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Increase in ocean-carrying trade, consequent upon the new tariff act
XIII
Operation of the registry law.
XIV
Fear of old vessels
XVI
Value of the carrying trade.
XVIII
Free registry and subsidies not conflicting or alternative propositions.
Subsidies and mail compensation
Subsidies not clear profit.....
Forms of bounties and subsidies.
XIX
British mail payments.
Admiralty subventions....
XXI
French and Italian bounties.
Discriminating taxes on shipping.
Not a practical measure
XXII
Purpose of such taxes in early American history
Cost of construction
Operation of reciprocity section.
Disadvantages of net tonnage as basis of tax..
Advantages of gross tonnage as basis of tax.
Proposed law reducing rate and levying tax on gross tonnage
XXVIII
XXIX
XXX
XXXII
XXXIII
XXXIV
XXXV
XXXVII
XXXVIII
XXXIX
XLI
XLII
XLIII
XLIV
XLV
XLVI
III
Features of the year's construction
L
Tonnage and construction for 1894 compared with 1893, with statistical sum-
maries, by geographical distribution, power and material, and trade...
LII
Progress during the past decade
LIV
Increase in size of vessels.
Decrease in registered tonnage, with comparison at ten-year periods.
LVI
Geographical distribution.
LVII
Reports of steamship companies
Revised rule of the road...
LVIII
Shipments before collectors of customs.
Shipments before U. S. consuls...
1. Shipments before U. S. commissioners.
Table of number of crews and men shipped on steam and sail vessels
in foreign and domestic trade, by ports.
2. Nationality of seamen..
Foreign element in British merchant marine.
Foreign element in German merchant marine.
Table of nativity of seamen shipped, by ports.
3. Available seamen, classed by nationality, in American ports
4. Discharges of seamen, expenses of commissioners..
Table showing discharges of crews in foreign and coasting trade,
total shipments and discharges, total expenses of shipping com-
missioners, and per capita cost of services by ports
5. Manning of vessels.
Manning of British vessels.
Table of average number of crew and average number of men per
100 tous shipped on steam and sail vessels in foreign and coasting
trade by ports
6. Report of New York shipping commissioner.
Shipments and discharges.
Crews and parts of crews for registered steamships
Nationality of seamen
Manning of vessels.
Scarcity of American seamen
Remarks on wages..
Advantages of American vessels.
Protection of sailors
Allotmentnotes..
British system
Sailors' unions
Apprentices
7. Decrease of American seamen.
8. Causes of the decrease of American seamen.
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
B. Shipping commissioners' reports-Continued.
9. Remedies for decrease of American seamen
10. Apprentices.
Apprentices in British merchant marine.
Boys in German merchant mariwe.
11. American seamen on foreign vessels.
12. Preferences shown for Scandinavian seamen
13. Advantages of American vessels.
14. Complaints and abuses.
15. Suggestions upon legislation for shipment of seamen
C. Wages of seamen (American and foreign).
1. Wages on American vessels.
Comparative wages on American and British vessels.
Tables showing monthly wages paid at American ports on Amer-
ican steam and sail vessels of various tonnages to able seamen,
boatswains, carpenters, first and second mates, firemen, first and
second engineers on voyages to Great Britain, continent of Europe,
South America, West Indies and Central America, Atlantic and
Gulf coasting trade, Atlantic and Pacific coasting trade, Asia,
Australia, Pacific coasting trade, and Hawaii..
2. Wages on British vessels.
Comparison on steam and sail vessels since 1870
Comparison of American and British wages
Wages in the hold and on deck...
Efficiency of labor..
Rise and decline of British wages...
Page.
16
17
18
19
20
21
23
25
30
31
Table (1) showing maximum, minimum, and ordinary wages for
1893 of able seamen, first mates, second mates, and boatswains on
British sailing vessels, cargo steamers, and passenger steamers on
voyages to the several continents
32
Table (2) showing wages as in table (1) of first and second engi-
neers, firemen and trimmers on British steam vessels
Table (3) showing wages paid to British able seamen on steam and
sailing vessels in 1870, 1880, 1891, 1892, 1893..
Table (4) showing British wages, as in Table (3), of first and sec-
ond mates, boatswains, carpenters, sailmakers, quartermasters,
engineers, and firemen
3. Table of wages in the German and French merchant marine.........
4. Wages paid crews of foreign vessels at American ports.
5. Reports of consuls
Southampton: Wages and nationality of crews shipped for Ameri-
can vessels, and British wages
Liverpool: Wages and nationality of crews shipped for American
vessels..
33
34
35
36
38
39
40
Hamburg: Condition of American merchant marine
41
Havre: Shipments and wages
Victoria, British Columbia: Wages on American vessels, on British
vessels to Australia and China, fare on American vessels.
Panama: Shipments for Américan vessels, wages and nationality of
42
seamen
Curaçoa: Shipments for American vessels....
Valparaiso: Wages paid on British steamships, nationality of sea-
French subsidy report on net tonnage, and French law
44
British, German, and Danube measurement rules
45
Gross and net tonnage and percentage of deduction of various nations.
46
Gross and net tonnage and dimensions of type vessels
Tonnage certificates of type steamships
Changes in French, German, Belgian, Dutch, Spanish, and Russian ton-
Annual tonnage taxes since 1884
58
Collections for 1893-'94 by flag, steam, or sail, and 6-cent or 3-cent rates
Collections for 1893-'94 by ports.
59
..........
60
F. State taxes on shipping...
61
Laws of the States arranged in order of customs districts from Maine
down the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, up the Pacific and through
the Great Lakes, with occasional observations by collectors of
customs and local assessment boards on operations of the laws.
G. Port charges in American ports by State law or local ordinance, including
pilotage, quarantine, wharfage, towage, harbor-masters' fees,
etc., arranged by States as above......
68
82
H. Foreign taxation of shipping...
Synoptical table of taxes on shipping as property, port charges, object
of tax, and flag discriminations under laws of Great Britain, Ger-
many, France, Italy, Netherlands, Greece, Spain, Sweden, Denmark,
China, Japan, Dominion of Canada..
83
I. American shipping entered during the last fiscal year at 45 principal sea-
ports of the world
K. Ocean mail compensation, subsidies, admiralty subventions, and foreign
87
merchant marines.
89
United States: Ocean mail compensation for fiscal year ended June 30,
Admiralty subventions.
92
Mail compensation for fiscal year ended March 31, 1894.
Relative land and sea mail expenditures of Great Britain
Naval reserve expenditures..
96
Genesis of British mail payments (extract from article on subsidies
Extracts from French parliamentary report (M. Siegfried) on opera-
Number, gross tonnage, horse power, and value of merchant steam fleets.
117
L. Reports of principal steamship companies-Continued.
Dividends, value per ton, receipts from passengers, freight, and mails..
Expenditures for coal, wages, provisions, depreciation, repairs, insur-
M. Steam communication with foreign countries, showing established steam-
ship lines, ports of entry and clearance, nature of service, average
period of voyage, with lists of steamships, gross tonnage, flag,
year and material of construction, approximate number of crews,
and value of vessels...
118
119
123
127
131
136
144
148
156
162
167
173
174
175
New York
Philadelphia
Baltimore
Boston
Portland, Me..
Eastport, Me..
Newport News
Savannah..
New Orleans..
Pensacola
Tampa
San Francisco
Tacoma..
San Diego
Los Angeles
N. Grain export and fruit import trade..
Shipping employed in export of grain from New York.
American ownership under foreign flags.
Shipping employed in import of fruit from Central America and West
Indies
O. The world's tonnage
1. World's steam and sail tonnage for 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1890, 1892, by
countries
2. World's steam and sail tonnage for 1893-'94, by countries (Bureau
Veritas)
3. World's steam and sail tonnage for 1894, by countries (Lloyd's Reg-
ister)...
4. Total tonnage, and proportions of steam and sail as power, wood,
iron, and steel as material of construction in world's tonnage, for
1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894 (Lloyd's Register), with British, French,
and German in detail
5. Total tonnage and proportions of steam and sail, and potential ton-
nage from 1886 to 1893 (Bureau Veritas).
6. Annual construction of the world, steam and sail, wood, iron, and steel,
for 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, and 1893 (Lloyd's Register)
7. Details of world's construction, output of foreign yards for 1893,
construction during 1894 (Lloyd's Register).
P. Progress and changes of American shipping during the decade 1884-1894...
1. Composition of American merchant fleet, classed by motive power
(steam or sail) and material of construction (wood, iron, steel), for
1885, 1890, 1891, 1892, and 1893..
176
190
191
193
195
196
197
199
200
201
202
204
205
208
209
211
212
213
215
216
217
221
222