gila Hot Springs cliff houses; are among the best preserved remains of the cliff dwellers of the southwest. Gran Quivira-Ruined town not far from Manzano In the central part of New Mexico; remains of large cathedral and chapel and of many houses thought to date from prehistoric times. Grand canyon-In northwestern Arizona; greatest eroded canyon within the United States. Jewel cave-A natural formation of scientific interest within the Black Hills national forest in Custer county, South Dakota. Lassen peak-In natural forest of same name in Shasta county, northern California; marks the southern terminus of the long line of extinct volcanoes in the Cascade range, from which one of the greatest volcanic fields in the world extends. Lewis and Clark cavern-An extraordinary limestone cavern near Limespur, Jefferson county. Montana. Montezuma castle-Large prehistoric ruin or cliff dwelling on Beaver creek. Arizona. Mount Olympus-Mountain in the state of Washington; has extensive glaciers and on its slopes are the breeding grounds of the Olympic elk. Muir Woods-In Marin county, California; an extensive growth of redwood trees of great age and size; land presented to the government by William Kent, formerly of Chicago. Mukuntuweap-Canyon in southwestern Utah through which flows the north fork of the Rio Virgin or Zion river; an extraordinary example of canyon erosion. Natural bridges-Rock formations in southeastern Utah extending over streams or chasms; have loftier heights and greater spans than any other similar formations known; reserved as extraordinary examples of stream erosion. Navajo Within the Navajo Indian reservation in Arizona; includes a number of prehistoric cliff dwellings and pueblo ruins new to science. Oregon caves-Within the Siskiyou national forest in Oregon; caves are of natural formation and of unusual scientif interest and importance. Petrified forest-Deposits of fossilized or mineralized wood in Gila and Apache counties; Arizona. Pinnacles-A series of natural formations of rock with a number of caves underlying them: located within Pinnacles national forest in California. Rainbow bridge-An extraordinary natural bridge in southeastern Utah, having an arch which in form and appearance is much like a rainbow; is 309 feet high and 278 feet span; of scientific interest as an example of eccentric stream erosion. Shoshone cavern-A cave in Big Horn county, Wyoming, of unknown extent, but of many windings and ramifications and containing vaulted chambers of large size, magnificently decorated with sparkling crystals and beautiful stalactites, and containing pits of unknown depth. Sieur de Monts-Lands on Mount Desert island, Maine, which island was discovered by Samuel de Champlain and upon which he first landed when, acting under the authority of Sieur de Monts, he explored and described the present New England coast; the geology, fauna and flora on the island are of great scientific interest. Sitka-Tract of about fifty-seven acres within public park, near Sitka, Alaska; battle ground of Russian conquest of Alaska in 1804; site of former village of Kiki-Siti tribe, the most warlike of Alaska Indians; contains numerous totem poles constructed by the Indians, recording the genealogical history of their several clans. Tonto-Comprises two prehistoric ruins of ancient cliff dwellings in Gila county, Arizona. Tumacacori-Ruin of an ancient Spanish mission of brick, cement and mortar in Santa Cruz county, Arizona, Verendrye-A high and imposing butte, locally known as Crowhigh mountain, on the Missouri river, near Spanish, N. D.; used as observation point by Verendrye, an explorer, between 1738 and 1742; place of historic interest. Walnut canyon-Canyon eight miles southeast of Flagstaff; contains ruins of cliff dwellings of great ethnographic, scientific and educational interest. Wheeler-Volcanic formations illustrating erratic erosion; in Rio Grande and Cochetopa national forests in southwestern Colorade. STATE MOTTOES. Following are the mottoes adopted by the va rious states of the union and appearing on their state seals except as otherwise noted: Alabama-Here we rest. Arizona-Ditat Deus (God enriches). Colorado-Nil nisi numine (Nothing without Connecticut-Qui transtulit sustinet (Who transplanted sustains). Delaware-Liberty and independence. Georgia-Wisdom, justice, moderation. Idaho Esto perpetua (May it be perpetual). Iowa-Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain. Kansas-Ad astrà per aspera (To the stars through difficulties). Kentucky-United we stand, divided we fall. Maryland-Fatti maschii, parole femine (Deeds, men: words, women), Massachusetts-Euse petit placidam sub libertate quietem (By the sword he seeks repose settled under liberty). Michigan-Si quæris peninsulam amœnam, circumspice (If you seek a delightful peninsula, look about you). Minnesota-L'etoile du nord (Star of the north). Missouri-Salus populi suprema lex esto (Let Cotton state..... Goldenrod. Sequoia cactus. Georgia.... Idaho.. Illinois. ..Cracker state....Cherokee rose. Sucker state.....Violet. Michigan... Wolverine state. Apple blossom. Missouri, Nebraska.. .... Goldenrod. Goldenrod. The above gem symbols are those of Polish in Rhode Island-Hope. liberty and independ South Carolina-Animis opibusque parati (Ready soul and resource) and Dum spiro spero (While I breathe I hope). South Dakota-Under God the people rule. Texas-Has no official motto, but "Texas-one Vermont-Freedom and unity. Virginia Sic semper tyrannis (Thus ever to tyrants). Washington-(No motto). West Virginia-Montani semper liberi (Mountaineers are always free). Wisconsin-Forward. Wyoming-Equal rights. United States-E pluribus unum (Out of many. one). AND FLOWERS. State. New York......Empire state....Rose. North Dakota. Flickertail state. Goldenrod. .Buckeye state. Oklahoma.... Mistletoe. Beaver state.....Oregon grape. Oregon. Pennsylvania.. Keystone state. Rhode Island.. Little Rhody.....Violet. Tennessee. Texas. ניי state.. Pasqueflower (ane none patens) Sego lily. .Red clover. The Old Dominion NOTE-Only nicknames that are well known and "state flowers" officially adopted or com monly accepted are given in the foregoing list. Native state tree, the native oak. †Official state song, "On the Banks of the Wabash." SYMBOLS OF MONTHS. tradition. The Jewish gem symbols of the months are: January, garnet; February, amethyst: March, jasper: April, sapphire: May. chalcedony, carnelian or agate; June, emerald; July, onyx: August, carnelian; September, chrys olite; October, aquamarine or beryl; November, topaz: December, ruby. The birth stones authorized by the American Jewelers' association are: January, garnet; February, amethyst: March, aquamarine, bloodstone; April, diamond; May, emerald: June, pearl, moonstone: July, ruby: August, moonstone, peridot: September, sapphire; October, opal. tourmaline: November, topaz; December, turquoise, lapis lazuli. Flag Day-June 14. Georgia Day- Feb. 12. Independence Day-July 4. Jefferson's Birthday-April 13. Labor Day-First Monday in September. Landing Day-July 25 (Porto Rico). Lee's Birthday-Jan. 19. Lincoln's Birthday-Feb. 12. Maine (Battle Ship) Day- Feb. 15. Mecklenburg Independence Declaration-May 20. Patriots' Day-April 19 (Maine, Massachusetts). HOLIDAYS IN THE VARIOUS STATES. Alabama-Jan. 1; Jan. 19 (Lee's birthday); Feb. 22; Mardi Gras (the day before Ash Wednesday, first day of Lent); Good Friday (the Friday before Easter); April 26 (Confederate Memorial day); June 3 (Jefferson Davis' birthday); July 4: Labor day (first Monday in September): Thanksgiving day (last Thursday in November): Dec. 25. Alaska-Jan. 1; Feb. 22; May 30 (Memorial day); Connecticut-Jan. 1: Feb. 12 (Lincoln's birth- District of Columbia-Jan. 1: Feb. 22: March 4 (Inauguration day); May 30; July 4; first Monday in September; Thanksgiving day: Dec, 25. Florida-Jan. 1: Jan. 19 (Lee's birthday); Arbor day (first Friday in February); Feb, 22; April 26 (Confederate Memorial day); June 3 (Jefferson Davis' birthday); July 4; first Monday in September; Thanksgiving day; general election day; Dec. 25. Georgia-Jan. 1: Jan. 19 (Lee's birthday): Feb. 22: April 26 (Confederate Memorial day); June 3 (Jefferson Davis' birthday): July 4; first Monday in September; Thanksgiving day; Arbor day (first Friday in December): Dec. 25. Idaho-Jan. 1; Feb. 22; Arbor day (first Friday after May 1); July 4; first Monday in September: Oct. 12; general election day; Thanksgiv ing day; Dec. 25. Illinois-Jan. 1: Feb, 12 (Lincoln's birthday); Feb. 22; May 30: July 4: Labor day (first Monday in September); Oct. 12 (Columbus day); general, state, county and city election days; UNITED STATES. Saturday afternoons: Thanksgiving day: Dec. 25; Arbor, Bird, Flag and Mothers' days are appointed by the governor, but are not legal holidays. Like McKinley day (Jan. 29), "Remember the Maine" day (Feb. 15), Douglas day (April 23), they are observed by special exercises, flag displays, etc.; banks are not closed. Arbor and Bird days usually come on the third Friday of April in the northern part of the state and the fourth Friday of October in the southern part. Flag day is June 14 and Mothers' day the second Sunday in May. Indiana-Jan. 1; Feb. 22; May 30: July 4; first Monday in September; Oct. 12; general election day: Thanksgiving day; Dec. 25. Iowa-Jan. 1; Feb. 22; May 30; July 4; first Monday in September: general election day: Thanksgiving day: Dec. 25. Kansas-The only holidays by statute are Feb. 12: Feb. 22; May 30; Labor day (first Monday in September) and Arbor day: Oct. 12; but the days commonly observed in other states are holidays by general consent. Kentucky-Jan. 1; Feb. 22; May 30; first Monday in September: Oct. 12; Thanksgiving day: general election day: Dec. 25. Louisiana-Jan. 1; Jan. 8 (anniversary of the battle of New Orleans); Feb. 22; Mardi Gras (day before Ash Wednesday); Good Friday (Friday before Easter); April 26 (Confederate Memorial day); July 4; Nov. 1 (All Saints' day); general election day; fourth Saturday in November (Labor day, in the parish of New Orleans only); Dec. 25; every Saturday afternoon in New Or leans. Maine-Jan. 1; Feb. 22: Good Friday; May 30: July 4; Labor day: Thanksgiving day; Dec. 25. Maryland-Jan. 1; Feb. 22; May 30: July 4: first Monday in September: Sept. 12 (Defenders' day); Oct. 12; general election day; Dec. 25; every Saturday afternoon. Massachusetts-Jan. 1; Feb. 22; April 19 (Patriots' day); May 30; July 4; first Monday in September; Oct. 12; Thanksgiving day; Dec. 25. Michigan-Jan. 1: Feb. 22: Oct. 12; general election day: May 30; July 4: first Monday in September: Thanksgiving day; Dec. 25. Minnesota-Jan. 1; Feb. 12; Feb. 22: Good Friday (Friday before Easter); May 30; July 4: first Monday in September: Thanksgiving day; general election day; Dec. 25; Arbor day (as appointed by the governor). Mississippi-First Monday in September: by common consent July 4, Thanksgiving day and Dec. 25 are observed as holidays. Missouri-Jan. 1: Feb. 22; May 30; July 4: La bor day; Oct. 12; general election day: Thanksgiving day; Dec. 25; every Saturday afternoon In cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants. Montana-Jan. 1; Feb. 22: Arbor day (third Tuesday in April); May 30: July 4: first Monday in September; Oct. 12; general election day: Thanksgiving day: Dec. 25; any day appointed by the governor as a fast day. Nebraska-Jan. 1: Feb. 22: Arbor day (April 22); May 30: July 4: first Monday in September: Thanksgiving day; Dec. 25. Nevada-Jan. 1; Feb. 22; July 4: Thanksgiving day; Dec. 25. New Hampshire-Feb. 22; fast day appointed by the governor: May 30; July 4; first Monday in September; Thanksgiving day; general election day: Dec. 25. New Jersey-Jan. 1; Feb. 12; Feb. 22; May 30; July 4: first Monday in September: Oct. 12: general election day; Thanksgiving and fast days, and every Saturday afternoon, New Mexico-Jan. 1; July 4; Thanksgiving and fast days; Dec. 25; Decoration, Labor and Arbor days appointed by the governor. New York-Jan. 1; Feb. 12: Feb. 22; May 30: July 4; first Monday in September: Oct. 12; general election day: Thanksgiving and fast days; Dec. 25; every Saturday afternoon. North Carolina-Jan. 1: Jan. 19 (Lee's birthday): May 10 (Confederate Memorial day); May 20 (anniversary of the signing of the Mecklen burg declaration of independence): July 4: state election day in August; first Thursday in Sep tember (Labor day); Thanksgiving day: Dec. 25; every Saturday afternoon. North Dakota-Jan. 1; Feb. 12; Feb. 22; May 20; July 4; Arbor day (when appointed by the governor): general election day; Thanksgiving day: Dec. 25. Ohio Jan. 1; Feb. 22; May 30: July 4; first Monday in September: Oct. 12; general election day; Thanksgiving day; Dec. 25; every Satur day afternoon in cities of 50,000 or more inhabitants. Oklahoma-Jan. 1: Feb. 22; May 30: July 4: Oct. 12: general election day; Thanksgiving day; Dec. 25. Oregon-Jan. 1; Feb. 22; May 30: first Saturday in June; July 4; first Monday in September; general election day; Thanksgiving day; public fast day; Dec. 25. Pennsylvania-Jan. 1; Feb. 12; Feb. 22: May 30; Good Friday: July 4; first Monday in September: Oct. 12; general election day: Thanksgiv ing day; Dec. 25; every Saturday afternoon. Philippines-Jan. 1; Feb. 22; Thursday and Friday of Holy week; July 4: Aug. 13; Thanksgiving day; Dec. 25; Dec. 30. Porto Rico Jan. 1; Feb. 22; Good Friday; May 30: July 4: July 25 (Landing day); Thanksgiving day; Dec. 25. Rhode Island-Jan. 1; Feb. 22; second Friday in May (Arbor day); May 30; July 4; first Monday in September; Oct. 12; general election day; Thanksgiving day: Dec. 25. South Carolina-Jan. 1; Jan. 19 (Lee's birthday); Feb. 22; May 10 (Confederate Memorial day); June 3 (Jefferson Davis' birthday); general election day; Thanksgiving day; Dec. 25, 26, 27. South Dakota-Same as in North Dakota. Tennessee-Jan. 1: Good Friday; May 30: July 4: first Monday in September; general election day: Thanksgiving day; Dec. 25; every Saturday afternoon, Texas-Jan. 1; Feb. 22 (Arbor day); March 2 (anniversary of Texas independence); April 21 (anniversary of battle of San Jacinto); July 4; first Monday in September; Oct. 12; general election day: appointed fast days: Thanksgiv ing day; Dec. 25. Utah-Jan. 1: Feb, 22; April 15 (Arbor day); May 30; July 4; July 24 (Pioneer day); first Monday in September: Thanksgiving day and appointed fast days; Dec. 25. Vermont-Jan. 1; Feb. 22; May 30; July 4; Aug. 16 (Bennington Battle day); Labor day; Oct. 12; Thanksgiving day: Dec. 25. Virginia-Jan. 1; Jan. 19 (Lee's birthday); Feb. 22; July 4; first Monday in September; Thanksgiving and appointed fast days; Dec. 25; every Saturday afternoon. Washington-Jan. 1; Feb. 12 (Lincoln's birthday); Feb. 22; May 30; July 4; first Monday in September: Oct. 12; general election day: Thanksgiving day; Dec. 25. West Virginia-Jan. 1; Feb. 12; Feb. 22; May 30: July 4: Labor day; general election day; Thanksgiving day; Dec. 25. Wisconsin-Jan. 1; Feb. 22: May 30; July 4; first Monday in September; general election day; Thanksgiving day; Dec. 25. Wyoming-Jan. 1; Feb. 12; Feb. 22; May 30; July 4; first Monday in September: general election day; Dec. 25. The national holidays, such as July 4, New Year's, etc., are such by general custom and observance and not because of congressional legislation. Congress has passed no laws establishing holidays for the whole country. It has made Labor day a holiday in the District of Columbia, but the law is of no effect elsewhere. It has also designated the second Sunday in May as Mothers' day. President Wilson issued a proclamation May 30, 1916, requesting that June 14, the anniversaгу of the day on which the national emblem was adopted by congress, be observed as Flag day throughout the nation. 1851. 1852. 1853. April 11 1886. March 27 1887.. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. ..April 4 1892. 1859. April 24 1893. 1860. .April 8 1861. 1862. 1863.. 1864. 1865. April 16 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902.. 1905. .April 2 April 15 April 7 .March 30 .April 12 . April 3 .April 23 April 15 The earliest date on which Easter Sunday has fallen within a century was March 22, 1818. As will be seen from the above table, it fell on March 23 in 1856 and 1913. The time of the celebration of the principal church days which depend upon Easter is as follows: Days. Septuagesima Sunday... First Sunday in Lent. Before Easter. ..9 weeks .6 weeks Ash Wednesday (beginning of Lent)........46 days Palm Sunday... Ascension Day (Holy Thursday). Pentecost (Whitsunday)... ...8 days After Easter. ..5 weeks ........40 days ........7 weeks ...8 weeks LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD. According to Whitaker's Almanack the prin- | Croatian_by_8.000.000; Bohemian or Czech by cipal European languages are divided as fol- 7,000,000; Bulgarian by 5.600.000; Dutch by lows: 3,500,000; Polish by 16.000.000; Greek by Swedish is spoken by 5.500.000 persons; |